Which of the following is the best estimate of growth rates during the preschool years? 



A. 5 inches and 15 pounds per year 


B. 6 inches and 10 pounds per year 


C. 3 inches and 4 pounds per year 


D. 1 inch and 2 pounds per year 


E.


Answer: C 
Which of the following is an accurate description of brain development in the preschool years? 



A. The brain grows very slowly after birth. 


B. The brain grows quickly during these years. 


C. Myelination increases but the size of the brain doesn't change. 


D. Progressive events continue to occur. 


E.


Answer: B 
During the preschool years, brain development includes 



A. development of the auditory hemisphere. 


B. improved connections between the two hemispheres. 


C. development of visual systems. 


D. decrease in the number of folds in the cortex. 


E.


Answer: B 
Motor development improves in the preschool years because of 



A. the development of the auditory system. 


B. changes in the sensory system. 


C. improved balance. 


D. improved cognitive skills. 


E.


Answer: C 
Jenny can jump about 3 feet and can use her arms to propel herself. If Jenny's behavior is typical for her age, how old is she? 



A. 2 years old 


B. 3 years old 


C. 4 years old 


D. 5 years old 


E.


Answer: D 
Payton is a child with typical gross motor skills for her age. When throwing a ball, she steps forward onto the opposite leg and shifts her weight to propel the ball farther. When catching the ball, she holds her arms out flexibly to absorb the force of the ball. On the basis of her throwing behavior, how old is Payton? 



A. 1 year 


B. 2 years 


C. 3 years 


D. 5 years 


E.


Answer: D 
Running and jumping are examples of 



A. activities controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain. 


B. gross motor skills. 


C. fine motor skills. 


D. activities controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 


E.


Answer: B 
Three-year-old Shana generally uses her right hand. At this age, her preference for right-handedness is 



A. likely to be stable and continue. 


B. likely to vary from day to day. 


C. to be found more in fine motor than gross motor activities. 


D. a reflection of her earlier practice at holding objects in her right hand. 


E.


Answer: A 
Leslie cuts a star out of a piece of yellow paper and pastes it on another piece of paper. Leslie is demonstrating 



A. activities controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain. 


B. gross motor skills. 


C. fine motor skills. 


D. activities controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 


E.


Answer: C 
Carol received a card from her niece, Erin. Erin drew two tadpole people on the cover of the card. How old is Erin? 



A. 1 year old 


B. 2 years old 


C. 3 years old 


D. 4 years old 


E.


Answer: D 
Cultural differences and parenting practices influence 



A. activities controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain. 


B. gross motor skills. 


C. tool-holding. 


D. activities controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 


E.


Answer: B 
Inadequate nutrition is implicated in -------- of child deaths worldwide. 



A. 10% 


B. 20% 


C. 30% 


D. 50% 


E.


Answer: D 
Jaya is 5 years old and she hardly ever eats vegetables or meat. Jaya is at risk for developing 



A. iron-deficiency anemia. 


B. undernourishment. 


C. vegetable anorexia. 


D. eating disturbances. 


E.


Answer: A 
Functional isolation results from inadequate nutrition and --------. 



A. a poor attachment to parents 


B. less stimulation from caregivers 


C. inadequate development of the left hemisphere 


D. inadequate development of the central nervous system 


E.


Answer: B 
Children with functional isolation 



A. tire easily. 


B. have to eat more often. 


C. move impulsively. 


D. become hyperactive. 


E.


Answer: A 
Maria is undernourished and suffers from functional isolation. Over time, she is likely to 



A. pay more attention to her friends. 


B. engage in social interactions only with her siblings. 


C. disengage from social interactions. 


D. respond to others with aggression. 


E.


Answer: C 
What is the leading cause of death among preschoolers? 



A. accidents 


B. lead poisoning 


C. disease 


D. suicide 


E.


Answer: A 
Lead poisoning in children causes 



A. hyperactivity. 


B. disease risks. 


C. emotional problems. 


D. suicide. 


E.


Answer: A 
Trina is 5 years old and she has been exposed to lead. She will be at risk of 



A. low activity level. 


B. heart disease. 


C. impulsivity. 


D. suicide. 


E.


Answer: C 
During early childhood, most accidents occur 



A. on preschool playgrounds. 


B. in public places. 


C. in physical sport activities. 


D. at home. 


E.


Answer: D 
Playgrounds can be made safer for children by 



A. controlling who can play. 


B. decreasing competition. 


C. covering the ground with impact-absorbing materials. 


D. increasing the number of games and equipment. 


E.


Answer: C 
The sensorimotor period stresses --------, whereas the preoperational period involves --------. 



A. activity; symbolic representation 


B. language; concepts 


C. language; symbolic representation 


D. language; activity 


E.


Answer: A 
According to Piaget, which of the following does NOT reflect preoperational thought? 



A. geocentricism 


B. perceptually bound 


C. prone to errors of logic 


D. logical thought 


E.


Answer: D 
Which of the following is a marker of the preoperational stage? 



A. the ability to mentally represent objects and people and manipulate those representations 


B. the attainment of object permanence 


C. the ability to apply operations 


D. the ability to think abstractly 


E.


Answer: A 
The ability to mentally represent objects and people and manipulate those representations involves 



A. egocentrism. 


B. centration. 


C. animism. 


D. symbolic representation. 


E.


Answer: D 
According to Piaget, operations are defined as 



A. tasks in which children are shown an object, watch it be transformed, and decide whether the transformed object is the same or different. 


B. actions which indicate recognition of the "sameness" of an object even if it is transformed. 


C. actions internalized as symbols that can be reversed and coordinated. 


D. the tendency to attend to outcomes rather than process. 


E.


Answer: C 
A child who can internally reverse an action by using symbols is applying an 



A. operation. 


B. coordinated event. 


C. animistic thought. 


D. symbolic representation. 


E.


Answer: A 
The tendency to pay attention to the most striking characteristic of an object is known as 



A. egocentrism. 


B. centration. 


C. conservation. 


D. artificialism. 


E.


Answer: B 
The ability to conserve involves the child's ability to 



A. recognize classification of objects. 


B. recognize that two equal quantities of matter remain equal even if the matter is rearranged. 


C. operate at formal operational levels. 


D. separate himself or herself from the real world. 


E.


Answer: B 
Five-year-old Will's response to a conservation task is that the tall, thin glass has more water in it than does the short, wide glass because the level of water in the tall glass is higher. Will's response reflects 



A. centration. 


B. static thinking. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. egocentrism. 


E.


Answer: A 
Four-year-old Tanya watches her aunt make two balls of cookie dough that are identical in size. Then the aunt flattens one of them. Tanya's aunt asks her if the ball of dough and the flattened shape have the same or different amounts of cookie dough. Tanya replies, "No, the flat one is much bigger." Tanya is showing -------- thinking. 



A. egocentric 


B. decentrated 


C. preoperational 


D. symbolic 


E.


Answer: C 
The tendency to attend more to outcomes rather than the process that produced the outcomes is referred to as 



A. centration. 


B. static thinking. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. egocentrism. 


E.


Answer: B 
Maya, a 3-year-old, is telling her baby-sitter a story. Maya says "Far, far away there was a little girl. The end." Maya's story is an example of 



A. centration. 


B. static thinking. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. egocentrism. 


E.


Answer: B 
A child who gets scared after seeing her father dress up in a monster costume for a Halloween party is probably -------- years old. 



A. 4 


B. 1 


C. 7 


D. 11 


E.


Answer: A 
Jason notices that it is always dark when he goes to sleep and light when he wakes up. Therefore, he infers that the darkness causes him to go to sleep and the light causes him to wake up. Jason's thinking reflects 



A. centration. 


B. static thinking. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. egocentrism. 


E.


Answer: C 
A child who infers that two events that occur together must be causally related illustrates 



A. egocentric thinking. 


B. centration. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. representational thought. 


E.


Answer: C 
Which of the following is true concerning young children's understanding of concepts and categories? 



A. Preschoolers have the ability to understand differences within a category. 


B. Preschoolers understand that one person can belong to many categories. 


C. Preschoolers are likely to answer incorrectly when asked whether there are more red cars or more cars. 


D. Preschoolers are not able to make distinctions among global categories. 


E.


Answer: C 
A child who does not understand that a part of a category is less than the whole category has difficulty with 



A. class inclusion. 


B. centering. 


C. transductive reasoning. 


D. using symbols. 


E.


Answer: A 
Compared to older children, preschool children tend to classify objects based on 



A. class inclusion. 


B. perceptual characteristics. 


C. symbols. 


D. conceptual groupings. 


E.


Answer: B 
A little boy who wants to buy a toy fire engine to give to his father on his birthday is exhibiting 



A. egocentrism. 


B. centration. 


C. animism. 


D. artificialism. 


E.


Answer: A 
When a child covers her eyes to hide from someone, she is displaying 



A. centration. 


B. egocentrism. 


C. static thinking. 


D. transductive reasoning. 


E.


Answer: B 
The three-mountain task is used to 



A. evaluate egocentrism. 


B. test for transductive reasoning. 


C. evaluate object permanence. 


D. evaluate conservation. 


E.


Answer: A 
Attributing life-like qualities to objects that are NOT alive reflects 



A. centration. 


B. animism. 


C. static thinking. 


D. transductive reasoning. 


E.


Answer: B 
Olivia, a preschooler, believes that the sun gets hot when it is mad. Olivia's thinking reflects which of the following? 



A. centration 


B. static thinking 


C. egocentrism 


D. animism 


E.


Answer: D 
Wendy tells her mother that the sun is going to sleep. Wendy is demonstrating 



A. egocentrism. 


B. centration. 


C. animism. 


D. symbolic representation. 


E.


Answer: C 
Which of the following is a common criticism of Piaget's work? 



A. Piaget may have overestimated children's abilities. 


B. Piaget may have underestimated children's abilities. 


C. Piaget never tested his theory. 


D. Piaget's theory is too simple. 


E.


Answer: B 
Critics of Piaget have claimed that preoperational children 



A. are less intellectually competent than Piaget supposed. 


B. show egocentrism at an earlier age than Piaget says. 


C. cannot be trained to show acceleration of concrete operational skills as Piaget claimed they could. 


D. can demonstrate concrete operational skills if the tasks are simplified. 


E.


Answer: D 
Which of the following recommendations would Piaget likely make to parents to help their child's cognitive development? 



A. Provide many opportunities for your child to explore the environment. 


B. Provide labels for objects around the home. 


C. Encourage counting and number learning. 


D. Encourage immersion in a specific topic. 


E.


Answer: A 
When researchers simplify a Piagetian task, children usually 



A. show the same level of thinking. 


B. show advanced levels of thinking. 


C. show lower levels of thinking. 


D. answer exactly the same as with a standard task. 


E.


Answer: B 
A 5-year-old is asked about whether her doll is alive. She says, "No, it is just a doll." The reason that she answered this way is because 



A. she is intellectually precocious. 


B. she is using advanced transductive reasoning. 


C. she no longer shows animism because the object is familiar to her. 


D. she recognizes that life is associated with motion. 


E.


Answer: C 
Younger children are less likely to remember information than older children because younger children 



A. tend to be easily distracted. 


B. tend to use elaboration as an information processing method. 


C. fail to use memory strategies. 


D. fail to monitor memory performance. 


E.


Answer: B 
Younger children differ from older children in their long-term memory because 



A. they do not possess long-term memory structures. 


B. they do not use memory strategies to process information. 


C. they do not have short-term memory. 


D. most things are too complex for them to remember. 


E.


Answer: B 
Tatiana can explain that she and her dad get in the car, drive to the store, walk around and put food into the cart, and then pay for the food. She is showing evidence of having developed a 



A. scheme. 


B. script. 


C. memory strategy. 


D. symbolic representation. 


E.


Answer: B 
Children's use of scripts includes 



A. helping them to learn about new people. 


B. recognizing faces. 


C. helping them to plan future events. 


D. helping to learn vocabulary words. 


E.


Answer: C 
A child who has a script for baking cookies recognizes 



A. egocentrism. 


B. the sequencing of events. 


C. who enacts different roles in the home. 


D. metacognition. 


E.


Answer: B 
Metacognition refers to 



A. failure to understand something completely. 


B. the kind of cognition that the cerebral cortex promotes. 


C. the awareness of memory and the monitoring of memory performance. 


D. expertise of a certain subject like dinosaurs. 


E.


Answer: C 
Children who are experts 



A. remember the same number of details as children who are novices. 


B. organize information differently than novices. 


C. enact different behaviors than children who are novices. 


D. use metacognition more than children who are novices. 


E.


Answer: B 
Delia went on a trip to China and became interested in learning all about the country. Jeremy has never shown that much interest in learning about people in other countries. The teacher in Delia's and Jeremy's class decides to teach her students all about China for a week. What is the likely outcome for Delia and Jeremy? 



A. They will each learn about the same amount of material during the week because Jeremy's new interest will help him catch up with Delia. 


B. Jeremy will become interested in China. 


C. Delia will have to help Jeremy learn the material. 


D. Delia will learn more easily and organize the material differently than Jeremy. 


E.


Answer: D 
Research on children's testimony suggests that they 



A. should not be used in legal cases because they do not use memory rehearsal strategies. 


B. should not be used in legal cases because they are not able to sequence events. 


C. are very accurate and can be used as witnesses. 


D. are susceptible and vulnerable to leading questions but can provide accurate information. 


E.


Answer: D 
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences children's accuracy as an eyewitness? 



A. repeated questioning of children 


B. children's desire for approval from adults 


C. children's suggestibility 


D. the use of role-relevant questions 


E.


Answer: D 
"Theory of mind" reflects 



A. the understanding that people think, imagine, pretend, and wonder about the world around them. 


B. the understanding that memory is specific to a certain area of the brain. 


C. the theory that the mind creates memory rather than actual experiences creating memory. 


D. the understanding that the mind is the source of all behavior. 


E.


Answer: A 
Felicity, a 5-year-old, asks her father about what he is thinking. Felicity is showing evidence of 



A. having an egocentric view. 


B. having a theory of mind. 


C. metacognition. 


D. psychological event recognition. 


E.


Answer: B 
The most common method for assessing young children's understanding of others' minds is the 



A. false-belief task. 


B. memory conservation task. 


C. perceptual ledge. 


D. eyewitness memory task. 


E.


Answer: A 
Judith and Quincy are 5 years old. They find a shoe box in the playroom and notice that a pair of shoes is in the box. Quincy leaves the room, and Judith's mom removes the shoes from the box and replaces them with red and blue socks. Quincy comes back in. What is Judith likely to assume that Quincy thinks? 



A. Judith will assume the Quincy thinks there are shoes in the box. 


B. Judith will assume that Quincy thinks the box is full of socks. 


C. Judith thinks Quincy forgot about the shoes. 


D. Judith expects Quincy to ignore the box because he has probably forgotten what was in it. 


E.


Answer: A 
A child who scares himself while playing monster with his sister is probably 



A. 3 years old. 


B. 5 years old. 


C. 6 years old. 


D. 7 years old. 


E.


Answer: A 
Which statement concerning private speech is false? 



A. Piaget believed that private speech is an indication of egocentrism. 


B. Vygotsky believed that private speech is an inner voice that helps guide thinking. 


C. There is no evidence that children use private speech because there is no way to test inner voices. 


D. As children grow older, their private speech becomes more internalized. 


E.


Answer: C 
As 4-year-old Rina works on a puzzle, she says to herself "where did I put that piece with the red on it. Oh yes, it is over here." Rina is exhibiting 



A. private speech. 


B. egocentrism. 


C. object permanence. 


D. animism. 


E.


Answer: A 
Parental involvement in structuring children's learning environment is 



A. greater in the United States than in countries such as Zimbabwe. 


B. less important in the United States than in Zimbabwe because children spend more time in school. 


C. less intense in the United States because parents believe children should play. 


D. delayed until the school years in the United States as compared to many other countries. 


E.


Answer: A 
Teachers in a good preschool will encourage children to 



A. learn to be quiet in educational settings. 


B. sit at a desk and study. 


C. actively explore their environment. 


D. engage in structured learning experiences. 


E.


Answer: C 
Research on school readiness suggests that 



A. children today are better prepared for school as compared to 20 years ago. 


B. age is a good indicator of academic preparedness. 


C. school readiness includes children being able to control their impulses. 


D. fewer children are held back from school today as compared to 10 years ago. 


E.


Answer: C 
Which of the following groups is more likely to learn from watching Sesame Street? 



A. younger children rather than older ones 


B. children living in poverty 


C. children who are bright to begin with 


D. children who watch with their parents 


E.


Answer: A 
By first grade, on average, how many words do children have in their vocabularies? 



A. 100 


B. 1,000 


C. 5,000 


D. 10,000 


E.


Answer: D 
Children who develop vocabularies with many object names and use labels to name things in their environment have 



A. expressive language styles. 


B. referential language styles. 


C. receptive language styles. 


D. perceptive language styles. 


E.


Answer: B 
Carol says to her daughter, Koyla, "Look at the womzet." Koyla is likely to assume that a womzet is 



A. the shape of an object in the room. 


B. the color of the carpet in the room. 


C. the proper name of the animal in the room. 


D. an unfamiliar object in the room. 


E.


Answer: D 
The words in Denzel's vocabulary tend to be related to social interactions, such as "bye-bye." Denzel would be described as having a(n) 



A. receptive language style. 


B. perceptive language style. 


C. referential language style. 


D. expressive language style. 


E.


Answer: D 
Using the structure of a sentence to provide cues about the meaning of a novel verb is referred to as 



A. verbificiation. 


B. semantic contextualization. 


C. codification. 


D. syntactic bootstrapping. 


E.


Answer: D 
Four-year-old Jeremy hears his mom say "The commentators on TV are vilifying each other." Jeremy does not understanding what the word "vilifying" means but can deduce from his mother's statement that it is something that one person does to another. Jeremy's understanding of the use of a novel verb reflects which of the following processes? 



A. verbificiation 


B. semantic contextualization 


C. codification 


D. syntactic bootstrapping 


E.


Answer: D 
Which of the following is an example of overregularization? 



A. "Those geese are short." 


B. "Bye bye." 


C. "The dog is Rufus." 


D. "I teached him how to play." 


E.


Answer: D 
A boy who says, "I want to go to the store and you can stay here" is showing advanced language skills because 



A. he can use connectives. 


B. he is using many words in combination. 


C. he uses "I" correctly. 


D. he compares the actions of two people. 


E.


Answer: A 
A 4-year-old boy speaking to his 2-year-old sister is likely to 



A. use connectives. 


B. use short and simple sentences. 


C. speak similarly as he would to his twin brother. 


D. speak loudly. 


E.


Answer: B 
Children play an important role in directing their own language development by 



A. initiating conversations with other children. 


B. taking the lead in everyday conversations with adults. 


C. being responsive to adults. 


D. attending to parents' speech qualities. 


E.


Answer: B 
Alternating the use of two or more languages reflects 



A. code switching. 


B. lingual confusion. 


C. linguistic contextualism. 


D. semantic bootstrapping. 


E.


Answer: A 
Four-year-old Crystal speaks Spanish to her mother and English to her sister. Crystal's use of both Spanish and English is an example of 



A. code switching. 


B. lingual relativism. 


C. linguistic contextualism. 


D. semantic bootstrapping. 


E.


Answer: A