Utilitarianism: Higher and Lower
Mills refined utilit. (read Mill's biography)
-Bentham---first utilitarianist
Mill:
objection: utilit. is "a doctrine worthy of swine" crass hedonism
-Higher pleasure: opera, going to Art Museum, chess, literature, philosophy
-Lower pleasures: drinking beer, watching sports watching Temptation Island
Some pleasures have higher quality
-matter of habbit and exposure
--Empirical Test/scientific test-exposes people to both intellectual/cultural and base physical pleasures and they'll prefer intellectual/culture ones.
objection: Mill is trying to smuggle in other values into utilitarianism (e.g. knowledge, art)
objection 2;(Rosenstand) Elitist position-trying to impose bourgeois values on the masses.
PG 185 Mills "proof" that happiness is the ultimate value. We know something is visible if people actually see it. Similarly, we know something is desired when people actually desire it. Everyone ultimately desire happiness, therefor happiness is the ultimate value.
The Naturalistic
You can't derive an ought from an is.
-can't go from Empirical facts(facts about the world) to Moral facts (box 5.5)
ACT Utilitarianism
-the right act is the one that maximizes happiness
RULE Utilitarianism
-the right act is the one accordance with the rule which is universally followed maximizes happiness
-set of rules you follow(for everyone)