Reptiles were a dominant form of life on the Earth during the ? era, ? years ago.
A. Mesozoic; 2 million 
B. Jurasssic; 2 million
C. Mesozoic; 150 million
D. Jurassic; 200 million
E. Mesozoic; 250 million
ANSWER: 

Reptiles may have evolved from
A. birds
B. amphibians
C. mammals
D. mollusks
E. primitive fishes
ANSWER: 

Perhaps the only direct living representatives of the greatest dinosaurs are
A. birds
B. sea smakes
C. marine iguanas
D. sea turtles
E. large crocodiles
ANSWER: 

Marine reptiles known to have a strong homing instinct and excellent navigational abilities are
A. sea snakes
B. sea turtles
C. large crocodiles
D. Galapagos iguanas
E. None of the above. 
ANSWER: 

Birds may have evolved from
A. reptiles.
B. amphibians.
C. mammals
D. flying fishes.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: 

The wings of the most aerodynamically efficient oceanic birds, such as the albatrosses, are
A. short, thick and pointed.
B. long, thick and pointed.
C. long, thin and blunt.
D. long, thick and blunt.
E. long, thin and pointed.
ANSWER: 

Choose the true statement concerning some marine birds.
A. Flying birds are insulated by down which is water-repellent.
B. Diving birds are insulated by blubber and water-resistant feathers.
C. Diving birds are insulated by blubber which is more efficient than down.
D. Swimming birds are always insulated by blubber.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: 

Marine birds can drink sea water without inducing fatal osmotic difficulties because
A. they have powerful kidneys.
B. birds are "exempt" from osmotic difficulties because of their physiology.
C. the salt is removed from the blood by means of salt glands on the head.
D. the salt is removed from the blood by means of salt glands in the stomach.
ANSWER: 

For navigation purposes, marine birds may use
A. celestial "charts" bult into the brain.
B. time-sensing abilities.
C. polarized light.
D. information related to wind and sun direction.
E. All these probably apply.
ANSWER: 

Marine birds tend to be
A. smaller than land birds.
B. larger than land birds.
C. smaller but stronger than land birds.
D. larger and stronger than land birds.
E. smaller and weaker than land birds.
ANSWER: 

Marine mammals, as a group, share all of the following characteristics except:
A. they are warm-blooded.
B. they give birth to living young.
C. they suckle their young with milk.
D. they are all incapable of movement on land.
E. at some time in their lives they have hair or hair remnants.
ANSWER: 

The earliest fossils of marine mammals are
A. very recent, indicating whales evolved only 3 to 5 million years ago.
B. fairly recent, some 50-60 million years ago.
C. comparatively old, about 200 million years old.
D. ancient, nearly one billion years old.
ANSWER: 

The suborder Pinnipedia includes:
A. Sirenia
B. small whales
C. walruses
D. large whales
E. otters
ANSWER: 

Another example of a "Sirenian" is
A. sea otter.
B. walrus.
C. dolphin.
D. sea cow.
E. seal.
ANSWER: 

A rich, thick fur coat may be a liability to a marine mammal when humans are near. The most valuable fur comes from
A. fetal whales.
B. walrus.
C. sea otters.
D. seals. 
E. sea lions.
ANSWER: 

On which of the following adaptions do some seals and sea lions depend for successful, long submergence while hunting?
A. slowing of the heartbeat
B. restriction of blood to non-vital organs during the dive
C. deep breathing prior to the dive
D. circulation of blood primarily to the heart and brain
E. They depend on all of these adaptions.
ANSWER: 

Choose the correct statement concerning sea otters.
A. They belong to the group Odoberidae and possess the most valuable fur in the world.
B. They belong to the group Otarriids and possess the most valuable fur in the world.
C. They are playful and fun-loving animals whose only predator is man and killer whales.
D. They eat mainly kelp and therefore are responsible for the destruction of large areas of kelp forests.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: 

The main food for sea cows (manatees) is
A. mollusks and crustacea from the sea bed.
B. small fish.
C. vegetation.
D. large fish.
E. plankton.
ANSWER: 

Sea lions
A. are usually the performers in circus "sea shows".
B. have mobile hind limbs and move with some ease on land compared to seals.
C. do not possess valuable fur.
D. All of the above.
E. Neither A,B, nor C apply.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following are the largest pinnipeds?
A. elephant seals
B. sea otters
C. whales
D. sea cows
E. dolphins
ANSWER: 

Which of the folowing is not an important distinction between sea lions and seals?
A. Seals do not have obvious ears.
B. Seals do not have the same mobility in their hind feet.
C. Seals have smaller front flippers.
D. Seals have smooth coarse hair and no underfur.
E. Seals are usually larger.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is not considered an adaptation whales have for diving?
A. the "melon" in the top of the head
B. a high blood-to-body weight ratio
C. nostrils on top of the head
D. cartilage in the bronchial tubes
E. large amounts of myoglobin in the blood
ANSWER: 

Which whales feed primarily near the surface?
A. Very few small whales.
B. All the large whales.
C. Many baleen whales.
D. Those in the Fissipedia group.
E. none
ANSWER: 

The primary food for the largest baleen whales is
A. squid.
B. krill and other zooplankton.
C. seaweed.
D. fish.
E. phytoplankton.
ANSWER: 

Toothed whales differ from baleen whales in that toothed whales
A. are active predators, while baleen whales are not.
B. employ echo location and baleen whales probably do not.
C. seem more concerned with their young.
D. are faster swimmers than baleen whales.
E. All the above.
ANSWER: 

The "sonar"of small whales is quite accurate. The smallest objects they can reliably detect and analyze seem to be about the size of a
A. shoe box.
B. golf ball.
C. vitamin pill.
D. small grain of sand.
E. human hair.
ANSWER: 

Choose the correct relationships.
A. Seals and sea lions are considered Pinnipeds, but porpoise are classified as Cetaceans.
B. Sea otters and polar bear belong to the group Fissipedia while sea lions are considered Phocids.
C. Sea otters belong to the group Carnivora, but seals to the Odobenids group.
D. Sea otters and polar bear belong to the group Fissipedia while seals are considered Otariids.
E. Seals and sea lions are considered Pinnipeds, but walrus are classified as Phocids. 
ANSWER: 

Which nations probably account for the majority of the marine mammals killed?
A. the Scandinavian countries
B. the United States and England
C. Russia and Japan
D. South Africa and the Netherlands
E. South American countries
ANSWER: 

Concerning the following products made from whales, which of the choices is true?
A. Substitutes have not been found for the fine lubricating oils.
B. Substitutes have not been found for the expensive perfumes.
C. Substitutes have not been found for the superior quality soaps.
D. Substitutes for all whale products can be synthesized.
ANSWER: 

The blue whale, the world's largest animal, is
A. extinct.
B. sliding toward extinction.
C. holding its own in numbers, neither increasing nor decreasing.
D. growing slowing in numbers.
E. undergoing a population explosion.
ANSWER: 

Some believe that whales,like other marine mammals, have perhaps evolved from land ancestors.
A. True, the process taking about 60 million years.
B. True, the process taking over 200 million years.
C. True, the process taking about 2 milion years.
D. False, they evolved in the ocean and never had land ancestors.
E. False, they evolved from fish.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following properly describe a singing whale?
A. toothed, Gray whales
B. toothed, Sperm whales
C. baleen, Gray whales
D. baleen, Humpback whales
E. toothed, Humpback whales
ANSWER: 

One of the most unique characteristics of the Humpback whale is its
A. covering of barnacles.
B. singing ability.
C. ability to dive to great depths.
D. swimming speed. 
E. extraordinary care shown for its young.
ANSWER: 

The symbiotic relationship between coral organisms and the algae which frequently inhabit them is called
A. parasitism.
B. mutualism.
C. mimicry.
D. commensalism.
E. dimorphism.
ANSWER: 

Cleaning symbioses, such as those between some fish and some species of shrimps, are considered
A. parasitism.
B. mutualism.
C. mimicry.
D. commensalism.
E. dimorphism.
ANSWER: 

The largest toothed whale is the
A. Gray
B. Blue
C. Sperm
D. Killer
E. Finback
ANSWER: 

The most intricate of symbiotic relationships usually occur in
A. parisitism.
B. mutualism.
C. mimicry.
D. commensalism.
E. dimorphism.
ANSWER: 

The color of ocean waters may indicate various conditions or moods of the sea. Choose the correct choice.
A. Gray means an impending storm; blue means abundant life is present.
B. Red-brown means an impending storm; green means abundant life is present.
C. Blue means a lack of life; gray means abundant life is present.
D. Gray means an impending storm; green means abundant life is present.
E. Blue means tropical water; gray means a lack of life is present.
ANSWER: 

Perhaps the most widely distributed and successful marine parasites are
A. round worms.
B. parasitic barnacles.
C. cleaner shrimps.
D. parasitic mollusks.
E. algae.
ANSWER: 

Within most food webs, about ? of the mass of food consumed is converted into mass within the consumer.
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 50%
E. 90%
ANSWER: 

Symbiotic relationships are
A. unusual and infrequently observed in nature.
B. only occasionally observed in the marine environment.
C. present in marine biology but conspicuously missing in terrestrial biology.
D. the most frequently observed life style of the Earth's animals.
E. the most frequently observed llife style of the Earth's animals because all organisms of the earth live in direct symbiosis.
ANSWER: 

Species-specific means:
A. a specific host can be parasitized by only one species of parasite
B. a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host
C. only one individual parasite can grow within the host organism
D. the host can never break free of the parasite
E. none of the above
ANSWER: 

The categories of direct symbioses
A. are clearly defined.
B. are rarely observed.
C. blend somewhat-forexample, mutualism can be slightly commensalistic, and so on.
D. are impossible to separate.
E. none of the above.
ANSWER: 

Primary production of food and oxygen by marine plants
A. occurs from the sea surface to the deep sea floor.
B. is limited to the upper 200 meters of the sea.
C. is limited to waters below the compensation depth.
D. is variable but will be greatest in the polar seas in winter.
E. is a rare phenomenon limited to zones of active kelp production
ANSWER: 

Most of the world ocean has the properties of
A. the surface waters of the equatorial zone.
B. the euphotic zone.
C. the aphotic zone.
D. coastal waters.
E. the mixed zone.
ANSWER: 

The wavelength(s) of light that penetrate deepest into the sea are
A. infrared and red.
B. ultraviolet and violet.
C. blue and green.
D. orange.
E. yellow.
ANSWER: 

The depth to which light can penetrate the sea depends on
A. the angle of the sun to the sea surface.
B. atmospheric conditions such as dust and clouds.
C. suspended sediments in the water.
D. the abundance of plankton and other organisms in the water.
E. All the above.
ANSWER: 

The red color of many deeper water marine organisms that is seen when the creature is studied at the surface
A. is used to frighten away predators.
B. is a type of camouflage since red organisms cannot be seen in the absence of red light at depth.
C. is highly visible and detrimental to certain prey species.
D. appears only sometime after the organism is brought up through warm surface waters.
E. indicates the organism is toxic and venomous.
ANSWER: 

Fish and other marine organisms have developed adaptations in response to light penetrating the sea, such as
A. changing their skin colors to match that of the sea floor.
B. developing countershading.
C. vertical migration.
D. breeding and migration cycles.
E. All of the above are examples of adaptions.
ANSWER: 

The effectiveness of chlorophyll in the marine environment is
A. less due to the absorption of red light in the upper few meters of the sea.
B. greater because of deeply penetrating red light.
C. less due to the lack of carbon dioxide in sea water.
D. greater because of abundant green light in the sea.
E. All of the above are relevant.
ANSWER: 

The marine plants found in the lowest parts of the euphotic zone
A. are green algae such as sea lettuce.
B. are green-brown kelps and other large sea weeds
C. are red algae.
D. may be able to ingest large quantities of food at one time.
E. are limited to certain fishes infected with light producing bacteria.
ANSWER: 

Animals of the aphotic zone may
A. have large, well-developed eyes.
B. have long tactile sensors to detect vibrations.
C. have reduced or no eyes.
D. be able to ingest large quantities of food at one time.
E. All of the above may occur.
ANSWER: 

Bioluminescence in the marine environment is
A. rarely seen, and not nearly as common as among terrestrial vertebrates.
B. widespread among both invertebrates and the fishes.
C. limited to organisms in the euphotic zone.
D. limited to the plankton and is rarely seen in more complex organism.
E. limited to certain fishes infected with light producing bacteria.
ANSWER: 

Light production by marine organisms is considered to be
A. "cold light" producing very litle heat.
B. a very efficient form of energy.
C. the result of changing chemical energy into radient energy.
D. All of the above apply.
ANSWER: 

The midshipman, Porichthys, is an unusual fish because it
A. is so rarely seen, especially on the Pacific coast.
B. will bioluminesce wherever it is found.
C. will bioluminesce in waters off California but not in Puget Sound.
D. has only one light-producing photophore.
E. produces both light and heat.
ANSWER: 

Flashlight fish produce their light
A. by heating certain chemicals in their photophores until they glow.
B. cultivating luminescent bacteria in pouches under their eyes.
C. feeding on luminescent plankton.
D. through the luciferin-luciferase reaction in the muscles.
E. All of the above occur.
ANSWER: 

Marine biologists believe the adaptive value of bioluminescence is to
A. attract prey.
B. frighten away predators.
C. confuse light-sensitive organisms.
D. idenfify the species for courtship and mating.
E. All of the above may be true.
ANSWER: 

The velocity of sound waves in the ocean increases as the
A. temperature rises and decreases as the salinity increases.
B. pressure rises and decreases as the temperature increases.
C. pressure rises and decreases as the salinity decreases.
D. temperature decreases and decreases as the salinity decreases.
E. temperature decreases and decreases as the salinity increases.
ANSWER: 

The Deep Scattering Layer
A. rises into shallower water at night and descends during the day.
B. scatters sound waves from sonar devices on ships.
C. may be one or more layers in the sea.
D. may be result of echoes from bubbles or swim bladders of marine organisms.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: 

The deep sound channel is a zone in which
A. sound waves travel great distances horizontally.
B. sound waves are deflected downward into the deep sea.
C. sound waves are totally absorbed by water.
D. energy losses are great.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: 

In marine acoustics, the Shadow Zone is a region where
A. sound waves are clearly reflected back to the ship.
B. sound waves are bent away and do not penetrate the zone.
C. sound waves are concentrated.
D. submarines can communicate with each other.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: 

Sonar is a general term referring to
A. sound navigation and ranging.
B. passive listening equipment for natural and man-made sounds.
C. methods of generating sounds and listening for echoes.
D. All of the above are applicable.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: 

Choose the correct statement.
A. Sonar mapping uses strong, high frequency sound waves while seismic profiling requires strong, low frequency sound.
B. Sonar mapping uses strong, high frequency sound waves while seismic profiling requires weak, low frequency sound.
C. Sonar mapping uses weak, low frequency sound waves while seismic profiling requires strong, low frequency sound.
D. Sonar mapping uses weak, high frequency sound waves while seismic profiling requires strong, low frequency sound.
E. Distance determinations require weak, high frequency sound waves while seismic profiling requires strong, high frequency sound.
ANSWER: 

In order to accurately map the sea floor, the primary concern of the oceanographer is knowing
A. the depth of the bottom.
B. the exact speed of sound in water.
C. if there are any whales in the vicinity.
D. the position and origin of the DSL.
E. the position of the Shadow Zone.
ANSWER: 

Navy sonar operators sometimes mistake ? for a submarine.
A. kelp forests
B. plankton
C. sounds of sea urchins
D. whales
E. clicks from crustaceans
ANSWER: 

Sound waves in the sea
A. travel much slower than sound waves in the air.
B. travel at the same velocity in the surface waters as in the thermocline.
C. are produced within a range of about 10 Hertz.
D. are transmitted great distances at low frequencies.
E. are produced at short wavelengths for long distance communication.
ANSWER: 

An oceanographer can distinguish between sounds of marine animals and passing ships by the
A. frequency range of the noise source.
B. variations in velocity of sound.
C. distance to the source.
D. depth of the source.
E. None of these.
ANSWER: 

Animal sounds in the sea are believed to be generated
A. for locating food or prey.
B. for locating other menbers of the same species.
C. as part of a courtship ritual.
D. for navigation and guidance in the deeper waters.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: 

Choose the correct statement concerning the sounds whales produce.
A. The production of whale sounds is not totally understood at this time.
B. The sounds are generated by passing air through the blow hole.
C. The sounds are generated by passing air through the nostrils.
D. The sounds are generated by passing air over the vocal cords.
E. The sounds are generated by flapping the tongue and lips.
ANSWER: 

The symbiotic relationship between algae and a common West Coast anemone is one in which the
A. anemone supplies food to the algae and the algae supplies CO2 and food to the anemone.
B. anemone supplies CO2 to the algae and the algae supplies oxygen and food to the anemone.
C. anemone supplies oxygen to the algae and the algae supplies CO2 and food to the anemone.
D. algae supplies carbohydrates to the anemone and the anemone supplies oxygen to the algae.
E. algae supplies carbohydrates to the anemone and the anemone supplies food to the algae.
ANSWER: 
