1.  According to the research, which of the following emotions is NOT present at birth? 
A. interest 
B. sadness 
C. disgust 
D. fear 
Answer: 

2.  Ellen has just brought home her 3-day-old son Ethan. The emotion most likely to be displayed by Ethan is 
A. anger. 
B. sadness. 
C. happiness, as indicated by the social smile. 
D. stranger anxiety. 
Answer: 

3.  Smiling is an important behavior in infants because 
A. it is a powerful social stimulus. 
B. it represents the most effective way to convey needs. 
C. it relieves the infant's distress more effectively than crying. 
D. it is a sign of happiness as early as the first week of infancy. 
Answer: 

4.  Evidence suggests that the sequence of smiling is primarily due to 
A. culture. 
B. experience. 
C. learning. 
D. maturation. 
Answer: 

5.  A smile displayed by a newborn while he or she is asleep is called a(n) 
A. endogenous smile. 
B. exogenous smile. 
C. social smile. 
D. REM smile. 
Answer: 

6.  A smile displayed by a young infant that is elicited by external events is called a(n) 
A. endogenous smile. 
B. exogenous smile. 
C. social smile. 
D. REM smile. 
Answer: 

7.  At what age does the exogenous smile usually appear? 
A. at birth 
B. 2-3 weeks 
C. 2-3 months 
D. 6 months 
Answer: 

8.  When gently stimulated, 3-week-old infants emit an exogenous smile. Although this is elicited by external stimulation, this smile is 
A. endogenous. 
B. voluntary. 
C. learned. 
D. reflexive. 
Answer: 

9.  Celia is the mother of a 4-week-old infant. While Celia strokes her infant's abdomen, the gentle stimulation causes her infant to smile. This kind of smile is called a(n) 
A. endogenous smile. 
B. exogenous smile. 
C. social smile. 
D. REM smile. 
Answer: 

10.  At what age does the social smile begin to appear? 
A. 2-3 weeks 
B. 6-8 weeks 
C. 3-6 months 
D. 8-10 months 
Answer: 

11.  Ten-week-old Sarah uses her smile to get her mother to stay with her. In this example, Sarah's smiles have become 
A. reflexive. 
B. endogenous. 
C. instrumental. 
D. exogenous. 
Answer: 

12.  Infants begin to laugh when they are 
A. 1 day old. 
B. 2 months old. 
C. 4 months old. 
D. 8 months old. 
Answer: 

13.  In comparison to Japanese mothers, American mothers 
A. are more effective at eliciting smiles from their infants. 
B. rely more on toys and objects to elicit smiles from their infants. 
C. are ineffective at eliciting smiles from their infants. 
D. rely more on social stimulation to elicit smiles from their infants. 
Answer: 

14.  Research on cultural differences in mother-infant relationships suggests that 
A. mothers in different cultures use similar strategies for eliciting smiles in their infants but differ in their effectiveness in eliciting smiles. 
B. mothers in different cultures use similar strategies for eliciting smiles in their infants and are similar in their effectiveness in eliciting smiles. 
C. mothers in different cultures use different strategies for eliciting smiles in their infants and differ in their effectiveness in eliciting smiles. 
D. mothers in different cultures use different strategies for eliciting smiles in their infants but are similar in their effectiveness in eliciting smiles. 
Answer: 

15.  Which of the following is true regarding young infants' crying? 
A. It is intentional. 
B. It reflects their personalities. 
C. It is their most effective way of communicating. 
D. It is not meaningful. 
Answer: 

16.  Stephanie is 2 weeks old. When Stephanie cries, her crying is 
A. intentional. 
B. to gain attention. 
C. purposeful. 
D. reflexive. 
Answer: 

17.  Theresa is baby-sitting 3-month-old Jeremy when he starts crying suddenly and very loudly. Jeremy's cries are followed by a period of breath holding. On the basis of the characteristics of his crying, what is likely wrong with Jeremy? 
A. He is hungry. 
B. He is angry and frustrated. 
C. He is tired. 
D. He is in pain. 
Answer: 

18.  On the average, during the first 3 months of life infants cry about -------- daily. 
A. 1 hour 
B. 2 hours 
C. 5 hours 
D. 6 hours 
Answer: 

19.  Tracy and Grant are worried because their 2-month-old daughter cries 2 hours each day. The crying of their daughter is 
A. an indication of poor development. 
B. is well below average. 
C. is typical of infants this age. 
D. a sign that their daughter is difficult and strong willed. 
Answer: 

20.  The crying of newborns is likely to occur because of 
A. physical needs. 
B. lack of social stimulation. 
C. their personalities. 
D. poor parenting. 
Answer: 

21.  Infants whose cries are quickly and consistently responded to 
A. are reinforced for crying. 
B. cry less. 
C. cry more. 
D. become spoiled. 
Answer: 

22.  Research suggests that spoiling an infant by responding to his or her cries 
A. only occurs when caregivers respond too quickly. 
B. is not a serious risk. 
C. only occurs for infants who are troubled. 
D. is not a possible outcome. 
Answer: 

23.  As discussed in the text, Navajo parents wrap their infants onto a craddleboard for the first 10 months of life because 
A. they do not want to be bothered by their infants. 
B. their work does not permit them to carry their infants. 
C. they believe infants should be kept calm and quiet. 
D. they do not have access to modern infant furniture and equipment. 
Answer: 

24.  What are the two types of temper tantrums identified in the textbook? 
A. manipulative and temperamental 
B. temperamental and self-conscious 
C. manipulative and autonomous 
D. autonomous and self-conscious 
Answer: 

25.  Amanda, a strong-willed 2-year-old, throws a tantrum when her mother gets a new job and has to change their morning routine. This type of a tantrum is 
A. autonomous. 
B. temperamental. 
C. manipulative. 
D. self-conscious. 
Answer: 

26.  Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion? 
A. anger 
B. shame 
C. fear 
D. sadness 
Answer: 

27.  Which of the following is a NOT a true statement concerning self-conscious emotions? 
A. To experience self-conscious emotions, children must have a conscious awareness of themselves as distinct from others. 
B. To experience self-conscious emotions, children must recognize that there are standards or expectations to be met. 
C. To experience self-conscious emotions, children must have a sense of responsibility for meeting certain standards. 
D. To experience self-conscious emotions, children must have the ability to talk. 
Answer: 

28.  At approximately what age do children display self-conscious emotions? 
A. 6 months 
B. 12 months 
C. 2 years 
D. 6 years 
Answer: 

29.  Raun is a 3-year-old whose mother caught him coloring on the wall in his room. He responds by lowering his eyes, hanging his head, and hiding his face in his hands. This response likely reflects 
A. embarrassment. 
B. anger. 
C. surprise. 
D. confusion. 
Answer: 

30.  Although toddlers express self-conscious emotions, it is not until about -------- years of age that children express these emotions independent of others' approval or disapproval. 
A. 5 
B. 6 
C. 7 
D. 8 
Answer: 

31.  All of the following are true regarding the typical play of 6-month-olds EXCEPT 
A. their play is social. 
B. their play is repetitive. 
C. their play is physical and revolves around their bodily actions. 
D. their play is ritualistic. 
Answer: 

32.  At what age do children begin to use objects and involve others in their play? 
A. 6 months 
B. 10 months 
C. 12 months 
D. 24 months 
Answer: 

33.  Temperament theorists believe that temperamental individuality is established 
A. prenatally. 
B. at birth. 
C. by 3 months. 
D. by 12 months. 
Answer: 

34.  Temperament refers to 
A. the tendency to react to frustration. 
B. the tendency to trust or mistrust. 
C. the home atmosphere or environment. 
D. an individual's style of approaching people and situations. 
Answer: 

35.  The predisposition to respond to one's environment in characteristic ways is called 
A. personality. 
B. autonomy. 
C. temperament. 
D. attachment. 
Answer: 

36.  Which of the following is NOT an aspect of temperament? 
A. It is relatively stable. 
B. It has a biological quality to it. 
C. It is present prenatally. 
D. It is learned. 
Answer: 

37.  Temperament and personality 
A. reflect the same thing. 
B. are completely different. 
C. differ in the influences that produce them. 
D. can be used interchangeably. 
Answer: 

38.  According to recent changes in how temperament is thought to be organized, which of the following is NOT considered to be a temperamental characteristic? 
A. activity level 
B. anger 
C. intelligence 
D. regularity 
Answer: 

39.  According to Rothbart, the degree to which a child's behavior is predictable reflects which temperamental quality? 
A. Regularity 
B. Persistence 
C. Soothability 
D. Attention. 
Answer: 

40.  Joshua is a 3-year-old involved in a study of temperament. He is taken into a play room where there are four other children whom he does not know. Which of the components of temperament are the researchers examining with this scenario? 
A. fearful-distress 
B. anger-frustration 
C. persistence 
D. activity level 
Answer: 

41.  Stacie is a fearful 18-month-old. According to recent research, which type of discipline best fits her temperamental style? 
A. gentle discipline 
B. high intensity discipline 
C. ignoring her behavior 
D. withdrawing one's affective and attention 
Answer: 

42.  What percentage of 1- to 2-year-old, healthy children are consistently shy and timid? 
A. 1%-2% 
B. 15%-20% 
C. 25%-30% 
D. 30%-35% 
Answer: 

43.  According to Kagan, which of the following is true regarding the role of the environment in influencing children's shyness? 
A. The environment causes shyness. 
B. The environment helps children overcome shyness. 
C. The environment plays no role in shyness. 
D. The environment creates a vulnerable temperament. 
Answer: 

44.  Which of the following seems to be most dependent on experience? 
A. temperament 
B. motor development 
C. language 
D. attachment 
Answer: 

45.  The emotional tie that infants have with their caregivers is referred to as 
A. temperament. 
B. attachment. 
C. autonomy. 
D. approach-withdrawal. 
Answer: 

46.  According to attachment theory 
A. children who have secure attachments see themselves as lovable, tolerate frustrations more successfully, and express a wider range of emotions than insecurely attached children. 
B. one's attachment history does not have an effect on later social and emotion functioning. 
C. insecurely attached infants feel that their parents are supportive and loving because they don't know any better. 
D. securely attached infants become too dependent on caregivers and have a hard time developing a sense of autonomy. 
Answer: 

47.  Lilly is 6 weeks old and does not discriminate among caregivers. According to Ainsworth, Lilly is in the -------- phase of the attachment process. 
A. pre-attachment 
B. attachment-in-the-making 
C. clear-cut attachment 
D. goal-corrected partnership 
Answer: 

48.  The first phase of attachment is called the preattachment phase because 
A. the child cannot speak. 
B. the child responds indiscriminately to anyone who attends him or her. 
C. the child does not respond to caregivers. 
D. the child discriminates only familiar and unfamiliar caregivers. 
Answer: 

49.  At what age do infants begin to evidence a clear-cut attachment to their caregivers? 
A. 4-6 weeks 
B. 8-10 weeks 
C. 5 months 
D. 7 months 
Answer: 

50.  As discussed in the text, attachments cannot occur until children have developed which Piagetian concept? 
A. object permanence 
B. acquired adaptations 
C. deferred imitation 
D. assimilation 
Answer: 

51.  Stranger anxiety peaks between --------. 
A. 5-7 months 
B. 8-10 months 
C. 10-12 months 
D. 1-2 years 
Answer: 

52.  Stranger anxiety is 
A. an inherited characteristic present in all children. 
B. more common among children raised around many adults. 
C. often situational. 
D. an indication of insecure attachment. 
Answer: 

53.  Barry, age 5 months, and Jim, age 12 months, are left in the care of a baby-sitter. Regarding separation anxiety, which of the following statements is most likely? 
A. Barry will cry more than Jim when he realizes that his mother is gone. 
B. Jim will probably show more distress than Barry when he realizes his mother is gone. 
C. Barry and Jim should show about the same degree of separation anxiety. 
D. Neither is likely to show separation anxiety as long as the baby-sitter is loving. 
Answer: 

54.  According to the text, separation anxiety represents 
A. a significant source of stress for infants. 
B. a significant source of stress for caregivers. 
C. a significant source of stress for infants but not caregivers. 
D. a significant source of stress for both infants and caregivers. 
Answer: 

55.  The procedure used to classify infants into attachment categories is called the 
A. Strange Situation. 
B. Test of Temperament. 
C. Parent-Child Bonding Task. 
D. Attachment Apparatus. 
Answer: 

56.  The purpose of the Strange Situation is to 
A. observe a child's intelligence. 
B. observe infants' reactions to separation and reunion with caregivers. 
C. observe parents' responses to their infants. 
D. assess temperament. 
Answer: 

57.  In the Strange Situation the infant is observed when his or her mother leaves. During this time, what response is being tested? 
A. stranger anxiety 
B. separation anxiety 
C. the reunion response 
D. the autonomy/connectedness response 
Answer: 

58.  Which of the following is NOT considered to be a pattern of attachment? 
A. secure 
B. bonded 
C. ambivalent 
D. avoidant 
Answer: 

59.  A major effect of secure attachment is 
A. willingness to explore. 
B. a tendency to be self-centered. 
C. decreased likelihood of straying from mother and getting into trouble. 
D. dependency on the mother for approval of activities. 
Answer: 

60.  Which of the following would be a sign of secure attachment? 
A. hugging mother's leg when she returns to a room 
B. crying when mother leaves the room and not being comforted upon her return 
C. ignoring mother when she returns to the room 
D. reluctance to leave mother to play with new toys 
Answer: 

61.  In the Strange Situation, a securely attached child will 
A. use her caregiver as a secure base. 
B. ignore her caregiver and play freely. 
C. show bizarre repetitions of behavior. 
D. cling to her mother and refuse to explore the environment. 
Answer: 

62.  Which of the following is NOT a type of insecure attachment? 
A. accommodating 
B. ambivalent 
C. avoidant 
D. disorganized 
Answer: 

63.  In the Strange Situation, Kari, an 11-month-old, is upset when her mother leaves, seeks comfort from her, but squirms and cries when she is picked up. On the basis of this behavior, Kari's attachment classification would likely be 
A. secure. 
B. avoidant. 
C. ambivalent. 
D. disorganized/disoriented. 
Answer: 

64.  Cassandra has been classified as having an ambivalent attachment with her mother. Which of the following best describes Cassandra's behavior in the Strange Situation? 
A. Cassandra uses her caregiver as a secure base and explores her environment freely. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is easily comforted on her mother's return. 
B. Cassandra explores her environment freely and shows little response to her mother's absence. She greets the stranger in the room with a smile. 
C. Cassandra is reluctant to explore the room and stays very close to her mother. When a stranger enters the room, she is visibly upset. On her mother's return, she responds to her with cries and signals of wishing to be comforted but then pushes her away. 
D. Cassandra shows no coherent strategy for handling separations and reunions with her mother and is most likely a victim of abuse. 
Answer: 

65.  Jessica has been classified as having an avoidant attachment with her mother. Which of the following best describes Jessica's behavior in the Strange Situation? 
A. Jessica uses her caregiver as a secure base and explores her environment freely. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is easily comforted on her mother's return. 
B. Jessica explores her environment freely and shows little response to her mother's absence. She greets the stranger in the room with a smile. 
C. Jessica is reluctant to explore the room and stays very close to her mother. When a stranger enters the room, she is visibly upset. On her mother's return, she responds to her with cries and signals of wishing to be comforted but then pushes her away. 
D. Jessica shows no coherent strategy for handling separations and reunions with her mother and is most likely a victim of abuse. 
Answer: 

66.  Avoidant infants 
A. are both externally and internally unresponsive. 
B. are externally responsive but internally unresponsive. 
C. are externally unresponsive but internally responsive. 
D. are both externally and internally responsive. 
Answer: 

67.  Infants classified into the disorganized/disoriented attachment category are likely to 
A. have been abused. 
B. be mentally retarded. 
C. have been premature infants. 
D. be born to older mothers. 
Answer: 

68.  In the Strange Situation, Ben, an 11-month-old, both avoids and resists his mother. When she returns to the room for the reunion episode, Ben begins to cry. While playing, he often freezes and goes into a daze. On the basis of his behavior, Ben's attachment classification would likely be 
A. secure. 
B. avoidant. 
C. ambivalent. 
D. disorganized/disoriented. 
Answer: 

69.  According to the textbook, what are the two factors that influence attachment? 
A. The age of the mother and the age of the child. 
B. The sensitivity of the caregiver and the characteristics of the infant. 
C. The age and sensitivity of the caregiver. 
D. The characteristics and age of the infant. 
Answer: 

70.  Research has shown that compared to U.S. infants, Japanese infants are encouraged to be more dependent on their mothers and rarely experience separation from them. Considering this cultural difference, under which attachment classification would you expect more Japanese infants than U.S. infants to be classified? 
A. secure 
B. ambivalent 
C. avoidant 
D. disorganized 
Answer: 

71.  An infant who is securely attached will likely become a preschooler who is 
A. aggressive. 
B. picked on. 
C. popular. 
D. detached from others. 
Answer: 

72.  Which of the following is NOT true regarding father-infant attachment? 
A. In the Strange Situation, infants usually react the same way when a father leaves the room as they do when the mother leaves. 
B. Infants reactions are less intense when the father is involved in the Strange Situation. 
C. Securely attached infants treat fathers as secure bases from which to explore, just as they do mothers. 
D. Infants rarely become distressed when their fathers leave them alone. 
Answer: 

73.  Studies of fathers and mothers show that 
A. fathers interact with their children in the same way as mothers. 
B. fathers cannot be good caregivers. 
C. fathers act as secondary caregivers. 
D. fathers can be equally good caregivers as mothers. 
Answer: 

74.  Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to 
A. act as protectors and comforters for their infants. 
B. be available to their infants. 
C. provide daily care to their infants. 
D. act as playmates for their infants. 
Answer: 

75.  Currently, -------- of married women with preschool children work outside the home. 
A. 30% 
B. 40% 
C. 50% 
D. 60% 
Answer: 

76.  In the 1950s, --------% of married women with preschool children worked outside the home, whereas today about --------% do so. 
A. 12; 60 
B. 40; 80 
C. 40; 60 
D. 3; 25 
Answer: 

77.  More than -------- of U.S. mothers with children under the age of 1 currently are in the workforce. 
A. 25% 
B. 30% 
C. 50% 
D. 70% 
Answer: 

78.  Regarding patterns of use of day care by working women, children under 3 years are most likely cared for by 
A. relatives. 
B. day care centers. 
C. non-relatives. 
D. fathers. 
Answer: 

79.  Belsky concluded that day care had adverse effects on attachment if infants spent more than -------- hours per week in non-maternal care during the first year of life. 
A. 10 
B. 20 
C. 30 
D. 40 
Answer: 

80.  In the United States, most child care is 
A. of high quality. 
B. a for-profit enterprise. 
C. for low-income children. 
D. readily available. 
Answer: 

81.  Which of the following is the best predictor of the quality of a child care program? 
A. the amount of space available 
B. the number of children in each class 
C. the salaries paid to the teachers 
D. the amount of tuition charged 
Answer: 

82.  When caregivers fail to provide for the basic needs of their children it is called 
A. physical abuse. 
B. psychological maltreatment. 
C. neglect. 
D. depression. 
Answer: 

83.  Which of the following is the best predictor of harmful developmental outcomes? 
A. physical abuse 
B. sexual abuse 
C. neglect 
D. psychological maltreatment 
Answer: 

84.  Sadly, only -------- of cases in which children are abused or neglected are investigated by authorities. 
A. 8% 
B. 18% 
C. 28% 
D. 38% 
Answer: 

85.  Which of the following characteristics puts a child at risk for abuse? 
A. being from a larger family 
B. being male 
C. having an easy temperament 
D. living in a family with an income of $30,000 or more 
Answer: 

86.  Of the following children, the one most likely to be abused is 
A. 1-year-old Peter, who has 5 brothers and 3 sisters. 
B. 1-year-old Kathy, whose parents make more than $60,000. 
C. 1-year-old Amy, who has an easy temperament. 
D. 12-year-old Frank. 
Answer: 

87.  Caregivers and foster parents are 
A. least likely to commit child abuse and neglect. 
B. most likely to commit child abuse and neglect. 
C. as likely to commit child abuse and neglect as parents. 
D. as likely to commit child abuse and neglect as strangers. 
Answer: 

88.  Less than -------- of child abusers evidence extreme psychological disturbances. 
A. 1% 
B. 10% 
C. 20% 
D. 30% 
Answer: 

89.  Approximately -------- of abused children grow up to be abusive. 
A. 10% 
B. 20% 
C. 30% 
D. 50% 
Answer: 

90.  Approximately --------% of abused children grow up to be abusive compared to --------% of the general population. 
A. 10; 20 
B. 20; 10 
C. 20; 4 
D. 30; 4 
Answer: 

91.  Almost half of all fatalities because of child abuse occur to children 
A. who are premature. 
B. who are younger than age 1. 
C. who are 5 years of age or younger. 
D. who are born to psychologically disturbed parents. 
Answer: 

92.  A parenting class that is required for all high school students is an example of 
A. primary prevention. 
B. secondary prevention. 
C. tertiary prevention. 
D. preparatory intervention. 
Answer: 

93.  Secondary prevention 
A. targets individuals who have already become involved in destructive behavior. 
B. targets a specific segment of the population thought to be at risk. 
C. targets all individuals. 
D. does not work well. 
Answer: 

94.  Project Parent is a program designed to teach parenting skills to accused child-abusing parents. This program is an example of -------- prevention. 
A. primary 
B. secondary 
C. tertiary 
D. child-directed 
Answer: 

95.  To date, most child abuse intervention programs use 
A. primary and secondary prevention, but not tertiary prevention. 
B. secondary and tertiary prevention, but not primary prevention. 
C. primary prevention. 
D. includes all types of prevention. 
Answer: