The most fundamental change in young adolescents' self-concept involves     
 the development of emotions.    
 the development of increased cognitive abilities.    
 * the development of a more differentiated view of themselves.    
 the development of an absolutely stable view of themselves.    
    

Adolescents tend to describe themselves in eight domains. Which of the following is NOT one of the eight domains?     
 social acceptance    
 physical appearance    
 behavioral conduct    
 * communication skills    
    

Carlos is 14 years old and his brother Marcus is 8 years old. When describing themselves, Carlos is more likely than Marcus to describe himself as     
 * having many close friends.    
 being the best soccer player on his team.    
 being a troublemaker in school.    
 being a good student.    
    

The -------- self refers to how young adolescents see themselves now, whereas the -------- self refers to how young adolescents see themselves in the future.     
 * actual; possible    
 possible; actual    
 current; distant    
 possible; future    
    

When Anna dreams about her future, she sees herself as a creative artist selling her paintings at art fairs. This part of the self is referred to as the -------- self.     
 future    
 distant    
 * possible    
 actual    
    

Self-esteem during early adolescence     
 is considered to be stable over a lifetime.    
 fluctuates because of differences in the way one feels that day.    
 * fluctuates because of physical, cognitive, and social changes.    
 is unrelated to young adolescents' feelings of personal well-being.    
    

What conclusion can be made from the research on self-esteem?     
 Research suggests that self-esteem is always a protective factor.    
 There is insufficient research to make any conclusions.    
 Research overwhelmingly suggests that young adolescents with high self-esteem are most likely to engage in risky behaviors.    
 * Most research suggests that self-esteem acts as a protective factor. However, other research suggests that adolescents who engage in risky behaviors have high self-esteem.    
    

During early adolescence, girls are more likely than boys to experience     
 unstable attachments.    
 decreased emotional attachments.    
 increased self-esteem.    
 * decreased self-esteem.    
    

Fourteen-year-olds Adam and Shelly are neighbors who live in a middle-class neighborhood. Which of the following is true about their self-esteem?     
 Adam's self-esteem is probably lower than Shelly's.    
 * Shelly's self-esteem is probably lower than Adam's.    
 Adam and Shelly probably have the same level of self-esteem.    
 Adam and Shelly's self-esteem is highly related to the size of their families.    
    

Young adolescent girls may suffer difficulties with their self-concept and self-esteem because     
 they perform so poorly in school.    
 they have limited opportunities to engage in extracurricular activities.    
 their parents become overprotective.    
 * of the emphasis placed on physical appearance and body image.    
    

For young adolescent girls, the strongest predictor of popularity is     
 how they perform in school.    
 * being thin and pretty.    
 being athletic.    
 being withdrawn and compliant.    
    

Compared to girls, young adolescent boys have more confidence in their     
 social selves.    
 verbal abilities.    
 * physical abilities.    
 self-control.    
    

Mary states, "When I am in chemistry class, I have an easy time understanding new concepts and I feel smart, but when I am in Spanish class I feel lost and have a hard time understanding what's going on." Mary's statement reflects which of the following?     
 Mary has low self-esteem.    
 Mary has a large discrepancy in her actual and possible self.    
 * Mary views herself in conflicting ways depending on the circumstance.    
 Mary has a poor actual self.    
    

One's sense of who one is reflects a person's     
 self-esteem.    
 * identity.    
 popularity.    
 attachment.    
    

At the beginning of adolescence, Erikson believed that the major psychosocial crisis revolved around     
 cognitive development.    
 * identity development.    
 physical development.    
 emotional development.    
    

Which of the following is true regarding Erikson's beliefs about identity?     
 * A person's sense of identity continuously develops throughout life.    
 A person's sense of identity develops solely during adolescence.    
 A person's sense of identity develops through interactions with others, especially parents.    
 A person's sense of identity should be formed after one has engaged in mature and intimate relationships.    
    

Erikson used the term -------- -------- to refer to the development of an incomplete sense of self.     
 psychosocial moratorium    
 confused identity    
 psychosocial identity crisis    
 * identity diffusion    
    

According to Erikson, identity diffusion refers to     
 * an incomplete sense of self.    
 a period in which one's direction in life is considered.    
 low self-esteem.    
 an expanding sense of sense.    
    

Erikson argued that there should be a period of time in which youths are free of adult responsibilities that might prevent them from adequately addressing identity issues. Erikson called this period     
 adolescence.    
 biopsychosocial development.    
 psychosocial development.    
 * psychosocial moratorium.    
    

Gina is 18 years old. When she was 15 years old, she took over the majority of the household responsibilities when her mother died. This included meeting the basic needs of her two younger siblings. According to Erikson, which of the following is NOT true?     
 Gina is at risk for identity diffusion.    
 * Gina is well prepared to enter adulthood.    
 Gina may not have experimented with different roles.    
 Gina did not experience a psychosocial moratorium.    
    

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, the process of considering options, values, and goals in making choices about life directions is called --------.     
 commitment    
 identity confused    
 * crisis/exploration    
 foreclosure    
    

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, exploration and commitment are used to classify adolescents into one of four identity status categories. Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories?     
 identity-confused    
 foreclosure    
 moratorium    
 * identity diffusion    
    

Becky goes to different types of religious services because she is looking for one that she likes. At the same time, she enjoys meeting new people and learning about politics. According to Marcia's theory of adolescent identity development, which phase is Becky currently in?     
 identity-confused    
 foreclosure    
 * moratorium    
 identity-achieved    
    

Which of the following identity status categories is associated with the most positive outcomes?     
 identity-confused    
 foreclosure    
 moratorium    
 * identity-achieved    
    

Adolescents who have not explored or committed themselves to specific choices regarding their identity are in the -------- stage of identity formation.     
 * identity-confused    
 foreclosure    
 moratorium    
 identity-achieved    
    

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, moratorium reflects     
 * high exploration and low commitment.    
 low exploration and low commitment.    
 high exploration and high commitment.    
 low exploration and high commitment.    
    

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, foreclosure reflects     
 high exploration and low commitment.    
 low exploration and low commitment.    
 high exploration and high commitment.    
 * low exploration and high commitment.    
    

The feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors reflected in an adolescent's ethnic group membership reflect     
 ethnic attachment.    
 * ethnic identity.    
 ethnicity.    
 ethnic heritage.    
    

Identifying with the majority culture and rejecting one's ethnic cultures reflects which types of ethnic identity?     
 * assimilated    
 marginal    
 separated    
 bicultural    
    

James was born into a Hispanic family and then adopted by an African-American family and grew up in a predominantly African-American neighborhood. James grew up identifying with both cultures. Which type of ethnic identity best reflects James?     
 assimilated    
 marginal    
 separated    
 * bicultural    
    

Identifying with only one's own ethnic culture and rejecting the majority culture reflects which type of ethnic identity?     
 assimilated    
 marginal    
 * separated    
 bicultural    
    

Identifying with both the majority culture and the minority culture reflects which type of ethnic identity?     
 assimilated    
 marginal    
 separated    
 * bicultural    
    

Gregory was born in Yugoslavia and then moved to Mexico when he was 15 years old. Gregory is now 20 years old and identifies with the Mexican culture and not with the Yugoslavian culture. Gregory's ethnic identity reflects which of the following?     
 * assimilated    
 marginal    
 separated    
 bicultural    
    

Which of the following statements is true about young adolescents and their relationships with their parents?     
 If differences and conflicts do exist, they are about serious matters.    
 If serious problems exist, they likely occur because parents and their teens do not respect one another.    
 * If serious problems exist, they likely are an outgrowth of problems that occurred earlier in childhood.    
 Differences of opinion are greater between adolescents and their parents than among adolescents.    
    

Which of the following parenting techniques is MOST likely to be associated with more advanced moral values and higher self-esteem?     
 punitiveness    
 permissiveness    
 * induction    
 monitoring    
    

Supportive and warm parenting is NOT associated with     
 adolescents who are less anxious.    
 high self-esteem.    
 * punitiveness.    
 decreased depression.    
    

Induction is characterized by parents     
 placing demands on their children.    
 not interfering with their children's decisions.    
 offering positive feedback to their children as much as possible.    
 * reasoning with their children in order to persuade them.    
    

Rich, a 15-year-old boy, came home 1 hour late last night. His mother and father sat down with him and discussed why his behavior was unacceptable. Which of the following best identifies the type of parenting strategy used by Rich's parents?     
 monitoring    
 punitiveness    
 permissiveness    
 * induction    
    

Which of the following parenting techniques refers to the use of force to influence children's behavior and qualities?     
 induction    
 monitoring    
 * punitiveness    
 permissiveness    
    

According to the text, parents who use harsh punishment have adolescents who are likely to     
 follow rules and not cause problems at school.    
 be outgoing and sociable with peers.    
 * have problems in school.    
 have poor relationships with siblings.    
    

Which of the following is TRUE concerning parent-adolescent relationships?     
 They are unidirectional relationships in which the parent dictates the overall meaning of the relationship.    
 They are unidirectional relationships in which the adolescent dictates the overall meaning of the relationship.    
 * They are bidirectional relationships in which both the parents and the adolescent interact together to define the meaning of the relationship.    
 They are tri-directional relationships in which the parents, the adolescent and the adolescent peer group come together to define the parent-adolescent relationship.    
    

Teens who are not well supervised are MORE likely to     
 be independent and do better in school.    
 be more prosocial because they are allowed to engage in more adult-like activities.    
 * have adjustment problems during adolescence.    
 be more compliant and obedient.    
    

In the study by Updegraff et al., parents' time spent with teens and their friends most commonly involved     
 * chauffeuring.    
 discussing their relationships.    
 doing homework.    
 supervising their activities.    
    

A generation gap is a     
 gap of more than 15 years between parents and children.    
 gap of more than 20 years between parents and children.    
 conflict in which the parental unit and the adolescent have extreme arguments about school and peer groups.    
 * conflict in basic interests, beliefs, and values between parents and children.    
    

When differences between adolescents and parents do occur, they likely center around     
 educational values.    
 * lifestyle choices.    
 religious beliefs.    
 politics.    
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the effect of parent-adolescent conflict on young teens' development?     
 It is the frequency of conflicts that is most influential.    
 * It is how the conflicts are managed that is most influential.    
 It is important to avoid conflict at all costs.    
 Conflict is unavoidable so it really does not matter how or why conflict occurs.    
    

Which aspect of conflict characterizes troubled parent-adolescent relationships?     
 conflicts involving mothers rather than fathers    
 conflicts over supervision    
 * high rates of intense conflicts    
 conflicts involving fathers rather than mothers    
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE about parent-adolescent relationships that experience intense conflict?     
 Intense conflict most likely occurs when parents closely supervise their teens.    
 Intense conflict fosters independence and social competence in adolescents as they come to realize that they cannot depend on their families and need to be self-sufficient.    
 Adolescents living in families with intense conflict are more likely to join extracurricular activities as a way to escape their home environment.    
 * Adolescents living in families with intense conflict are more likely to be engaged in deviant and antisocial behavior.    
    

Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is TRUE?     
 Adolescents are not influenced by their friends.    
 * Adolescents today spend more time with their friends than they did in the past.    
 Peer influences are almost always destructive.    
 Adolescents are influenced solely by their friends.    
    

Matt is 15 years old. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Matt's behavior compared to his grandparents' behavior when they were 15 years old?     
 Matt spends the same amount of time with his peers as did his grandparents when they were his age.    
 Matt spends more time with his parents than his grandparents did when they were his age.    
 Matt spends less time with his peers than his grandparents did when they were his age.    
 * Matt spends more time with his peers and less time with his parents than his grandparents did when they were his age.    
    

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the social changes that contributed to the emergence of an adolescent peer culture?     
 Adolescence became a lengthy period of preparing for, but not participating in, the adult world.    
 * The increased number of latchkey children contributed to the amount of time that adolescents spent together and not with their families.    
 The development of low-wage jobs reinforced age segregation.    
 The growth of industries devoted to adolescent culture by providing consumer items.    
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the models proposed to account for the apparent detrimental influences of peers on adolescents' development?     
 The Individual Characteristics Model proposes that undesirable peers cause later problem behaviors, whereas the Peer Influence Model proposes that undesirable friends or having no friends are byproducts of earlier behavior problems.    
 The Environmental Model proposes that undesirable peers cause later problem behaviors, whereas the Individual and Family Model proposes that undesirable friends or having no friends are byproducts of earlier behavior problems.    
 The Individual and Family Model proposes that undesirable peers cause later problem behaviors, whereas the Environmental Model proposes that undesirable friends or having no friends are byproducts of earlier behavior problems.    
 * The Peer Influence Model proposes that undesirable peers cause later problem behaviors, whereas the Individual Characteristics Model proposes that undesirable friends or having no friends are byproducts of earlier behavior problems.    
    

According to the text, crowds are peer groups defined by     
 members' reputation among adults.    
 members' academic reputation.    
 where members live in relation to each other.    
 * members' activities and social standing.    
    

According to the text, cliques consist of     
 small groups of peers, usually consisting of both sexes.    
 large groups of peers, usually consisting of both sexes.    
 * small groups of peers, usually consisting of one sex.    
 large groups of peers, usually consisting of one sex.    
    

Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle characteristic of adolescent peer cultures?     
 They provide symbols of group membership.    
 * They serve as symbols of conformity to the adult world.    
 They serve as symbols of prestige or status within the peer world.    
 They allow for the expression of personal beliefs, feelings, and values that are important to adolescents.    
    

Peer groups begin to change from all male and all female groups to groups with both genders     
 in late childhood.    
 * in early adolescence.    
 in late adolescence.    
 in young adulthood.    
    

Compared to her 8-year-old sister, 15-year-old Rhonda is less likely to     
 share secrets with her friends.    
 empathize with her friends.    
 cooperate with her friends.    
 * compete with her friends.    
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of intimacy during adolescence?     
 Girls make progress toward intimacy earlier than boys. However, boys make progress in a more complex and thorough manner.    
 Boys make progress toward intimacy earlier than girls. However, girls make progress in a more complex and thorough manner.    
 Boys and girls make progress toward intimacy at approximately the same time. However, girls make progress in a more complex and thorough manner.    
 * Girls make progress toward intimacy earlier than boys and in a more complex and thorough manner.    
    

Which of the following statements is NOT true about adolescent girl friendships?     
 Adolescent girls express more interest in close relationships than boys.    
 Adolescent girls are more concerned about receiving loyalty from friendships than boys.    
 Adolescent girls are more likely to have more exclusive friendships than boys.    
 * Adolescent girls are more likely to have friendships focused on shared activities than boys.    
    

Which of the following does NOT contribute to adolescent popularity?     
 the ability to act appropriately in a variety of social situations    
 the ability to perceive and meet the needs of others    
 * the ability to protect oneself from being taken advantage of    
 the ability to communicate effectively    
    

The average girl begins dating at     
 11 to 12 years of age.    
 * 12 to 13 years of age.    
 13 to 14 years of age.    
 14 to 15 years of age.    
    

The average boy begins dating at     
 11 to 12 years of age.    
 12 to 13 years of age.    
 * 13 to 14 years of age.    
 14 to 15 years of age.    
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Dating during adolescence is more likely to lead to marriage today than it did 15 years ago.    
 Parents are more likely to control and monitor their adolescents' dating than they were 15 years ago.    
 Dating is more structured today than it was 15 years ago.    
 * Dating is more focused on leisure-time activities today than it was 15 years ago.    
    

During early adolescence, dating partners generally are chosen on the basis of     
 personal preferences.    
 physical attraction.    
 personal qualities.    
 * group membership.    
    

Masturbation is the first source of ejaculation for what percentage of boys?     
 25%    
 50%    
 * 75%    
 95%    
    

What percentage of adolescent males and females have their first intercourse before age 13 years?     
 less than 5%    
 * less than 10%    
 less than 15%    
 less than 20%    
    

Sexuality that begins in early adolescence is likely to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT     
 higher incidence of pregnancy.    
 higher incidence of sexually transmitted diseases.    
 * greater sexual pleasure later in life.    
 involuntary sex.    
    

What percentage of girls who had sex before they were 14 years old report that the sexual experience was involuntary?     
 20%    
 40%    
 * 70%    
 90%    
    

When asked when first intercourse should occur, most adolescents believe that it is best to wait until at least age     
 15 years.    
 * 16 years.    
 17 years.    
 18 years.    
    

Who is most likely to join a gang?     
 * John, who is from an inner city neighborhood and lives in subsidized housing    
 Jim, who is not well liked at school    
 Steve, who yells at his teachers    
 Rod, who works at the local convenience store    
    

Which of the following statements is true regarding the percentage of adolescents joining gangs and the percentage of gang-related crime?     
 * No more than 10% of adolescents join gangs and gang-related activities account for 2% of juvenile crimes.    
 No more than 20% of adolescents join gangs and gang-related activities account for 2% of juvenile crimes.    
 No more than 10% of adolescents join gangs and gang-related activities account for 5% of juvenile crimes.    
 No more than 20% of adolescents join gangs and gang-related activities account for 5% of juvenile crimes.    
    

Which of the following has NOT been found to be an effective component of gang prevention?     
 targeting at-risk youths    
 * putting violent gang members in jail and trying them as adults    
 mobilizing the community    
 providing alternatives to gangs    
    

According to some estimates, adolescents spend -------- hours a day with one or more of the mass media, as a primary or secondary source.     
 5    
 6    
 7    
 * 8    
    

During adolescence, television viewing     
 increases by 10%    
 increases by 25%    
 * decreases by 10%    
 decreases by 25%    
    

During which developmental period does the amount of time spent watching television decrease?     
 early childhood    
 late childhood    
 * adolescence    
 young adulthood    
    

More than -------- of U.S. households with incomes more than $50,000 have a computer, whereas only -------- of those with incomes less than $15,000 do so.     
 60%; 5%    
 * 60%; 10%    
 30%; 5%    
 80%; 25%    
    

Which statement is TRUE regarding gender differences and computers?     
 Boys and girls react the same to computers.    
 Boys tend to shy away from computers.    
 Girls are more likely than boys to sit down at a computer and play with it.    
 * Boys spend more time using computers than girls.    
    

Next to television, ----------------- is(are) the second most popular form of entertainment among teens.     
 * video games    
 DVDs    
 movies    
 email    
    

The -------- refers to a global network of computers.     
 * Internet    
 Cybernet    
 Computer Backbone    
 Pentium    
    

Currently, it is estimated that over --------% of children and adolescents use the Internet.     
 10    
 20    
 * 30    
 40