Which of the following best characterizes infant growth patterns? 
A. For most children, growth patterns remain similar over time. 
B. Most children show considerable variation in growth patterns over time. 
C. Growth patterns generally are the same for most children. 
D. Growth patterns are not affected by children's environment. 
Answer: A 
Birth weight usually -------- by the end of the first year. 
A. doubles 
B. triples 
C. quadruples 
D. increases five fold 
Answer: B 
Infant growth patterns are most likely influenced by 
A. genetic factors. 
B. environmental factors. 
C. diet. 
D. socialization. 
Answer: A 
Language processing occurs primarily in which part of the brain? 
A. the right hemisphere of the cortex 
B. left hemisphere of the cortex 
C. the myelin 
D. the cerebellum 
Answer: B 
Which of the following best characterizes infant motor development? 
A. Motor development proceeds from the feet to the head. 
B. Motor development proceeds from the head to the feet. 
C. Motor development proceeds from the center axis of the body to the outer limbs. 
D. Infants gain motor control in each part of their bodies at the same time. 
Answer: B 
After the first year, motor development involves primarily 
A. brain development. 
B. gross motor skills. 
C. fine motor skills. 
D. practice. 
Answer: D 
Tanner is a 3-month old infant who is developing normally. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? 
A. Tanner can sit up with no help from a caregiver. 
B. Tanner can crawl. 
C. Tanner can raise his chest off the floor when placed on his stomach. 
D. Tanner does not have control of his head and neck muscles. 
Answer: C 
Which of the following is MOST accurate with regard to motor development? 
A. The ages at which children acquire various locomotor abilities are relatively invariant, although the sequence changes from child to child. 
B. The sequence in which children acquire various locomotor abilities is relatively invariant, although the ages vary from child to child. 
C. Both the ages and the sequence in which children acquire motor abilities are relatively invariant. 
D. No consistent patterns have been found in the ages or sequence of acquisition of various locomotor abilities. 
Answer: B 
Melanie first lifted her head with her neck muscles before she could lift her chest off the floor with her arms and shoulders. Melanie's pattern of motor develop reflects 
A. cephalocaudal development. 
B. locomotive development. 
C. functional development. 
D. proximodistal development. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following describes proximodistal development? 
A. the early maturation of muscular control of the trunk and arms as compared to the hands and fingers 
B. the size of the head as compared to the rest of the body 
C. the highly developed sense of vision as compared to the other senses 
D. lifting the head with neck muscles before lifting it with arms and shoulders 
Answer: A 
Most infants are able to crawl by age 
A. 4-6 months. 
B. 6-8 months. 
C. 8-10 months. 
D. 10-12 months. 
Answer: B 
Which of the following sequences of locomotor development in early infancy is correct? 
A. crawl, sit alone, stand alone, walk 
B. crawl, stand alone, sit, walk 
C. sit alone, crawl, stand alone, walk 
D. sit alone, stand alone, crawl, walk 
Answer: A 
Amanda has begun to "cruise." This behavior involves her 
A. moving around on her hands and knees with her stomach touching the floor. 
B. moving around using just her upper torso while dragging her feet. 
C. walking on her own with no assistance. 
D. moving around on foot while holding on to things for support. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following statements best characterizes the dynamic systems perspective on motor development? 
A. Minor changes in motor skills result in the reorganization of behavior into a much more complex behavior. 
B. Only complex changes in motor skills influence development. 
C. Changes in motor development are accounted for solely by maturation of the brain. 
D. Changes in motor development are accounted for solely by learning and socialization. 
Answer: A 
Lily is a 13-month-old infant who is developing normally. Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true? 
A. Lily can stand on her own and is just beginning to take a few unassisted steps. 
B. Lily has been walking for 6 months. 
C. Lily is just learning to crawl. 
D. Lily does not have enough control over her upper trunk to be able to sit up on her own. 
Answer: A 
When infants learn to walk, 
A. the emotional climate of the family changes. 
B. parents become less responsive. 
C. they are careful and cautious. 
D. they never return to crawling. 
Answer: A 
The term "toddler" refers to 
A. the way that older infants walk. 
B. children who have achieved object permanence. 
C. infants first attempts at locomotion. 
D. children who have developed language. 
Answer: A 
During the first year, infants 
A. have control over the muscles involved in elimination but have no awareness of the signs that signal elimination. 
B. have no control over the muscles involved in elimination but are aware of the signs that signal elimination. 
C. have no control over the muscles involved in elimination and have no awareness of the signs that signal elimination. 
D. have control over the muscles involved in elimination and are aware of the signs that signal elimination. 
Answer: C 
Bladder control 
A. occurs before bowel control. 
B. occurs after bowel control. 
C. is dependent on how hard parents work with the child. 
D. is related to reinforcement and training. 
Answer: A 
In regard to toilet training 
A. most children can be trained before they are 1. 
B. it depends primarily on how hard the parents work with their child. 
C. it is dependent on a child's intelligence. 
D. most children learn to control their bowels and bladder when they are ready. 
Answer: D 
By age 4, only -------- percent of children are not toilet trained. 
A. 1 
B. 2 
C. 4 
D. 10 
Answer: B 
Accidents account for -------- of all deaths to children 1 to 4 years of age. 
A. one-quarter 
B. one-third 
C. one-half 
D. two-thirds 
Answer: B 
Ethan has just learned to walk. Now that he has developed this motor skill, Ethan is most likely to die of 
A. an accident. 
B. a congenital disorder. 
C. a disease. 
D. SIDS. 
Answer: A 
What percent of children under 3 do not receive immunizations? 
A. 2 percent 
B. 12 percent 
C. 20 percent 
D. 32 percent 
Answer: C 
Hispanic children are less likely than Caucasian children to have adequate health insurance. An important reason for this lack of health insurance among Hispanic children is 
A. lack of awareness of the need for such insurance. 
B. cultural and language barriers. 
C. lack of need for such insurance. 
D. lack of concern on the part of their parents. 
Answer: B 
Which of the following statements is FALSE? 
A. Breast milk changes its composition to match the infant's needs. 
B. Even mothers who are malnourished produce milk that is sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of an infant. 
C. Breast milk is healthier for infants because it is low in cholesterol. 
D. Breast milk reduces the likelihood of iron deficiencies in infants. 
Answer: C 
Colostrum is 
A. a substance that contains antibodies from the mother that protect the baby from infections. 
B. a two-word phrase that conveys the meaning of a full sentence. 
C. a type of goat's milk for bottle-fed babies. 
D. a medical test to determine if an infant's digestive system is working properly. 
Answer: A 
Currently, about what percentage of mothers breast-feed their infants for at least some period of time? 
A. 10% 
B. 30% 
C. 60% 
D. 80% 
Answer: C 
In the 1970s, only about -------- percent of new mothers in the United States breast-fed their infants; today, about -------- percent of mother do so. 
A. 25; 60 
B. 60; 25 
C. 50; 80 
D. 80; 50 
Answer: A 
Since the 1970s, the number of new mothers who choose to breast-feed their infants has 
A. remained the same. 
B. declined. 
C. decreased slightly. 
D. increased significantly. 
Answer: D 
Breast feeding is higher among 
A. low-income mothers. 
B. college-educated mothers. 
C. younger mothers. 
D. first-time mothers. 
Answer: B 
Cathy and Tamako are debating the benefits of breast-feeding. Cathy argues that breast-feeding is superior to bottle-feeding because it provides better nutrition. Tamako argues that bottle-feeding has the advantage that others can help with the feeding of the infant. Which of the following is true about this discussion? 
A. Cathy is correct. 
B. Tamako is correct. 
C. Both Cathy and Tamako are correct. 
D. Neither Cathy or Tamako are correct. 
Answer: C 
Katrina and Stacie are debating the benefits of breast-feeding. Katrina argues that not only is breast-feeding superior to bottle-feeding but only breast-feeding meets the child's emotional needs. Stacie says this is not so and argues that bottle-feeding has the advantage that others can help with the feeding of the infant. Which of the following is true about this discussion? 
A. Katrina is correct. 
B. Stacie is correct. 
C. Both Katrina and Stacie are correct. 
D. Neither Katrina or Stacie are correct. 
Answer: B 
At what time is it recommended that caregivers introduce infants to solid foods such as cereal? 
A. when the infant is 4 to 6 weeks old 
B. when the infant is 4 to 6 months old or at least 13 to 14 pounds 
C. when the infant is a year old 
D. when they are old enough to ask for it 
Answer: B 
Baby teeth are most likely to appear 
A. between 1 and 4 months. 
B. between 5 and 9 months. 
C. between 10 and 12 months. 
D. at 24 months. 
Answer: B 
Chandra is a 6-month-old who does not appear to be ill but is not growing at the rate she should be. From this description of Chandra, she may suffer from 
A. failure to thrive. 
B. brain damage. 
C. malnutrition. 
D. prematurity. 
Answer: A 
What is the most common cause of failure to thrive? 
A. depressed mothers 
B. brain damage 
C. malnutrition or undernutrition 
D. prematurity 
Answer: C 
By -------- month(s) of age, infants discriminate colors. 
A. 1 
B. 2 
C. 4 
D. 6 
Answer: B 
When do infants begin to understand that facial expressions reflect others' emotional states? 
A. 3 months 
B. 6-8 months 
C. 10-12 months 
D. 18-24 months 
Answer: D 
Mike is a 3-month-old infant. On the basis of his age, Mike is likely to prefer looking at 
A. distorted faces. 
B. nonface stimuli. 
C. attractive faces. 
D. his own facial features. 
Answer: C 
The visual cliff was designed to test infants' 
A. ability to see in dim light. 
B. aggressiveness and confidence. 
C. depth perception. 
D. reaction time to visual stimulation. 
Answer: C 
By -------- months, most infants avoid the "cliff" area of the visual cliff. 
A. 5 
B. 7 
C. 9 
D. 12 
Answer: B 
Around 3 months of age, infants respond to looming objects by 
A. blinking. 
B. turning their heads. 
C. crying. 
D. moving towards the object. 
Answer: A 
Hannah is an infant whose favorite toy is a music box with a scrolling screen. The song the music box plays lasts for 30 seconds. Hannah's mother, knowing she loves the music, winds up the box repeatedly. Hannah stares at the screen intently for a few minutes, but loses interest after a while and looks for another toy. In this example, Hannah is exhibiting 
A. the visual cliff effect. 
B. dishabituation. 
C. object permanence. 
D. habituation. 
Answer: D 
Charles has been singing to his infant son Carl. At first, Carl pays close attention but soon begins to look away. The change in Carl's behavior is an example of 
A. habituation. 
B. circular reactions. 
C. convergence. 
D. maturation. 
Answer: A 
Four-month-old Carla stopped responding to repeated presentations of a red circle but reacted strongly when her mother presented her with a blue circle. On the basis of Carla's behavior, we can conclude that 
A. Carla does not like red circles. 
B. Carla only likes blue circles. 
C. Carla can tell the difference between red and blue circles. 
D. Carla has inconsistent preferences. 
Answer: C 
An increase in attention to a new stimulus after an infant has lost interest in a familiar stimulus is referred to as 
A. disinterest. 
B. habituation. 
C. contingent attention. 
D. dishabituation. 
Answer: D 
When infants dishabituate, they demonstrate 
A. the ability to differentiate between an old and a new stimulus. 
B. depth perception. 
C. perception of moving objects. 
D. long term memory. 
Answer: A 
Faster habituation may reflect 
A. an ability to process information more effectively. 
B. greater intelligence. 
C. imitation. 
D. secondary circular reactions. 
Answer: A 
Marked improvements in infants' memory abilities occur at 2 to 3 months and at 6 to 10 months. According to the text, these improvements are linked to 
A. an increase in intelligence. 
B. improved parent-child relationships. 
C. increased myelination of the neurons of the brain. 
D. enhanced habituation. 
Answer: C 
Which of the following statements is FALSE? 
A. Infant's memories are strongly tied to situational cues. 
B. There is no evidence to indicate that infants are capable of long-term memory. 
C. Infants and toddlers are more likely to remember unusual or novel events. 
D. Infants remember best when testing conditions are similar to the original learning situation. 
Answer: B 
The inability to remember events that occurred very early in life is called 
A. infantile memory failure. 
B. infantile amnesia. 
C. memory contrast. 
D. memory amnesia. 
Answer: B 
Children are more likely to remember sequential actions when 
A. the information is consistent with their gender stereotypic expectations. 
B. the information is inconsistent with their gender stereotypic expectations. 
C. the information is counter to gender attitudes. 
D. children initially imitate the behavior. 
Answer: A 
Junko, a 2-year old, went to see her older sister in a school play. Junko's sister played the fairy godmother in Cinderella. The following morning in day care, Junko dressed up like a fairy godmother during playtime. On the basis of her actions, Junko is evidencing 
A. deferred imitation. 
B. tertiary circular reactions. 
C. depth perception. 
D. cross gender behavior. 
Answer: A 
In many cases, the most efficient way to toilet train a child is to have an already trained child demonstrate the use of a potty-chair to the untrained child. This method, however, would not be effective until the untrained child has achieved 
A. person permanence. 
B. deferred imitation. 
C. locomotion. 
D. classical conditioning. 
Answer: B 
At 2 months of age, infants 
A. do not reach to grab a rattle. 
B. slowly reach to grab a rattle. 
C. use a rattle to make noise. 
D. experiment with a rattle in new and different ways. 
Answer: A 
According to Piaget, between -------- months, infants begin to show the first signs of truly intelligent behavior. 
A. 1-2 
B. 2-4 
C. 8-12 
D. 12-18 
Answer: C 
Piaget's first period of cognitive development, which is full of action schemes, is called the -------- period. 
A. preoperational 
B. sensorimotor 
C. formal operations 
D. concrete operations 
Answer: B 
Which of the following does NOT occur during the sensorimotor period? 
A. Infants acquire an understanding of object permanence. 
B. Schemes are applied rigidly and do not allow for accommodation. 
C. Infants move from reflexive behaviors to purposeful and goal-oriented behaviors. 
D. Infants apply strategies to solve problems. 
Answer: B 
According to Piaget, use of a reflex such as grasping provides an infant with 
A. a way to survive until thought can begin. 
B. physical exercise as well as social contact. 
C. a foundation of information about the world that will support later cognitive growth. 
D. a way to feed himself or herself. 
Answer: C 
The first stage of sensorimotor intelligence is most fundamentally characterized as 
A. stimulus-response. 
B. perceptionless. 
C. symbolic manipulation. 
D. abstract thought. 
Answer: A 
In Piagetian terms, reflexes represent 
A. the basis of logical thought. 
B. rigid and fixed action patterns. 
C. primary circular reactions. 
D. secondary circular reactions. 
Answer: A 
During the second stage of the sensorimotor period, an infant 
A. begins to understand object permanence. 
B. tends to examine objects systematically. 
C. might shut his or her mouth at the sight of unpleasant food. 
D. begins to show primary circular reactions. 
Answer: D 
Three-month-old Trina has begun to recognize that her actions have specific effects. According to Piaget, Trina is in what stage of sensorimotor development? 
A. I 
B. II 
C. III 
D. IV 
Answer: B 
Primary circular reactions are repetitive actions that are 
A. intentional and planned. 
B. symbolic. 
C. centered on an infant's body and motions. 
D. reflexive. 
Answer: C 
At 7 months Ben is banging on one of his toys with his hand when he discovers that the toy starts playing a song. Ben likes the music, so he continues to bang on the toy in order to make it play the song again. Ben's actions reflect 
A. a primary circular reaction. 
B. a secondary circular reaction. 
C. a tertiary circular reaction. 
D. deferred imitation. 
Answer: B 
Six-month-old Lisa has begun to combine actions into coordinated patterns. According to Piaget, Lisa is in which stage of sensorimotor development? 
A. I 
B. II 
C. III 
D. IV 
Answer: C 
According to Piaget, the primary marker of intelligence consists of 
A. the intentional application of schemes to reach a goal. 
B. the ability to understand emotion. 
C. the ability to remember and re-create events. 
D. the ability to problem solve. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following statements describes a tertiary circular reaction? 
A. Infants engage in repetitive action focused on the qualities of objects. 
B. Infants engage in repetitive action centered on their own bodies and motions. 
C. Infants engage in repetitive action focused on others around them, like caregivers. 
D. Infants modify their behaviors in subtle ways to explore the effects of those modifications. 
Answer: D 
Testing to see if spaghetti will fit in his or her ears as well as in the mouth would be most characteristic of an infant in sensorimotor stage 
A. III. 
B. IV. 
C. V. 
D. VI. 
Answer: C 
The main accomplishment that occurs in the last stage of the sensorimotor period is the ability to use 
A. secondary circular reactions. 
B. symbolic representations. 
C. tertiary circular reactions. 
D. deferred imitation. 
Answer: B 
According to Piaget's theory, if a baby does not cry or search for his or her parent when they leave a room, the baby 
A. has not bonded with his or her parents. 
B. has not achieved object permanence. 
C. is confused about the difference between persons and objects. 
D. is socially mature. 
Answer: B 
Taylor, a 2-year-old, and her mother are playing with Taylor's favorite toy when her mother moves the toy behind a chair. Taylor proceeds to look behind the chair for her toy. What cognitive skill has Taylor demonstrated? 
A. deferred imitation 
B. advanced problem solving 
C. object permanence 
D. scaffolding 
Answer: C 
An example of the achievement of object permanence would be when an infant 
A. throws a favorite toy out of the crib. 
B. laughs or smiles when mom makes a silly noise or face. 
C. looks up at the sky in response to the sound of thunder. 
D. becomes distressed after a toy falls out of sight. 
Answer: D 
Object permanence is 
A. the knowledge that people and objects have an independent existence beyond one's perception of them. 
B. an increase in an infant's attention to an object that interests the infant. 
C. a stationary object that cannot be moved. 
D. the knowledge that objects can be seen. 
Answer: A 
At what age have children fully developed object permanence? 
A. 3-6 months 
B. 6-8 months 
C. 10-12 months 
D. 18-24 months 
Answer: D 
An A not B error is 
A. the error many students make on multiple-choice exams. 
B. the tendency to search in the first hiding spot while ignoring the second. 
C. the tendency to only search in the last hiding spot. 
D. the tendency to not search for an object when it is hidden. 
Answer: B 
During which stage of the sensorimotor period are infants likely to make the A not B error? 
A. Stage II 
B. Stage III 
C. Stage IV 
D. Stage V 
Answer: C 
Hayden and his dad are playing with a ball. Hayden watches his dad put the ball under a cup and then he moves the ball under a blanket. Hayden proceeds to look for the ball under the cup. Hayden is exhibiting 
A. habituation. 
B. dishabituation. 
C. the visual cliff effect. 
D. an A not B error. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following is a common criticism of Piaget's work? 
A. His tasks may not have been developmentally sensitive. 
B. He never tested his ideas with children. 
C. He overestimated the capabilities of infants. 
D. His tasks were too simple. 
Answer: A 
Which of the following is a common criticism of Piaget's work on object permanence? 
A. He was only interested in performance and not competence. 
B. He never tested his ideas adequately. 
C. Object permanence is more complex and cumulative than he originally thought. 
D. His tasks were too simple. 
Answer: C 
According to a perceptual/cognitive view of development, when an infant looks back and forth at two objects, the infant is 
A. counting the objects. 
B. forming an image schema. 
C. imitating his parents. 
D. deciding which one to play with. 
Answer: B 
Ten-month-old Holly plays with a spoon and a cup. She seems to understand that these are related and places the spoon in the cup. Holly's play is referred to as 
A. instrumental play. 
B. conceptual play. 
C. ornamental play. 
D. relational play. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following statements reflect the views of Vygotsky? 
A. When children interact with others, they demonstrate their full capabilities and are pushed to learn and develop more. 
B. Children should be left alone to discover their own interests and capabilities. 
C. Children should never be pushed to learn skills that they have not already demonstrated. 
D. Learning and culture are entirely separate processes. 
Answer: A 
Sara is putting together a puzzle and looks somewhat confused. Sara's teacher tells her to look at the shapes and the colors of the puzzle pieces to find the one that fits best. Sara's teacher is using the principle of 
A. semantics. 
B. holophrasing. 
C. imaging. 
D. scaffolding. 
Answer: D 
Which of the following is NOT true about scaffolding? 
A. It encourages children's cognitive development. 
B. Mothers are more efficient at scaffolding than are fathers. 
C. Scaffolding changes as children get older. 
D. It is used soon after a child is born. 
Answer: B 
The four language-related domains necessary to become a proficient speaker of a language are 
A. phonology, semantics, holophrases, syntax. 
B. syntax, conjugation, semantics, sentence structure. 
C. phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics. 
D. phonology, syntax, conjugation, semantics. 
Answer: C 
Which language domain includes the sounds of language that are the basis for word construction? 
A. phonology 
B. semantics 
C. syntax 
D. pragmatics 
Answer: A 
When a child says, "I bird see fly," which language domain has the child not mastered? 
A. phonology 
B. semantics 
C. syntax 
D. pragmatics 
Answer: C 
Syntax involves the 
A. rules for forming sentences and phrases. 
B. rules for building words. 
C. meaning of a written message. 
D. meaning of a spoken message. 
Answer: A 
Tommy and Jason are 2-year-olds who are having a conversation. As Jason is speaking, Tommy interrupts and announces that it is his birthday next week. Which language domain has Tommy not mastered? 
A. phonology 
B. semantics 
C. syntax 
D. pragmatics 
Answer: D 
What is phonemic awareness? 
A. The knowledge that all languages have their own sounds. 
B. The knowledge of permissible and nonreplicable strings of sounds for one's native language. 
C. Knowledge of the phonology for all languages. 
D. Being able to speak the consonant and vowel strings from a language other than one's own. 
Answer: B 
-------- reflects the rising and falling patterns of speech. 
A. Intonation 
B. Receptive language 
C. Expressive language 
D. Syntax 
Answer: A 
Soft repetition of vowel sounds reflects 
A. babbling. 
B. cooing. 
C. intentional communication. 
D. phonemic awareness. 
Answer: B 
Cooing is characterized by what sort of sounds? 
A. consonants 
B. grunts 
C. syllables 
D. vowels 
Answer: D 
The repetition of consonant and vowel sounds in combinations reflects 
A. babbling. 
B. cooing. 
C. intentional communication. 
D. phonemic awareness. 
Answer: A 
Tracy is 8-months-old and recently cried out "wa-wa" over and over. Her mother proudly announced that Tracy is saying the word "water." Most likely this speech pattern reflects 
A. babbling. 
B. cooing. 
C. intentional communication. 
D. phonemic awareness. 
Answer: A 
The language a child understands is referred to as 
A. receptive language. 
B. expressive language. 
C. perceptive language. 
D. exclamatory language. 
Answer: A 
Typically, at what age do infants speak their first true word? 
A. 4 months 
B. 6 months 
C. 12 months 
D. 18 months 
Answer: C 
The first meaningful word an infant emits is more likely to be 
A. a concrete noun or verb. 
B. a preposition. 
C. a pronoun. 
D. an adjective. 
Answer: A 
Ben and Hayden are playing outside with their mom. Ben spots a plane in the sky and wants his mom and brother to look up and share the excitement. Ben exclaims "Airplane!" Ben's exclamation is a 
A. coo. 
B. babble. 
C. holophrase. 
D. phoneme. 
Answer: C 
Which of the following is an example of a holophrase? 
A. "Kitty." 
B. "Mommy sit." 
C. "Baby bed go." 
D. "Daddy drum play." 
Answer: A 
Fast mapping refers to 
A. children's understanding of spatial relationships. 
B. the way children learn to associate the sound of a word to the concept the word stands for. 
C. short-term memory. 
D. using a word to refer to objects outside of a category. 
Answer: B 
When Steven visited the zoo with his family and walked past the tiger exhibit, he exclaimed "kitty!" Steven is demonstrating 
A. overextension. 
B. underextension. 
C. overregularization. 
D. underregularization. 
Answer: A 
When Tasha used "kitty" to refer to her cat but not to the neighbor's cat, she is illustrating 
A. overextension 
B. underextension 
C. overregularization 
D. underregularization 
Answer: B 
Which of the following is an example of underextension? 
A. "I goed to the park." 
B. "The toy is mine." 
C. Using the word "doggie" to represent all four-legged animals. 
D. Using the word "dress" to represent dresses on little girls but not on women. 
Answer: D 
Between 12 and 18 months of age, vocabulary growth occurs at 
A. about 3 words per month. 
B. about 10 words per week. 
C. about 5 words per year. 
D. about 10 words per month. 
Answer: A 
Young children often invent new words because 
A. they don't understand the importance of following the rules of language. 
B. they only use telegraphic speech. 
C. they have limited vocabularies. 
D. they rely on holophrases. 
Answer: C 
On the average, children begin to put words together to form sentences between what month of age? 
A. 12-18 months 
B. 18-24 months 
C. 24-30 months 
D. 30-36 months 
Answer: B 
Which of the following is the best example of telegraphic speech? 
A. "My mommy goes to her work." 
B. "Mommy is going to work." 
C. "Mommy go work." 
D. "Mommy went to work." 
Answer: C 
The use of highly informative words and neglect of relatively uninformative words is called 
A. holophrasing. 
B. telegraphic speech. 
C. receptive language. 
D. expressive language. 
Answer: B 
What is a language acquisition device (LAD)? 
A. A computer program that assists children in learning language. 
B. An electronic foreign language translator. 
C. A device that detects strings of consonants in foreign languages. 
D. A proposed area of the brain that allows children to understand the properties of all human languages. 
Answer: D 
The case of Genie was a natural experiment most relevant to which theory of language development? 
A. innate biological theories 
B. learning-based theories 
C. social interaction theories 
D. reinforcement theories 
Answer: A 
According to Chomsky, how do children learn language? 
A. They are equipped with a language acquisition device that allows them to understand and process the regularities of language. 
B. They develop language through modeling and reinforcement. 
C. They must be exposed to language during a critical period in order to learn it. 
D. They develop language through socialization. 
Answer: A 
Parents are most likely to use rewards and punishment for 
A. children's tone of voice. 
B. what children say. 
C. the grammar children use. 
D. children's language pragmatics. 
Answer: B 
Child-directed speech 
A. promotes language acquisition. 
B. encourages poor grammar. 
C. is similar for all mothers. 
D. is simply baby talk. 
Answer: A 
Maria uses a high-pitched, slow tempo, and a less complex form of talking with her infant daughter. This type of language is called 
A. baby talk. 
B. exaggerated babyese. 
C. interactional talk. 
D. child-directed speech. 
Answer: D 
Child-directed speech contains each of the following qualities except 
A. simple vocabulary. 
B. fast pace. 
C. high pitch. 
D. repetition. 
Answer: B 
Out on a walk with his baby-sitter, 13-month-old Christopher says "doggie." His baby-sitter responds, "Yes, that doggie is taking a walk just like we are." Christopher's baby-sitter is using 
A. expansion. 
B. motivation. 
C. holophrasing. 
D. receptive language. 
Answer: A 
Caregivers' use of expansion and child-directed speech can be considered forms of 
A. motivation. 
B. holophrasing. 
C. reinforcement. 
D. scaffolding. 
Answer: D