The volume of fresh water held beneath the earth's surface constitutes as much _____?_____  the fresh water contained in lakes, rivers and streams. 
 10 times
  20 times
  40 times
  80 times
 160 times

An Aquifer must be
 porous and impermeable.
 *porous and permeable.
 impermeable and nonporous.
 just impermeable.

The best aquifer would be
 *a well-sorted sand.
 a well-cemented sandstone
 a soft clay.
 a massive siltstone or shale.
 a massive igneous rock such as granite.

A cone of depression is
 *only associated with an unconfined aquifer.
 only associated with an confined aquifer.
 associated with both unconfined and confined aquifers.
 associated with a recession in the ice-cream industry.
 none of the above.

A confined aquifer is 
 always confined between the water table and the earth's surface.
 always confined between the water table and bed rock.
 *always confined between two impermeable layers.
 always confined between two permeable layers.
 none of the above.

Karst topography frequently develops on
 basalt bedrock.
 shale bedrock.
 sandstone bedrock.
 granite bedrock.
 *limestone bedrock.

Use Darcy's Law  for questions 7-10.  Calculate the amount of groundwater (Q) flowing through a sanstone layer measuring 10 meters deep with a hydraulic conductivity (K) of 0.2 meters er day and a water table that drops off to the east by 1 meter for every 20 meters of horizontal distance.
The cross-sectional area of the sanstone is
 twelve square meters.
 twenty square meters.
 *thirty square meters.
 forty-five square meters.
 sixty square meters.

The hydraulic gradient for the sandstone layer is
 .01.
 *.05.
 .10.
 .50.
 1.0.

The groundwater flow (Q) through the sandstone layer is
 *.3 cubic meters per day.
 .8 cubic meters per day.
 1.7 cubic meters per day.
 2.9 cubic meters per day.
 3.6 cubic meters per day.

The direction of groundwater flow through the sanstone layer is to the 
 north.
 *east.
 south.
 west.
 none of the above.

The following multiple-choice questions are based on the video field trip "The Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste."
The radioactive-waste strorage site in south-central Washington is about
 one kilometer from the Columbia River.
 five kilometers from the Columbia River.
 *ten kilometers from the Columbia River.
 twenty kilometers from the Columbia River.
 forty kilometers from the Columbia River.

There is more radioactive waste stored in south-central Washington than would be released during
 the meltdown of one nuclear power plant.
 the meltdown of ten nuclear power plants.
 the meltdown of twenty nuclear power plants.
 *an entire nuclear war.
 none of the above.

Since 1944, ______?______ nuclear reactors were constructed in south-central Washington to aid in the production of plutonium for the U.S. weapons program.
 seven
 *nine
 eleven
 thirteen
 fifteen

Some of the high-heat liquid waste stored in underground tanks in south-central Washington is so hot from its own radioactivity that it boils for
 several weeks.
 several months.
 *several years.
 several decades.
 more than half a century.

Since 1958, ______?______ liters of high-level liquid waste have leaked from the underground storage tanks in south-central Washington.
 Fewer than 500,000
 between 500,000 and 1 million
 between 1 million and 1 1/2 million
 between l 1/2 million and 2 million
 *more than 2 million

The primary heat emitters in the radioactive waste stored in south-central Washington are
 *strontium-90 and cesium-137.
 strontium-90 and uranium-235.
 strontium-90 and uranium-237.
 cesium-137 and uranium-235.
 cesium-137 and uranium-237.

Intermediate-level waste has been discharged in south-central Washington
 directly onto the ground surface.
 into shallow ponds known as waterbeds.
 *into subsurface drain fields known as cribs.
 by shallow-well injection into gravel beds.
 by deep-well injection into bedrock fractures.

Liquid-waste discharges in south-central Washington have raised the water table and have given rise to horizontal groundwater velocities in some areas
 fewer than 1,000 meters per year.
 1,000 to 1,500 meters per year.
 1,500 to 2,000 meters per year.
 2,000 to 3,000 meters per year.
 *more than 3,000 meters per year.

Dilute concentrations of cesium-137 can be reconcentrated up the food chain to levels as high as _______?_______ in the tissues of fresh-water fish.
 10 times
 100 times
 500 times
 *1,000 times
 2,000 times

Dilute concentrations of strontium-90 dissolved in groundwater can be concentrated in the ______?______  of farm animals and man.
 *bones
 liver
 pancreas
 reproductive organs
 gall bladder

Because of the acidity of the high-level radioactive waste stored in southern Idaho, the underground storage tanks are constructed of
 high-alloy carbon steel.
 *stainless steel.
 titanium.
 a special alloy of copper, zinc and nickel.
 none of the above.

In southern Idaho, solid waste, mostly contaminated with plutonium, is stored
 at the top of a high mountain.
 at the bottom of a deep mine.
 at the bottom of a deep lake.
 within an abandoned rock quarry.
 *within an earth-mound storage facility.

The Snake River Plain in southern Idaho is underlaid by the highly permeable bedrock
 limestone.
 sandstone.
 *volcanic rock.
 gypsum rock
 rock salt.

At the high-level radioactive storage site in South Carolina, the procedure to control leakage from underground storage tanks is
 subsurface injection of cement slurry.
 *creation of a cone of depression by groundwater withdrawal.
 bioremediation by means of genetically-engineered microbes.
 bioremediation by nourishment of native subsurface microbes.
 none of the above.

The following radioisotope(s) have been detected in diluted concentrations in Savannah River water downstream from the high-level radioactive storage site in South Carolina:
 strontium-90.
 cesium-137.
 tritium.
 strontium-90 and cesium-137.
 *strontium-90,cesium-137 and tritium.