During late childhood, which of the following stressors becomes more a source of stress? 
A. animals 
B. scary movies 
C. doing well in school 
D. injections 
Answer: C 
Stress that is the result of making a transition from one culture to another is called 
A. culture shock. 
B. transitional shock. 
C. adaptive stress. 
D. acculturative stress. 
Answer: D 
Acculturative stress is 
A. stress of making a transition from one culture to another. 
B. stress of getting good grades. 
C. stress of going to the doctor. 
D. stress of learning a foreign language. 
Answer: A 
Who is the most likely to experience acculturative stress? 
A. a high school student in a foreign language class 
B. a child on his or her first day of school 
C. a baseball player during a close game 
D. a Mexican immigrant family in the United States 
Answer: D 
Highly acculturated children may 
A. be embarrassed and critical of their traditional parents. 
B. find living in the new culture difficult. 
C. be at risk for behavior problems. 
D. not perform well in school. 
Answer: A 
Emotion-focused coping involves 
A. talking to others about what to do about the problem. 
B. reducing emotional distress that is aroused in stressful situations. 
C. trying to manage or modify the source of the stress. 
D. fixing the problem. 
Answer: B 
Attempting to reduce emotional distress that is aroused in stressful situations is called 
A. problem-focused coping. 
B. emotion-focused coping. 
C. adaptive coping. 
D. acculturative coping. 
Answer: B 
When Jolee receives a poor grade on her science exam, she becomes very upset. Later that day, Jolee decides that one bad grade is not the end of the world and that she has three more exams to improve her grade. What kind of coping is Jolee engaging in? 
A. emotion-focused coping 
B. acculturative coping 
C. problem-focused coping 
D. expressive-focused coping 
Answer: A 
Problem-focused coping involves 
A. attempting to ignore or forget about the stressful situation. 
B. trying to manage or modify the source of the stress. 
C. embracing the emotional distress. 
D. reducing emotional distress that is aroused in stressful situations. 
Answer: B 
Trying to manage or modify the source of the stress reflects 
A. problem-focused coping. 
B. emotion-focused coping. 
C. adaptive coping. 
D. acculturative coping. 
Answer: A 
Kayla finds out from a classmate that Joey is making fun of her behind her back. This makes Kayla very distraught. That same day, Kayla goes to Joey and tells him to stop making fun of her. What kind of coping is Kayla engaging in? 
A. problem-focused coping 
B. emotion-focused coping 
C. adaptive coping 
D. acculturative coping 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is an important skill needed to cope effectively in situations involving other people? 
A. understanding others' intentions 
B. putting others' needs and desires before one's own 
C. avoiding defensiveness 
D. avoiding offensiveness 
Answer: A 
In situations when children have little control, which type of coping is usually the most effective? 
A. problem-focused coping 
B. emotion-focused coping 
C. adaptive coping 
D. acculturative coping 
Answer: B 
Ten-year-old Steven and his dad have been planning a camping trip for months. On the day they are to leave, the weather reporter says there is a blizzard on the way. The camping trip is canceled. What is the most effective way for Steven to cope with this news? 
A. problem-focused coping 
B. emotion-focused coping 
C. adaptive coping 
D. acculturative coping 
Answer: B 
The ability to recover from stressful situations is called 
A. social competence. 
B. acculturation. 
C. resilience. 
D. problem-focused coping. 
Answer: C 
Resilience is reflected in children's abilities to 
A. recover from stress. 
B. avoid getting in trouble. 
C. learn. 
D. understand the intentions of others. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of resilient children? 
A. above average intelligence 
B. attractive qualities that elicit positive responses in others 
C. having a positive place in the family 
D. coming from a middle- or upper-class family 
Answer: D 
Children who experience traumatic violence before age -------- are three times more likely to experience psychological problems than are children who experience violence after this age. 
A. 11 
B. 13 
C. 15 
D. 18 
Answer: A 
Children who experience violence before age 11 are -------- times more likely to experience psychological problems than are children who experience violence after this age. 
A. 5 
B. 4 
C. 3 
D. 2 
Answer: C 
Which of the following statements is TRUE? 
A. Younger children tend to experience stress related to school, whereas older children tend to experience stress related to parent-child relationships. 
B. Older children cope with stress in ways that are more abstract and cognitive than do younger children. 
C. Younger children respond to community violence in more diverse ways than do older children. 
D. All children respond to stress in similar ways. 
Answer: B 
Compared to minority children, nonminority children were -------- as likely to have seen someone shot, stabbed, or murdered. 
A. one-quarter 
B. one-third 
C. one-half 
D. two-thirds 
Answer: C 
About ---------- percent of children in high-crime neighborhoods in US cities have witnessed a homicide. 
A. 20 
B. 40 
C. 60 
D. 80 
Answer: B 
Referrals to mental health clinics increase dramatically after what age? 
A. 3 years 
B. 5 years 
C. 7 years 
D. 10 years 
Answer: B 
Eric is a 10-year-old child who has been suspended from school several times for fighting with other students and failing to cooperate with teachers or principals. Eric has very few positive relationships with his peers and hesitates to call any of them his friends. He is dishonest, irresponsible, and highly defiant. What pattern of behavior is Eric exhibiting? 
A. attention deficit disorder 
B. depression 
C. antisocial behavior 
D. phobic reaction 
Answer: C 
Nearly one half of all children referred to clinics for treatment are referred for 
A. depression. 
B. attention deficit disorder. 
C. phobic reaction. 
D. antisocial behavior. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following statements is FALSE? 
A. Boys are more likely to be referred for antisocial behavior than are girls. 
B. Antisocial adults tend to rear antisocial children. 
C. Children tend to "grow out of" antisocial behaviors. 
D. Antisocial behavior is difficult to treat effectively. 
Answer: C 
According to the textbook, the four factors that contribute to the development of antisocial behavior are 
A. biological, family, peers, and IQ. 
B. biological, family, peers, and social milieu. 
C. family, peers, social milieu, and IQ. 
D. biological, family, social milieu, and IQ. 
Answer: B 
Who is most at risk for antisocial behavior? 
A. Matt, who lives in an upper-middle class neighborhood and has overindulging, intrusive parents 
B. Sylvester, who has a lot of friends and a loving family 
C. Myron, who lives in an urban neighborhood and receives little supervision from his parents 
D. Theresa, who psychiatrists say is depressed 
Answer: C 
An overactive reward system and an underactive inhibition system fall under what category of influences that contribute to antisocial behavior? 
A. biological 
B. peers 
C. family 
D. social milieu 
Answer: A 
According to Patterson, antisocial behavior is the result of 
A. aversive parent-child interactions. 
B. temperament. 
C. drug abuse. 
D. depressed parents. 
Answer: A 
According to Patterson, antisocial behavior is the result of 
A. positive reinforcement. 
B. negative reinforcement. 
C. extinction. 
D. punishment. 
Answer: B 
Patterson's model of coercive interaction is characterized by 
A. parents responding to the aversive acts of their children by acting aversively themselves and creating a cycle of negative interaction. 
B. adolescents' aversive behaviors to being punished too harshly, causing them to "act out." 
C. positive reinforcement on the part of the parent to alleviate the child's aversive behavior. 
D. parents sending a child to a lock-up facility against their will. 
Answer: A 
A pattern of coercive and aversive interactions in which parents back down from their children contributes to 
A. depression. 
B. anxiety. 
C. mental retardation. 
D. antisocial behavior. 
Answer: D 
Approximately how many children experience a depressive disorder at some time in their childhood? 
A. 1 of 100 
B. 1 of 20 
C. 1 of 10 
D. 1 of 6 
Answer: D 
Which of the following is NOT one of the eight symptoms that characterize depression? 
A. significant weight loss or gain 
B. drug use 
C. insomnia 
D. feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt 
Answer: B 
How many of the eight symptoms of depression identified in the text must a child exhibit to be identified as clinically depressed? 
A. 1 
B. 8 
C. 4 
D. 2 
Answer: C 
Tom and Peg have begun to notice that their 10-year-old daughter Lisa has been acting strange lately. Lisa sleeps about 14 hours a day, rarely sees her friends, and has trouble concentrating on her homework. What should Tom and Peg do? 
A. Have Lisa evaluated for clinical depression. 
B. Assume Lisa is on drugs and get her into rehabilitation. 
C. Assume Lisa is just being a typical teenager. 
D. Have Lisa evaluated for antisocial personality. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning childhood depression? 
A. Most depressed children do not receive treatment. 
B. Among young children, rates of depression are the same for boys and girls. 
C. By adolescence, depressed girls outnumber depressed boys 3 or 4 to 1. 
D. Regardless of their age, depressed children show the same symptoms. 
Answer: D 
Into what three categories are the causes of depression grouped? 
A. biological/genetic factors, temperament, and social relationships 
B. peers, biological/genetic factors, and neighborhoods 
C. temperament, peers, and social relationships 
D. biological/genetic factors, peers, and social relationships 
Answer: A 
Innate fears are 
A. fears that are inborn and reflexive. 
B. fears that are persistent and irrational. 
C. extreme fears that prevent children from leading normal lives. 
D. indications that a child may be depressed. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning childhood fears? 
A. Older children are more likely to fear real life events, whereas younger children are more likely to fear imaginary things. 
B. Girls are more likely to experience fear and anxiety than are boys. 
C. Innate fears are common to us all. 
D. Children do not learn to fear things from their parents. 
Answer: D 
Fears that are persistent and irrational are called 
A. phobias. 
B. innate fears. 
C. psychotic fears. 
D. neuroses. 
Answer: A 
Phobias are 
A. persistent and irrational fears. 
B. fears that are inborn and reflexive. 
C. indications that a child may be depressed. 
D. normal in children. 
Answer: A 
Approximately what percentage of children experience phobias? 
A. 30% 
B. 20% 
C. 10% 
D. less than 5% 
Answer: D 
What is one of the most common phobias of late childhood? 
A. airplane phobia 
B. arachnophobia (fear of spiders) 
C. school phobia 
D. agoraphobia (fear of leaving home) 
Answer: C 
What is the most widely used treatment method for young children with phobias? 
A. modeling 
B. medication 
C. behavioral therapy 
D. enhancing children's self-esteem 
Answer: A 
For older children with a history of school phobia, the most effective treatment approach is 
A. implosion. 
B. a gradual one. 
C. getting them to return to school as quickly as possible. 
D. changing schools. 
Answer: B 
Approximately how many children spend time after school without adult supervision? 
A. 50,000 
B. 500,000 
C. 5,000,000 
D. 50,000,000 
Answer: C 
About ---------- percent of 6-year-olds spend at least some time caring for themselves. 
A. 20 
B. 40 
C. 60 
D. 80 
Answer: A 
Approximately how many school-aged children are considered to be latchkey children? 
A. 1,600,000 
B. 600,000 
C. 160,000 
D. 16,000 
Answer: A 
Who is most likely to be a latchkey child? 
A. a child living in a large city 
B. a child living in a rural area 
C. a child living in the suburbs 
D. a child living in an urban housing development 
Answer: C 
Which of the following puts a child at risk for truancy, poor grades, and alcohol and tobacco use? 
A. having a younger sibling 
B. having an older sibling 
C. being an athlete 
D. being a latchkey child 
Answer: D 
Enrollment in after school programs is associated with 
A. poor grades. 
B. good grades and good peer relationships. 
C. poor parenting practices. 
D. drug and alcohol use. 
Answer: B 
Caregiving provided by siblings 
A. is a substitute for parental caregiving. 
B. is comparable in most ways to parental caregiving. 
C. lacks the richness and complexity of parental caregiving. 
D. is virtually nonexistent in the United States. 
Answer: C 
Only children 
A. are spoiled, insensitive, and egocentric. 
B. are more popular and self-reliant than children with siblings. 
C. are less successful in their relationships as children and adults. 
D. score higher than children with siblings on motivation and self-esteem. 
Answer: D 
The perception of only children as spoiled and egocentric is 
A. a scientific fact. 
B. true only for children from high-income families. 
C. true only for boys. 
D. a stereotype and popular myth. 
Answer: D 
To address overpopulation, China has established 
A. widespread birth control measures. 
B. surgical sterilization methods. 
C. public policies limiting the number of children families can have. 
D. more stringent marriage laws. 
Answer: C 
China's family planning policy 
A. has been an unquestionable success. 
B. has led to increased female infanticide and adoptions. 
C. has actually led to an increase in the population. 
D. has had no effect. 
Answer: B 
Matthew is an aggressive child who finds it difficult to control his anger in social situations. As a result, other children do not want to play with him. Matthew is 
A. a rejected child. 
B. a neglected child. 
C. a socially competent child. 
D. an average child. 
Answer: A 
Nathan is a likable child who does not have any friends. On the basis of his peer relationships, Nathan is considered to be a -------- child. 
A. rejected 
B. neglected 
C. socially competent 
D. average 
Answer: B 
Children who are neglected by their peers 
A. are not liked as well as rejected children. 
B. usually maintain their status throughout childhood. 
C. get along better with their peers than do rejected children. 
D. are more likely to feel lonely and victimized than are rejected children. 
Answer: C 
Which strategy is MOST likely to improve a rejected child's peer relationships? 
A. providing the child with fun activities to do alone 
B. teaching the child how to initiate play interactions with other children 
C. teaching the child to stand up for himself when a conflict arises 
D. reducing the aggressive nature of the child's peer interactions 
Answer: D 
Children who are rejected by their peers are characterized as 
A. children who are overtly disliked. 
B. children who are reasonably well liked but lack friends. 
C. children who are popular but intimidating to most other children. 
D. children who are shy and afraid to interact with their peers. 
Answer: A 
The ability to use age-appropriate social behaviors to enhance peer relationships reflects 
A. friendship. 
B. social competence. 
C. popularity. 
D. the degree to which a child is shy and withdrawn. 
Answer: B 
Social competence refers to the 
A. quality of children's social relationships. 
B. quality of neglected children. 
C. social temperament of the child. 
D. degree to which a child is shy and withdrawn. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a socially competent child? 
A. the ability to initiate a game with a peer 
B. the ability to resolve a conflict effectively by being assertive and compromising 
C. the ability to be a good listener and communicate effectively 
D. the ability to increase one's popularity by teasing other children 
Answer: D 
Initiating and maintaining social interactions, managing conflicts, and communicating for social purposes are all skills that -------- children possess. 
A. neglected 
B. rejected 
C. socially competent 
D. resilient 
Answer: C 
In general, play with opposite-sex peers during late childhood 
A. evokes negative reactions from other children. 
B. is viewed by other children as more socially competent than play with same-sex peers. 
C. is more common than play with same-sex peers. 
D. is viewed by other children as a sign of homosexuality. 
Answer: A 
According to the text, approximately what percentage of children report knowledge of someone being bullied, attacked, or robbed at school? 
A. 40% 
B. 50% 
C. 60% 
D. 70% 
Answer: D 
Which type of school is least safe? 
A. large private schools 
B. small private schools 
C. small public schools 
D. large public schools 
Answer: D 
Children who have positive relationships with their teachers 
A. are less socially competent. 
B. have decreased cognitive skills compared to other children. 
C. are more cognitively and socially competent. 
D. are more likely to have negative relationships with their parents. 
Answer: C 
All of the following factors that influence how teachers respond to their students are mentioned in the textbook EXCEPT 
A. children's behaviors. 
B. racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic background. 
C. gender. 
D. athletic abilities. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning how a child's gender influences treatment from teachers? 
A. Teachers generally give boys more attention than girls. 
B. Teachers generally believe that girls possess greater school-related skills than boys. 
C. Teachers generally believe that being nice and obedient is related to intellectual skills for boys but not for girls. 
D. Teachers do not treat boys and girls differently. 
Answer: A 
Piaget believed that ---------- have the most influence on a child's moral development. 
A. parents 
B. teachers 
C. peers 
D. siblings 
Answer: C 
-------- believed that moral development is reflected in how children play games. 
A. Piaget 
B. Kohlberg 
C. Freud 
D. Erickson 
Answer: A 
Myra and Elsie are 4-year-old children playing a game of Candyland. Elsie rolls a one on the dice and proceeds to move her game piece all the way to the end of the board and exclaims "I win!" What stage of moral development is Elsie in? 
A. premoral 
B. autonomous 
C. heteronomous 
D. immanent justice 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget's stages of moral development? 
A. premoral 
B. heteronomous 
C. conventional 
D. autonomous 
Answer: C 
During the concrete operations period of cognitive development, children are in the -------- stage of moral development. 
A. premoral 
B. heteronomous 
C. moral realism 
D. autonomous 
Answer: B 
The concept that morality is based on the extent to which one conforms or breaks a rule is called 
A. immanent justice. 
B. autonomous morality. 
C. the golden rule. 
D. moral realism. 
Answer: D 
Nine-year-old Jason and 12-year-old David are at home alone when the phone rings. David answers the phone and tells the caller that his mom is in the shower. When David hangs up the phone, Jason tells him that lying is bad and he is going to get in trouble. What stage of moral development is Jason in? 
A. autonomous morality 
B. heteronomous morality 
C. premoral 
D. post-conventional 
Answer: B 
The notion that an act is only bad if it leads to punishment is called 
A. immanent justice. 
B. moral realism. 
C. negative reinforcement 
D. social contract morality. 
Answer: A 
When a child is able to take intentions into account when considering the morality of an act, she or he is in which stage of Piaget's theory of moral development? 
A. autonomous 
B. heteronomous 
C. premoral 
D. conventional 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory of moral development? 
A. Piaget underestimated young children's ability to take intentions into account. 
B. Piaget overestimated young children's ability to take intentions into account. 
C. Piaget did not study enough children to make any conclusions about moral development. 
D. Piaget did not consider moral development in adults. 
Answer: A 
In the first stage of Kohlberg's Preconventional Level of moral development, what is the motivation for acting morally? 
A. the simple knowledge that an act is right or wrong 
B. to serve one's own needs 
C. to avoid punishment 
D. maintaining social order 
Answer: C 
"Bobby should not tell his teacher that Jan cheated on the test because Jan might find out and tell the teacher that Bobby stole a carton of milk from the lunchroom." According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is characterized by this answer? 
A. preconventional, stage 1 
B. preconventional, stage 2 
C. conventional, stage 3 
D. conventional, stage 4 
Answer: B 
Interpersonal orientation is the type of reasoning that occurs in which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? 
A. preconventional, stage 1 
B. conventional, stage 3 
C. postconventional, stage 6 
D. postconventional, stage 2 
Answer: B 
Which of the following is an example of social order maintenance orientation? 
A. Laura should tell her mom that Michelle brought drugs to school because Laura might get in trouble if she doesn't tell the truth. 
B. Laura should tell her mom that Michelle brought drugs to school because her mom will be proud of her for telling the truth. 
C. Laura should not tell her mom that Michelle brought drugs to school because Michelle might tell her mom that Laura brought some beer to school once. 
D. Laura should not tell her mom that Michelle brought drugs to school because friendship is based on trust and Michelle trusted Laura not to tell. 
Answer: D 
Which line of reasoning is associated with stage 5 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? 
A. social order maintenance 
B. social contract orientation 
C. universal ethical principal orientation 
D. interpersonal orientation 
Answer: B 
Kohlberg suggested that higher moral reasoning is based on 
A. an increase in concrete thinking and a decrease in abstract thinking. 
B. an increase in egocentrism and a decrease in social interests. 
C. an increase in abstract reasoning and a decrease in egocentrism. 
D. an increase in concrete thinking and a decrease in perspective-taking. 
Answer: C