1.  Three-year-old Gail tells her father that she is a "big girl now." This behavior is evidence of Gail's emerging 
A. self-concept. 
B. theory of mind. 
C. self-conscious emotions. 
D. socialization. 
Answer: 

2.  Beliefs about one's abilities and capacities define 
A. self-esteem. 
B. self-concept. 
C. self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D. self-worth. 
Answer: 

3.  A person's belief about how good he is at sports reflects his 
A. self-esteem. 
B. self-concept. 
C. self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D. self-worth. 
Answer: 

4.  By what age are children able to acknowledge that two traits can co-occur? 
A. 3 years 
B. 4 years 
C. 5 years 
D. 6 years 
Answer: 

5.  According to the text, preschoolers' self-concepts reflect 
A. a mature understanding of themselves. 
B. a complex understanding that traits can co-occur. 
C. a lack of conservation of self. 
D. an unawareness of themselves as individuals. 
Answer: 

6.  Preschool children -------- their own abilities. 
A. have a realistic concept of 
B. tend to overestimate 
C. tend to underestimate 
D. are content with 
Answer: 

7.  Four-year-old Patrick asks his dad to let him hammer the nail. Patrick's father should be cautious because 
A. preschoolers cannot understand what is required of certain tasks. 
B. preschoolers tend to overestimate their abilities. 
C. preschoolers tend to underestimate their abilities. 
D. preschoolers don't understand themselves. 
Answer: 

8.  Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be a 3-year-old's description of himself? 
A. "I'm friendly." 
B. "I'm tall." 
C. "I'm fast." 
D. "I'm pretty." 
Answer: 

9.  -------- reflects the value we attach to ourselves. 
A. Self-esteem 
B. Self-concept 
C. Self-fulfilling prophecy 
D. Self-worth 
Answer: 

10.  Recent research suggests that self-esteem can be understood by a combination of which two qualities? 
A. intelligence and socialization 
B. worthiness and competence 
C. negative and positive emotion 
D. skill and age 
Answer: 

11.  Feelings of worthiness and competence reflect a person's 
A. self-esteem. 
B. self-concept. 
C. self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D. theory of mind. 
Answer: 

12.  A preschooler's self-esteem is likely to be based on which of the following? 
A. evaluations of himself in comparison to others 
B. meeting a single standard 
C. the unique aspects of himself 
D. a multidimensional view of who he is and what he can do 
Answer: 

13.  According to Mruk, high self-esteem reflects a combination of 
A. high worthiness and low competence. 
B. high worthiness and high competence. 
C. low worthiness and low competence. 
D. low worthiness and high competence. 
Answer: 

14.  Which statement best describes a person with defensive self-esteem I? 
A. The individual feels valued despite the fact that he lacks the accomplishments or abilities to be effective and successful. 
B. The individual feels unworthy and has ineffective interactions with others resulting in unhappiness and anxiety. 
C. The individual has feelings about himself that are associated with success and positive worth. 
D. The individual is quite skilled, but his feelings of worthiness distort his self-view. 
Answer: 

15.  Children who are spoiled, stuck-up, or self-centered are likely to evidence 
A. high worthiness and low competence. 
B. high worthiness and high competence. 
C. low worthiness and low competence. 
D. low worthiness and high competence. 
Answer: 

16.  A person with high competence and low worthiness is considered to have what kind of self-esteem? 
A. high 
B. low 
C. defensive I 
D. defensive II 
Answer: 

17.  During early childhood 
A. boys and girls are equally satisfied with their appearance. 
B. boys are more satisfied with their appearance than girls. 
C. girls are more satisfied with their appearance than boys. 
D. boys and girls are unaware of the importance of physical appearance. 
Answer: 

18.  Physically attractive children tend to 
A. have low self-esteem. 
B. have high self-esteem. 
C. have defensive I self-esteem. 
D. have defensive II self-esteem. 
Answer: 

19.  Which of the following is NOT related to high self-esteem? 
A. physical attractiveness 
B. secure relationships with caregivers 
C. positive peer relationships 
D. high intelligence 
Answer: 

20.  What stage in the process of understanding gender are children in when they begin to call themselves a boy or a girl? 
A. gender identity 
B. gender labeling 
C. gender stability 
D. gender consistency 
Answer: 

21.  Which term encompasses a complete understanding of gender: that there are different sexes and a person's gender is stable over time and situations? 
A. gender identity 
B. gender labeling 
C. gender stability 
D. gender consistency 
Answer: 

22.  When asked if he will be a mother or a father when he grows up and has children of his own, 4-year-old Jason replies that he will be a father. With this response, Jason indicates that he has achieved 
A. gender identity. 
B. gender labeling. 
C. gender stability. 
D. gender consistency. 
Answer: 

23.  The understanding that gender does not change despite changes in appearance or activity is called 
A. gender identity. 
B. gender labeling. 
C. gender stability. 
D. gender consistency. 
Answer: 

24.  The development of gender identity occurs in what sequential order? 
A. labeling, stability, consistency 
B. consistency, stability, labeling 
C. consistency, labeling, stability 
D. stability, labeling, consistency 
Answer: 

25.  -------- refer to the beliefs people share about the typical characteristics of males and females. 
A. Gender identities 
B. Gender stereotypes 
C. Gender labels 
D. Gender functions 
Answer: 

26.  When asked, 3-year-old Jeremy tells his father that "boys are strong and girls are soft." These descriptions reflect 
A. gender identities. 
B. gender stereotypes. 
C. gender labels. 
D. gender functions. 
Answer: 

27.  Children learn gender stereotypes by 
A. 24 months. 
B. 30 months. 
C. 36 months. 
D. 48 months. 
Answer: 

28.  The mother of 4-year-old Claudia tells her that she will soon have a new neighbor, a girl her own age. Without any additional information, Claudia decides that she will like to play with her new neighbor. Claudia's quick decision likely is based on her 
A. gender identity. 
B. gender stereotypes. 
C. gender labels. 
D. gender functions. 
Answer: 

29.  By what age do children prefer to play with gender-typed toys and enact gender sex-typed roles? 
A. 3 years 
B. 5 years 
C. 7 years 
D. 9 years 
Answer: 

30.  Research on punishment and reinforcement in the home for gender-appropriate or gender-inappropriate behaviors has found that 
A. girls are more likely than boys to be punished for acting aggressively. 
B. boys are more likely than girls to be reinforced for acting independently. 
C. boys are more likely than girls to be criticized for playing with toys traditionally associated with the opposite sex. 
D. most parents treat their boys and girls in the same way. 
Answer: 

31.  Observable differences in the behaviors of boys and girls have not been found before the age of 
A. 12 months. 
B. 2 years. 
C. 3 years. 
D. 4 years. 
Answer: 

32.  Before the age of 2 years, boys and girls 
A. show no differences in their behaviors. 
B. show great differences in their behaviors. 
C. cannot be distinguished. 
D. are more different than they are similar. 
Answer: 

33.  Which of the following is NOT one of the four sex differences found by Maccoby and Jacklin? 
A. Males have better visual/spatial skills than females. 
B. Males are more aggressive than females. 
C. Females have better mathematical reasoning skills than males. 
D. Females have better verbal skills than males. 
Answer: 

34.  Males generally outperform females in all of the following EXCEPT 
A. aggression. 
B. verbal skills. 
C. math skills. 
D. spatial skills. 
Answer: 

35.  Which of these is NOT a contemporary theory of gender development? 
A. biological 
B. social learning 
C. cognitive-developmental 
D. psychoanalytic 
Answer: 

36.  Which statement is TRUE about biological theories of gender development? 
A. Biological influences on gender cannot be changed. 
B. Biological influences on gender can easily be changed. 
C. Biological factors play a relatively limited role in gender development. 
D. Biological theories of gender development mostly focus on brain differences between males and females. 
Answer: 

37.  Which of the following statements comes from social learning theory? 
A. Children learn gender roles by observation and direct learning. 
B. Hormones, such as androgens, influence gender role behaviors. 
C. Children's experiences are filtered through gender schemas that help them understand their worlds. 
D. Children who have an understanding of gender behave in more stereotypic ways. 
Answer: 

38.  Which of the following statements is true about gender development? 
A. Children imitate only same-sex models. 
B. Girls are more likely to imitate the behaviors of boys than boys are of girls. 
C. Boys are more likely to imitate the behaviors of girls than girls are of boys. 
D. Children never imitate other-sex models. 
Answer: 

39.  Mental representations about the sexes are reflected in children's 
A. gender stereotypes. 
B. gender identities. 
C. gender learning. 
D. gender schemas. 
Answer: 

40.  Gender schemas are part of which developmental theory? 
A. biological 
B. psychoanalytic 
C. social learning 
D. cognitive-developmental 
Answer: 

41.  According to cognitive developmental theory, sex typing comes about 
A. as a natural consequence of changes in information processing. 
B. because of biological differences. 
C. because of parental influences and the reinforcement they provide. 
D. because of peer influences and the reinforcement they provide. 
Answer: 

42.  Schematic consistency refers to an individual's tendencies to 
A. behave and think in ways that match her schemas. 
B. play with same-sex peers. 
C. prefer things associated with her own sex. 
D. believe that her sex will not change. 
Answer: 

43.  The tendency of individuals to behave and think in ways that match their schemas is referred to as 
A. schematic consistency. 
B. gender consistency. 
C. cognitive-developmental stability. 
D. gender stability. 
Answer: 

44.  For young children, most conflicts occur over 
A. the ways they are treated by others. 
B. what others say to them. 
C. physical aggression. 
D. objects and possessions. 
Answer: 

45.  Temper tantrums peak at what age? 
A. 1 year 
B. 2 years 
C. 3 years 
D. 4 years 
Answer: 

46.  For 2-year-olds, anger displayed towards parents is most likely to be caused by 
A. parents' attempts to establish household routines. 
B. fear of abandonment. 
C. lack of attention paid by parents to their children. 
D. boredom. 
Answer: 

47.  Which of the following best characterizes the development of anger and aggression during early childhood? 
A. As children get older, physical and instrumental aggression often decrease, whereas verbal and hostile aggression tend to increase. 
B. As children get older, they respond in ways that are more harmful to others. 
C. As children become more socially active, they get into fewer conflicts and thus become angry less often. 
D. As children get older, aggression ceases to exist. 
Answer: 

48.  Maccoby identified five things that a child must understand before his actions can be considered aggressive. Which one is NOT one of these? 
A. an understanding of which actions cause distress in others 
B. the understanding that the harder one hits the more it hurts others 
C. an understanding that distress can cause others to act in ways that the child wants 
D. the understanding that others feel distress and pain 
Answer: 

49.  Five-year-old Jeff wants a toy that another child has. Jeff approaches the child and slaps him on the arm and knocks the toy out of his hand. Jeff then runs off with the toy. What kind of aggression is Jeff displaying? 
A. hostile 
B. retaliatory 
C. instrumental 
D. anti-social 
Answer: 

50.  The finding that younger children exhibit more aggression than older children is primarily due to increased 
A. reactive aggression. 
B. calculated aggression. 
C. retaliatory aggression. 
D. instrumental aggression. 
Answer: 

51.  Aggression that is used for a specific purpose is referred to as 
A. hostile aggression. 
B. retaliatory aggression. 
C. instrumental aggression. 
D. anti-social aggression. 
Answer: 

52.  Three-year-old Qing is playing with a toy when another child grabs it away from her. Qing responds by slapping the child on the arm and knocking the toy out of his hand. What kind of aggression is Qing displaying? 
A. hostile 
B. retaliatory 
C. instrumental 
D. anti-social 
Answer: 

53.  Aggression that is used in retaliation for another's actions is referred to as 
A. hostile aggression. 
B. relational aggression. 
C. instrumental aggression. 
D. anti-social aggression. 
Answer: 

54.  Five-year-old Patty is mad at Cindy and tells Cindy that she won't be invited to Patty's birthday party. Patty's behavior reflects 
A. hostile aggression. 
B. relational aggression. 
C. instrumental aggression. 
D. anti-social aggression. 
Answer: 

55.  On the basis of the evidence regarding sex differences in aggression, which conclusion is true? 
A. Boys are more physically aggressive than girls, but girls are more verbally aggressive than boys. 
B. Girls are more physically aggressive than boys, but boys are more verbally aggressive than girls. 
C. There are no sex differences in aggression. 
D. Both boys and girls are aggressive but they display distinct forms of aggression. 
Answer: 

56.  Prosocial behavior reflects 
A. voluntary actions designed to benefit others. 
B. voluntary actions designed to benefit oneself. 
C. voluntary actions that contribute to one's social relationships. 
D. aggression that is social. 
Answer: 

57.  An emotional state that matches that of another is called 
A. empathy. 
B. sympathy. 
C. prosocial behavior. 
D. internalization. 
Answer: 

58.  Feeling sorry for a person reflects 
A. empathy. 
B. sympathy. 
C. goal-corrected partnership. 
D. internalization. 
Answer: 

59.  According to the text, individual differences in children's prosocial behavior have their origins in 
A. infancy. 
B. toddlerhood. 
C. early childhood. 
D. later childhood. 
Answer: 

60.  -------- refers to a relationship where a child comes to understand that a caregiver has feelings and plans that differ from the child's and the relationship becomes one of compromise. 
A. Authoritarian parenting 
B. Goal-corrected partnership 
C. Authoritative parenting 
D. Autocratic partnership 
Answer: 

61.  Attempts by parents to change children's behaviors or attitudes is referred to as 
A. discipline. 
B. power assertion. 
C. compliance. 
D. inductive reasoning. 
Answer: 

62.  Approximately --------% of parent-child interactions after age 2 center around discipline. 
A. 25 
B. 50 
C. 60 
D. 75 
Answer: 

63.  -------- refers to the tendency of children to obey because they know they have to. 
A. Internalization 
B. Power assertion 
C. Compliance 
D. Goal-corrected partnership 
Answer: 

64.  Sandy does what her mother asks because she believes that obeying her mother is the right thing to do. Sandy's obedience is an example of 
A. internalization. 
B. altruism. 
C. compliance. 
D. goal-directed partnerships. 
Answer: 

65.  Parents who use power assertion as a disciplinary method are more likely to have children who 
A. are compliant. 
B. have internalized standards. 
C. are nonaggressive. 
D. are socially competent. 
Answer: 

66.  Which type of discipline is most likely to result in a prosocial child who internalizes standards? 
A. love withdrawal 
B. inductive reasoning 
C. power assertion 
D. punishment 
Answer: 

67.  Compared to Caucasian American parents, African American parents are more likely to 
A. be more accepting of the use punishment. 
B. use inductive reasoning. 
C. be permissive. 
D. avoid the use of any kind of discipline. 
Answer: 

68.  Parents are more likely to use spanking for which type of child behaviors? 
A. those that are annoying 
B. those that are dangerous 
C. those that are disruptive 
D. those that are disrespectful 
Answer: 

69.  Which of the following researchers was responsible for the identification of the four main styles of parenting? 
A. Baumrind 
B. Maccoby 
C. Ainsworth 
D. Cooper 
Answer: 

70.  What are the two parenting characteristics on which Baumrind based her four styles of parenting? 
A. compliance and internalization 
B. competence and restrictiveness 
C. demandingness and responsiveness 
D. demandingness and restrictiveness 
Answer: 

71.  Which of the following is NOT one of the parenting styles identified in the text? 
A. uninvolved 
B. permissive 
C. authoritative 
D. restrictive 
Answer: 

72.  Which of the following types of parents makes few demands on their children and are accepting and tolerant of children's impulses and desires? 
A. uninvolved 
B. permissive 
C. authoritative 
D. restrictive 
Answer: 

73.  Authoritarian parents are 
A. high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. 
B. high in demandingness and high in responsiveness. 
C. low in demandingness and low in responsiveness. 
D. low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. 
Answer: 

74.  Shirley is a parent who expects unquestioning obedience from her children. Shirley's style of parenting is 
A. authoritarian. 
B. authoritative. 
C. uninvolved. 
D. permissive. 
Answer: 

75.  As a family's economic condition worsens 
A. parenting becomes nonexistent. 
B. parents become more nurturant. 
C. parents become more negative in their use of discipline. 
D. parents become abusive. 
Answer: 

76.  Compared to middle-class parents, poor parents are more likely to  
A. use rewards with their children 
B. reason with their children 
C. be single parents 
D. enjoy their children less 
Answer: 

77.  Which kind of parent is characterized as low in demandingness and high in responsiveness? 
A. authoritarian 
B. authoritative 
C. uninvolved 
D. permissive 
Answer: 

78.  When parents listen receptively to their children, their parenting style is likely to be 
A. authoritarian. 
B. authoritative. 
C. uninvolved. 
D. permissive. 
Answer: 

79.  Shawn's parents have a rule that he must be in bed by a certain time. Shawn is fascinated by dinosaurs and when a show on dinosaurs comes on at his bedtime, he pleads with his parents to let him watch because he wants to learn more about dinosaurs. His parents let him watch this time. Shawn's parents reflect which type of parenting? 
A. authoritarian 
B. authoritative 
C. uninvolved 
D. permissive 
Answer: 

80.  Uninvolved parents are 
A. high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. 
B. high in demandingness and high in responsiveness. 
C. low in demandingness and low in responsiveness. 
D. low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. 
Answer: 

81.  In the early 1960s, -------- of mothers said that couples with children should stay together; today, fewer than -------- give the same answer. 
A. 50%; 20% 
B. 75%; 20% 
C. 75%; 40% 
D. 40%; 5% 
Answer: 

82.  Preschoolers tend to view parents as 
A. individuals. 
B. blood relatives. 
C. possessions. 
D. complex and independent beings. 
Answer: 

83.  Compared to older children, divorce may have a greater effect on younger children because they 
A. are more dependent on their parents. 
B. are less intelligent. 
C. are more easily stressed. 
D. do not have the ability to understand what is happening. 
Answer: 

84.  The definition of "family" for many young children consists of 
A. people who live in the same house. 
B. any blood relative. 
C. mom, dad, brothers, and sisters, regardless of where they live. 
D. blood relatives and friends. 
Answer: 

85.  Young children may feel that they have caused their parents to divorce because they are 
A. egocentric. 
B. not very intelligent. 
C. more difficult to manage. 
D. totally dependent on their parents. 
Answer: 

86.  The first 2 years after a divorce have been called a(n) -------- period for children and adults because of the problems people have making the adjustment to the diverse changes associated with it. 
A. anxious 
B. transitional 
C. stressful 
D. crisis 
Answer: 

87.  Which of the following is NOT a factor in affecting how young children adjust to divorce? 
A. relationship of child to noncustodial parent 
B. effectiveness of parents 
C. a child's temperament 
D. the intelligence of the parents 
Answer: 

88.  The legal standard that assumed that child rearing during the early years should be undertaken by women is referred to as the 
A. tender years doctrine. 
B. best interest doctrine. 
C. maternal instinct doctrine. 
D. maternalistic doctrine. 
Answer: 

89.  Custody in which both parents retain the right to make decisions regarding a child's health and welfare is known as 
A. split custody. 
B. sole legal custody. 
C. joint legal custody. 
D. divided custody. 
Answer: 

90.  Brandon spends Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday nights at his mother's house and the rest of the week at his father's house. This type of custody arrangement is known as 
A. split custody. 
B. separation custody. 
C. joint physical custody. 
D. divided custody. 
Answer: 

91.  Custody in which each parent has the child for a portion of the year is referred to as 
A. split custody. 
B. sole legal custody. 
C. joint legal custody. 
D. divided custody. 
Answer: 

92.  As many as -------- of parents remarry after a divorce. 
A. 40% to 50% 
B. 50% to 60% 
C. 60% to 70% 
D. 70% to 80% 
Answer: 

93.  Young children's friendships are based primarily on 
A. mutual interests and activities. 
B. emotional communication. 
C. social support and companionship. 
D. feelings of connectedness. 
Answer: 

94.  Four-year-old Jane is most likely to learn about cooperation, reciprocity, and competition from 
A. parents. 
B. peers. 
C. younger siblings. 
D. day care teachers. 
Answer: 

95.  Young children's friendships tend to be 
A. long lasting. 
B. fragile and dependent on the context. 
C. independent of the activity they are engaged in. 
D. based on feelings of mutual support and emotional commitment. 
Answer: 

96.  According to Parten, which of the following is the lowest level of social play? 
A. associative 
B. onlooker 
C. cooperative 
D. pretend 
Answer: 

97.  Allison and Julie are putting together two separate puzzles during play time. Allison comments on how her puzzle is coming together. Julie responds by saying that her puzzle is pretty. What kind of play are Allison and Julie engaged in? 
A. associative 
B. parallel 
C. cooperative 
D. onlooker 
Answer: 

98.  Playing along side but not with other children is referred to as 
A. parallel play. 
B. onlooker play. 
C. confined play. 
D. solitary play. 
Answer: 

99.  Solitary play may be particularly worrisome when 
A. it is seen in an older child. 
B. it is used in activities that are best done in groups. 
C. it is seen in a younger child. 
D. it involves fine motor skills. 
Answer: 

100.  Play that is based on make-believe situations and fantasies is referred to as 
A. parallel play. 
B. onlooker play. 
C. confined play. 
D. pretend play. 
Answer: 

101.  Which of the following is MOST likely to be seen in the pretend play of a 2-year-old? 
A. pretending to put a baby to bed 
B. pretending to be a pirate 
C. using a stick as a magic wand 
D. involving others in playing Cinderella 
Answer: 

102.  In the United States, --------% of children have siblings. 
A. 90 
B. 80 
C. 75 
D. 70 
Answer: 

103.  According to Dunn, which of the following is NOT a source of influence on the quality of sibling relationships? 
A. temperamental differences between siblings 
B. parental treatment 
C. family income 
D. effect of family life events 
Answer: 

104.  In 1950, approximately --------% of U.S. households owned a television set, but today about --------% do. 
A. 5; 98 
B. 50; 80 
C. 5; 80 
D. 50; 98 
Answer: 

105.  Today, approximately what percentage of all U.S. households own a television set? 
A. 66% 
B. 78% 
C. 89% 
D. 98% 
Answer: 

106.  Today, what percentage of U.S. households own two or more television sets? 
A. 66% 
B. 78% 
C. 89% 
D. 98% 
Answer: 

107.  On the average, approximately how many hours per day is the television set on? 
A. 10 hours 
B. 7 hours 
C. 5 hours 
D. 4 hours 
Answer: 

108.  When taken together (TV, computers, VCRs, DVDs, and video games), how much time does the average child spend in front of video screens each day? 
A. 3 hours 
B. 5 hours 
C. 7 hours 
D. 9 hours 
Answer: 

109.  By the time an adolescent has graduated from high school, he or she has watched more television than done any other activity EXCEPT 
A. going to school. 
B. sleeping. 
C. eating. 
D. interacting with his family. 
Answer: 

110.  Children's programs contain about -------- violent acts per hour. 
A. 10 to 15 
B. 15 to 20 
C. 20 to 25 
D. 25 to 30 
Answer: 

111.  Most professionals agree that children's television viewing be limited to -------- hour(s) per day. 
A. 0 
B. 1 
C. 2 
D. 3 
Answer: 

112.  Rates of prosocial behavior on television 
A. are greater than rates of violent behavior. 
B. are less than rates of violent behavior. 
C. are comparable to the rates of violent behavior. 
D. have increased dramatically in the past 20 years. 
Answer: