Review Questions

Review Questions

1. What is the difference between the terms “anatomy,” “physiology,” and “pathophysiology”?

Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of an organism, such as the names and locations of the bones, muscles, and organs. Physiology is the study of the functions of these structures (how and why something works). Pathophysiology is the study of why diseases occur, and how the body changes in function in reaction to the diseases.

2. What is the key difference between wellness and illness?

In wellness, the body maintains homeostasis. In illness, one or more body systems loses homeostasis.

3. What are the primary anatomical features and physiological actions of the systems for movement and protection of the body?

The skeletal, muscular, and integumentary (skin) systems provide support, allow movement, and protect the body. Without bones and muscles, the body would be like an empty sack of skin, without shape and the ability to move. The skin plays an added, critical role because it protects the body from hazards, prevents fluid loss, and helps control temperature.

4. What are the names of the movements made possible by joints?

Joint types enabling a wide range of mobility are ball-and-socket (e.g., hip) and hinge (e.g., elbow). Not all joints allow great movement (e.g., vertebrae).

Possible movements:

* Abduction: movement away from the body’s median plane
* Adduction: movement toward body’s median plane
* Circumduction: movement in a circular direction
* Extension: straighten
* Flexion: to bend
* Pronation: turning hand so palm faces downward, backward
* Rotation: motion around a central axis
* Supination: turning palm or foot upward

5. What are the primary anatomical features and physiological actions of the systems for providing energy and for removing waste from the body?

The circulatory system includes two powerful transportation systems: cardiovascular and lymphatic. These systems reach every part of the body and work closely together to maintain fluid balance and prevent infections and disease. The respiratory system supplies oxygen, and the digestive system turns food into the fuel needed for energy and for the growth and repair of cells. This fuel is then delivered to cells via the cardiovascular system. The digestive and urinary systems excrete the waste by-products and help maintain fluid balance.

6. What are the primary anatomical features and physiological actions of the systems for sensing, and for coordinating and controlling the body?

There are five senses:

* Seeing
* Hearing
* Smelling
* Tasting
* Touching

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It detects sensations from all parts of the body and controls all the body’s actions. It is also responsible for thoughts, actions, and memories. A complex network of nerves constantly collects information from both inside and outside the body. This information is then transmitted to the brain electrically for storage and/or use. The endocrine system directs changes in the activities of other organ systems.

7. What are the primary anatomical features and physiological actions of the systems for producing new life?

Female reproductive systems and system functions:

* Ovaries: produce hormones determining female characteristics, and are necessary for pregnancy and childbirth
* Fallopian tubes: passages allowing the female-produced egg to be fertilized and then travel into the womb
* Uterus (womb): a fertilized ovum implants itself here to grow; otherwise, the uterus lining is shed during menstruation
* Vagina: opening connecting uterus to outside of body
* Mammary glands: contain milk ducts for lactation following childbirth

Male reproductive systemsand system functions:

* Testes (testicles): where the male sex cells, the sperm, are produced
* Seminal vesicles: these glands ejaculate and nourish the sperm
* Prostate gland: secretes fluid to aid sperm mobility
* Penis: tissue becomes erect with blood when aroused
* Urethra: connects to urinary bladder and is passageway for both urine and sperm
* Cowper’s gland: produces alkaline secretion to lubricate urethra and decrease acidity of urine

8. What are the common diseases or disorders associated with each body system?

The common diseases and disorders of each body system are described in the body section discussion in the textbook. However, not all common diseases or disorders are listed for every body system; only a few examples are mentioned.

9. What are three preventive measures for each body system?

These are listed at the end of each section for the body systems. There may be many others not included in the textbook.