Theories of Knowledge
Thursday, May 16th

Homework:
Read ch.8 for Tuesday 21st

Announcements:
Study guide handed out
Exam covers ch. 4-7
begins Tuesday 21st
ends Tuesday 28th

Study guide notes for 2nd exam

~Direct or naive realism- claims that the immediate object of perception is a physical object that exists independently of our awareness of it.
Reasons for rejecting- Sense data may not be accurate and science disproves it.

~Representationalism (indirect realism)- The physical world exists independently of and is the cause of our perceptions. (locke)
Berkeley attack-
1. no way to prove material substance
2. conflicts with empiricism
3. primary qualities are are just as subjective as secondary qualities.
4. atheistic, if you believe in a material world, God may or may not have created it.

~Phenomenalism- claims that there is nothing besides sense data in the world. We can't know the external world, only sense data. (berkeley)

~Idealism- Only minds and ideas exist (berkeley)

~Dualism- There are mental and physical things. (locke)

~Sense data- Ideas in mind

~Locke- where do ideas come from? Material substance

~Simple ideas- caused by and represent both primary and secondary qualities.

~Complex ideas- put together by your mind from the simple ideas.

~Primary qualities- really in the object them selves. eg. shape, size, mass

~Secondary qualities- power of an object to create sensations in you. eg. sound, taste, smell, color

~Where ideas come from according to Locke- they come from the material world, substance then exists.

~Berkeley means when says, "To be is to be perceived," own individual ideas are sent from god or ideas are perceived and god creates perceived objects.
There is no world out there independent of our sensations.

~In class what was suggested about god existing before humans existed, god perceived himself, he is aware of his own existence.

~Real things according Berkeley- collection of ideas.

~How does Berkeley make himself into a philosopher of common sense rather than radical skeptic? What your directly aware of is direct sensations.

~Limerick ch. 4 represent Berkeley's response to the objection that his view implies, objects don't stop existing when no one is looking at them.

~Modern phenomenalism differ from Berkeley's views on perception, reject idealism and his theory about god.

~Modern phenomenalists mean when they describe objects as "permanent possibilities of sensation," X exists means if a person was in such and such situation they would get X like sensations.

~Attacking Berkeley discussed in class,
1. god
2. rationalist ideas- soul, case and effect
3. reject empiricism

~Tripartite analysis- 3 parts knowledge
1. true
2. justified
3. belief

~Gettier problem- instances of justified beliefs don't count as knowledge. It is a problem for tripartite analysis
solution-Truth and justification of known belief must be related in the right way.