More on Utilitarianism:
John Stewart Mill defined Utilitarianism

Borrowdale says:Utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of swine.

Crass Hedonism
Mill's response to this:
there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures

Examples:
higher pleasures--opera, chess, art, literature, philosophy
lower pleasures--drinking beer, watching sports, Temptation Island?

{see page 184-R for Mill's thoughts on these}

Empirical/Scientific Test- expose people to intellect, culture, and base-physical pleasures, and they'll prefer higher pleasures {Yeah, maybe some people!}

Objections:
Mill is trying to smuggle in other values into utilitarianism (knowledge/art)
Rosenstand objects-calls Mill an intellectual elitist, aristocratic values on the mass.

Mill's proof(p185)that happiness is the ultimate value-
We know something's visible if people actually see it, therefore, we know something is desirable when people actually desire it. Everyone ultimately desires happiness, therefore happiness is the ultimate value.
Drugs are desired by many, but are they desirable?

The Naturalistic Fallacy: you can't derive an ought from an "is"
Empirical facts- facts about the world (this doesn't equal moral facts)

Where's the hidden moral prentice?
Act Utilitarianism (p189)

Rule Utilitarianism- the right act is the one in accordance with the RULE which maximizes happiness
more on Tuesday....