According to Eitzen and Zinn, 'socialization' is
A. the fitting together of the parts of a social system
B. the process by which individuals seek out the will of God
C. an arrangement of the societal members in a status hierarchy
D. the process by which people learn their culture
E. the interaction of people in public gatherings, such as in a party or crowd
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the behaviorist model of socialization?
A. It was rooted in animal studies
B. It argues that all behavior is learned
C. It stresses the role of rewards and punishments in how people learn how to behave in their culture
D. Critics argue its okay for understanding rats in a maze, or people in total institutions where some people have all the power to socialize others, but in general humans INTERACT, and think about what they do, which is ignored by behaviorists
E. None of the above; all are true
ANSWER: 

Charles Horton Cooley's concept of how people understand themselves is known as
A. self-constructionism
B. self-image
C. the looking-glass self
D. ego
ANSWER: 

_______________ is Mead's term referring to people who are most important in determining a child's behavior.
A. Generalized other
B. Significant other
C. Meaningful other
D. Dominant other
ANSWER: 

One key difference between Freuds theory of child development and that of Cooley and Mead is that
A. Cooley and Mead view children as largely conformist, while Freud sees a conflict and struggle between the needs and desires of the child and the demands of its society
B. Cooley and Mead claim that children go through a period of latent sexuality from the time they are born until puberty, while Freud says this period doesnt start until they are about four years old
C. Cooley and Mead offer a psychological theory of development, while Freud offers a sociological theory
D. All of the above are fundamental differences between the two
ANSWER: 

According to Freud, an individual's psychological and social functioning is shaped largely by
A. perceptions in the womb and the experience of birth
B. experiences within the family during the first few years of life
C. interaction with one's peers during late childhood and adolescence
D. one's genetic heritage
E. religious experiences
ANSWER: 

In Freud's theory of personality, the ____________ is our mostly conscious self, that rationally controls our desires.
A. superego
B. alter ego
C. ego
D. id
E. self
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the key character structure forming crises that Freud believes children face?
A. Weaning
B. Potty training
C. Replacement of baby food with adult food
D. Parental repression of masturbation
E. Repression of sexual desire for the mother
ANSWER: 

According to class lecture, schools
A. tend to socialize students all the same
B. attempt to socialize working class students to make it to the middle class, and attempt to socialize middle class students to make it into the upper class, while they dont socialize upper class students at all, figuring they dont need help
C. tend to socialize working class students for working class jobs, and middle class students for middle class jobs
D. try to undermine cultural differences between social classes so that everyone has an equal shot at making it
ANSWER: 

According to class lecture, working class families tend to use the _________ approach to childrearing, while middle class families tend to use the ______________ approach.
A. authoritarian / authoritative
B. authoritative / authoritarian
C. democratic / authoritarian
D. authoritarian / democratic
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the media, as portrayed by Eitzen and Zinn?
A. It undermines traditional U.S. values, since it is generally run by liberals and progressives.
B. It has a class, race, and gender bias that serves the privileged and powerful.
C. It bombards children with materialism and consumerism.
D. It portrays stereotypes of the aged, women, and minorities.
E. Blacks, Latinos, and other minorities are disproportionately depicted by the media as criminals.
ANSWER: 

Mike Males argues that violence on television and in films
A. is a major cause of violence in society.
B. has little or no effects on the levels of violence in society.
C. produces high levels of violence in poor communities, but has little impact on wealthier communities.
D. is part of a conspiracy to prepare people to be willing to join the military and fight in wars.
ANSWER: 

In Messner's study of male socialization and sport, he argued that gender identity is
A. rooted in biology.
B. formed through an interaction between the internal and the social; he thus stressed the role of agency, similar to cognitive school of socialization theory.
C. completely formed by the social context, as behaviorists argue.
D. rooted in male instinct.
ANSWER: 

According to Granfield's study, working class students at an elite law school tended to
A. maintain their class identities throughout their education.
B. increasingly hide their working class origins and adopt middle and upper class culture.
C. grow increasingly strong in their commitments to fighting for social justice.
D. become more aware of their class differences, but reveled in these differences and became increasingly radicalized.
ANSWER: 

What does Granfield see as a "hidden injury of class?"
A. Working-class people have fewer opportunities in education.
B. Working-class people lack confidence when surrounded by upper-class people in education; they fear academic inadequacy.
C. Working-class people have less money, and cannot pay for more prestigious law schools.
D. Upper-class people believe they have all the advantages, but have higher rates of academic failure in the end because of over-confidence.
ANSWER: 

Drill instruction is almost universally practiced in boot camps around the world because
A. recruits love and demand it, since they've watched so many films military films where its portrayed.
B. it teaches soldiers that orders must be obeyed automatically and instantly.
C. it teaches soldiers that they are no longer an individual, but part of a group.
D. all of the above
E. Both B & C
ANSWER: 

Militaries prefer young recruits primarily because
A. they are enthusiastic and gung-ho.
B. they can pay them lower wages.
C. they are easier to resocialize.
D. they are more patriotic.
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn define social control as
A. rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
B. behavior that violates the expectations of society.
C. the regulation of human behavior in any group.
D. the regulation of human behavior in large groups.
E. the regulation of human behavior in small groups.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the sources of social control identified by Peter Berger?
A. Force
B. Economic rewards and punishments
C. Ridicule and gossip
D. Pleading
E. Belief systems
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the "agents of direct control" identified by Eitzen and Zinn?
A. the media
B. welfare
C. science and medicine
D. government
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn argue that parents are a source of social control over their children primarily because
A. of their allegiance to their society
B. allegiance to the values of their religion
C. they want their children to succeed, so they teach them how to fit into society and its rules
D. of the father's fear of the child's sexual desires for its mother
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the agents of ideological control identified by Eitzen and Zinn?
A. The family
B. Education
C. Religion
D. Sport
E. Science and Medicine
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn argue that schools produce
A. disobedient students
B. critical thinking students
C. anti-religious students
D. overly obedient students
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is INCONSISTENT with Eitzen and Zinn's views of the impact of religion on social control?
A. Religion tends to undermine social control mechanisms, since it promotes humanistic values that often challenge the interests of the dominant groups in a society
B. Religion preserves the status quo by teaching that people should accept problems in society, such as poverty, racism, and war, since they are 'born sinners'
C. Religion is an opiate of the masses
D. The poor and downtrodden are encouraged to accept their society, since they are promised their reward in an afterlife
E. Most religions, especially those of the working class, tend to condemn progressive and radical political movements, and instead preach submission to government authority
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that sport serves to reinforce conforming attitudes and behavior?
A. Sport promotes nationalism and patriotism
B. Sport serves as an opiate of the masses, by deflecting attention away from poverty and other social problems
C. Sport reinforces values such as competition and acceptance of authority
D. Sport perpetuates the belief that people from the lower classes and discriminated groups can be upwardly mobile by success and sports, and therefore we need not change society to reduce poverty and racial inequality
E. None of the above, since ALL are ways that sports reinforces conforming attitudes and behavior
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'lessons' that Parenti says the media teach us?
A. Collective action is preferable to individual effort
B. Free enterprise (a.k.a. capitalism) is the best economic system in the world
C. Private monetary gain is a central and worthy objective of life
D. United States military force is used for good goals, such as civilizing the world and promoting democracy
E. Affluent professionals are more interesting than members of the working class
ANSWER: 

Welfare is used as a method of social control by
A. increasing benefits when poor people are rebelling against unemployment and poverty.
B. keeping welfare recipients living in poverty and stigmatized, as an object lesson for others to keep working
C. forcing poor people to meet the behavioral demands of welfare programs
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that science and medicine function as social control mechanisms?
A. Psychotherapists attempt to treat people who do not follow the expectations of society, believing that such individuals are the ones that need to be changed, rather than seeing society as the root cause of mental suffering
B. Psychosurgeons can operate on localized potions of the brain that govern particular behaviors, and thereby control specific behaviors considered deviant
C. Eugenics can be used to control which hereditary characteristics are passed on from person to person
D. None of the above, since ALL are ways that science and medicine function as social control mechanisms
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of conflict theory's views of the relation between the state and the ruling class?
A. The state exists to serve the ruling class
B. The law and the legal system reflect and serve the needs of the ruling class
C. The police and the military derive most of their members directly from the ruling class
D. The ruling class benefits when domestic opposition to their rule is thwarted by the state
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the actions cited by Eitzen and Zinn as evidence that the U.S. government illegally repressed legal, domestic opposition to its policies?
A. The CIA opened nearly 250,000 first class letters in the U.S.
B. The IRS monitored the activities of nearly 100 political groups, including seizing individuals' property, using wiretaps, and hiring prostitutes to occupy suspects while the contents of their briefcases were photocopied
C. The FBI illegally investigated hundreds of people opposed to Reagan's policies on Central America, including spying on legal activities, breaking into organizations' offices, and attempting to provoke activists into engaging in illegal activities
D. None of the above; ALL were cited as evidence of illegal government political repression
ANSWER: 

According to Eitzen and Zinn, George Orwell's predictions of massive government control in his book 1984
A. can not take place, thanks to the creation of modern technologies that undermine government efforts to control the population
B. is still many decades, if not centuries away, since the technologies Orwell predicted haven't been developed yet
C. have been at least partially fulfilled, with the development of technologies such as computer databases, drugs, and psychosurgery.
D. are unlikely to happen since the ruling class' efforts at ideological control are so successful that direct control of the population isn't necessary
ANSWER: 

According to the order paradigm, social control
A. isn't necessary, since people willingly control themselves
B. is rooted in a general consensus on the norms, laws, and values of a society
C. must be rigidly enforced against the natural tendencies towards anarchy if order is to prevail
D. is the result of government force or the threat of force, and the ideological manipulations of the powerless by the powerful
ANSWER: 

Deviance is defined as
A. behavior that does not conform to social expectations
B. behavior that harms others, physically or emotionally
C. behavior that violates the laws of a particular society
D. behavior that violates any law
E. behavior that is seen as weird by others
ANSWER: 

Who defines which behaviors are 'deviant', according to Eitzen and Zinn?
A. The majority
B. The minority
C. The government
D. Religious leaders
ANSWER: 

The fact that Egyptian royalty were required to marry their siblings, while European royalty were forbidden to do so, demonstrates that
A. Egyptians were less cultured than Europeans
B. Europeans were more repressed than Egyptians
C. some societies have no norms
D. incest is a universal taboo
E. what is defined as deviant varies from culture to culture.
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn argue that
A. deviance is a relative rather than an absolute notion
B. deviance is an absolute rather than a relative notion
C. deviance is both relative and absolute
D. deviance is neither relative nor absolute; in fact, nothing can be said about deviance
ANSWER: 

Which of the following theories argues that 'deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies?'
A. Conflict
B. Order
C. Symbolic interactionist
D. Freudian
E. Marxist
ANSWER: 

According to Emile Durkheim, it is necessary for society to punish deviants in order to
A. reassert the importance of the rule that was violated
B. create boundaries for what is considered acceptable behavior in society
C. prevent future crimes by punishing the deviant
D. All of the above
E. Only A and B
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn
A. argue that biological theories of deviance are invaluable in explaining deviance, since most behavior is genetic in origin
B. argue many biological theories of deviance have been discredited, while other biological theories offer some insight, but must take into account social factors they often ignore
C. argue that biological theories of deviance offer no help whatsoever in explaining deviance, having been thoroughly discredited
D. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Freudian theory argues that deviant individuals are deviant because
A. they haven't developed an adequate ego to control deviant impulses
B. their superego is so dominant that they commit deviant acts in order to receive the punishment they feel they deserve
C. they have weak ids
D. ALL of the above
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: 

Biological and psychological theories of deviance tend to argue that in order to reduce deviance
A. society must be changed, since one can't change one's biology or personality
B. the population needs to be screened for presumed flaws so deviant individuals can be discovered and changed
C. deviant individuals should be removed from society so they don't infect non-deviants
D. all of the above
ANSWER: 

Sociologists cite evidence that deviance varies by social class, ethnicity, race, place of residence, and sex, to argue that
A. anyone can be deviant
B. everyone is deviant
C. deviance is rooted in social and economic conditions
D. psychological and biological theories offer no insights into deviance
ANSWER: 

According to Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory of crime, teenagers in certain neighborhoods became delinquent because they
A. learned to become deviant through interacting with other deviants.
B. inherited genes that gave them a predisposition to become delinquent.
C. were from families that didn't give them enough love and attention.
D. were labeled as delinquent by school and other authorities at a very early age.
ANSWER: 

Robert Merton argued that members of the lower classes disproportionately commit criminal acts because
A. they tended to be less intelligent than members of the middle and upper classes
B. they lived in neighborhoods populated by higher numbers of criminals, and learned from them how to be criminals them self
C. they were denied legitimate opportunities to achieve socially approved goals, and therefore turned to illegitimate means of doing so
D. they didn't know any better
ANSWER: 

Banfield's 'subcultural differences by social class' theory of deviance argues that people in the poorer classes are
A. more conformist because they are socialized by more authoritarian parents and teachers
B. more conformist because they don't have the resources to be as deviant as wealthier people
C. more deviant because they have a weaker sense of morality, due to weaker egos, a propensity for taking risks, and a present-time orientation
D. more deviant because they are often angry at being exploited by capitalists or other powerful classes
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE, regarding cultural deprivation theories of deviance?
A. They tend to blame the victim, according to Eitzen and Zinn
B. They argue that poor children tend to do worse in school because their parents are less educated, and they haven't been exposed to the education experiences of the middle classes
C. They argue that poor children tend to struggle in school because of irrelevant curriculums, class-biased tests, tracking, and overcrowded school rooms.
D. They believe the answer to students failing in slum schools is to offer cultural enrichment programs to help overcome the student's cultural deprivations
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true, regarding labeling theory?
A. It concentrates on the role of societal reactions in the creation of deviance
B. It notes that deviant labels are applied disproportionately to the powerless
C. It explains how deviant careers are established and perpetuated
D. It suggests that one way to reduce deviance is to leave deviants alone whenever possible
E. It explains why some people are much more likely to engage in primary deviancy than others
ANSWER: 
