687. The most pervasive trend in the European movement of peoples during the 20th century was A. a) from the destroyed cities after World War II to the countryside B. b) from the countryside to the cities C. c) the breakdown of ethnic barriers in urban centers D. d) both B and C Answer: B 688. Decolonization in the post-war period contributed to the A. a) inward flow of European colonials from overseas B. b) exodus of European citizens to their former colonies C. c) the refugee problem in Europe D. d) move to state-controlled economies in Europe Answer: A 689. The National Front was A. a) an international aid society dedicated to the recognition of the political rights of former colonials B. b) a French political party led by Jacques Chirac C. c) an extreme right-wing group led by Jean-Marie Le Pen that resented the immigrant presence in France D. d) a labor union that acted as a communication bridge between European working-class voters and immigrants Answer: C 690. The immigration of Muslims into Europe arose from two chief sources: A. a) a labor glut and poverty in the Middle East B. b) European economic growth and decolonization C. c) the support of the International Red Cross and the World Bank D. d) liberal assimilation policies in France and Germany that allowed Muslims to more easily integrate with the local population Answer: B 691. Muslims immigrants to Europe have A. a) often been skilled workers B. b) rarely been involved in radical Islamic groups C. c) generally remained unassimilated D. d) none of the above Answer: C 692. The falling birthrate in Europe means that A. a) Europe will face the prospect of an aging population B. b) the internal European market will become smaller C. c) by the middle of this century the population of the United States will outstrip that of Europe D. d) all of the above Answer: D 693. The creation of a system of social insurance that was viewed as a social right in Great Britain following World War II, was attributed to A. a) Lord William Beveridge B. b) Winston Churchill C. c) Margaret Thatcher D. d) Lord Edward Hyde Answer: A 694. The spread of welfare legislation was closely connected to the A. a) Cold War and domestic political and economic policies B. b) rise in population following World War II C. c) process of decolonization D. d) decline of population in the cities following World War II Answer: A 695. Simone de Beauvoir in 1949 wrote the most widely read post-war feminist work entitled A. a) Courage, Emma B. b) The Second Sex C. c) Spare Rib D. d) The Feminist Mystique Answer: B 696. Married women entered the work force after World War II primarily because A. a) industry had discovered during the war what valuable and stable workers married women were B. b) there was a concerted effort by social activity to assert the role of women in industry C. c) relatively few single women could be employed because of a low birth rate in the 1930's D. d) of their university experience Answer: C 697. By the middle of the 20th century, children A. a) were no longer expected to make substantial contributions to family income B. b) spent large amounts of time in compulsory schools C. c) were often raised with the help of day-care facilities D. d) both A and B Answer: D 698. What two factors have triggered public debate and legislation in Europe regarding abortion? A. a) the emergence of the European Union and the collapse of communism B. b) the rise of Catholic parties and the resolution of the problems between Great Britain and Ireland C. c) the integration of Eastern European countries into Western Europe and the immigration of Muslims D. d) the transformation of European culture through international treaties and the existential movement in philosophy Answer: A 699. The book title, The God That Failed, refers to the decline A. a) in the belief of the efficacy of reason in the 20th century B. b) of Christianity in the 20th century C. c) of existentialism since 1960 D. d) of belief in Communism after the 1930's Answer: D 700. Which of the following occurred during the 1950's and proved crucial to the disillusionment of European intellectuals? A. a) the Spanish Civil War B. b) the Soviet invasion of Hungary C. c) the Soviet purge rituals D. d) the publication of Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon Answer: B 701. Which of the following proved crucial to the disillusionment of the intellectuals in the 20th century? A. a) Soviet purge trials of 1936 and the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 B. b) the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 C. c) the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 D. d) all of the above Answer: D 702. Existentialism A. a) has been termed "the philosophy of Europe in the 20th century" B. b) as a movement has been united in purpose and thought C. c) was born of the intellectual and ethical crises of the World Wars D. d) both A and C Answer: D 703. Soren Kierkegaard A. a) was one of the first existentialists B. b) believed that the truth of Christianity was contained only in extreme human experience C. c) criticized Hegelian philosophy D. d) all of the above Answer: D 704. Kierkegaard's major criticism of Hegel's philosophy was that it A. a) was too rational B. b) was not practical and too intellectualized C. c) attempted to contain all human experience within abstract categories D. d) both A and C Answer: D 705. Although the major existential philosophers often disagreed on particular points, they all agreed that A. a) humankind was in a state of decline B. b) reason and scientific understanding were not the primary means of coming to grips with the human situation C. c) separation of human experience into its component parts was the proper path to understanding D. d) all of the above Answer: B 706. Existentialists tend to dwell on A. a) the continuity of civilization B. b) the perfection of mankind C. c) the extreme of human experience D. d) absolute truth Answer: C 707. Which of the following accounts for the continuing popularity of Marxism while intellectuals were disassociating themselves with the Soviet Union? A. a) emphasis shifted to non-Soviet modes of Communism B. b) a redefinition of the basic message of Marx himself C. c) the translation of the Communist Manifesto into different languages D. d) both A and B Answer: A 708. Which of the following is an existential work? A. a) The Critique of Pure Reason B. b) Being and Nothingness C. c) The Screwtape Letters D. d) Courage, Emma Answer: B 709. The existentialists saw human beings as A. a) compelled to formulate their own ethical values B. b) morally corrupt C. c) unable to depend on traditional religion or social customs D. d) both A and C Answer: D 710. Existentialism was a philosophy A. a) of the intellectuals after World War II B. b) of the political and social crisis of Europe in the first half of the 20th century C. c) which gained in popularity with the relative prosperity of the 1950's D. d) both B and C Answer: B 711. Which statement would Jean-Paul Sartre be most likely to accept? A. a) God does not exist, therefore man is doomed to despair B. b) God exists, and man depends on his grace C. c) whether God exists or not is irrelevant, for man must make himself D. d) God does not exist and man should rely on reason alone Answer: C 712. Why has the Americanization of Europe occurred since 1945? A. a) the Marshall Plan rebuilt the Western European economies B. b) the United States was leader of the NATO alliance C. c) thousands of U.S. military personnel have been stationed in Europe D. d) all of the above Answer: D 713. The emerging common language of business and even some academic fields in Europe is A. a) French B. b) German C. c) English D. d) Spanish Answer: C 714. What has emerged as one of the most important characteristics of the European economy that differentiates it from Eastern Europe? A. a) consumer orientation B. b) capital investment and military production C. c) central economic planning by the government D. d) movement toward a Marxist economic focus Answer: A 715. The German Green movement A. a) held business responsible for pollution B. b) accepted violence as a part of their political agenda C. c) assumed a strong anti-nuclear stance D. d) both A and C Answer: D 716. The 1986 disaster at Chernobyl A. a) forced most European governments to respond to environmental concerns B. b) demonstrated that environmental disasters could be strictly contained within national borders C. c) separated environmental concerns from political issues D. d) both B and C Answer: A 717. Which statement would Karl Barth have been most likely to accept? A. a) religion is more a human than divine phenomenon B. b) humankind is transcended by God and depends on his grace C. c) man must lay down values for himself D. d) reason alone can improve humanity's condition Answer: B 718. Neo-orthodoxy is the name of the theology of A. a) Paul Tillich B. b) John XXIII C. c) Karl Barth D. d) Soren Kierkegaard Answer: C 719. Karl Barth portrays God as A. a) closely connected spiritually to mankind B. b) wholly other than and different from mankind C. c) a wrathful God D. d) both B and C Answer: B 720. Paul Tillich is best known for his A. a) liberal theology B. b) conservative theology C. c) "spiritual sameness" theory D. d) "emancipation of mankind" theory Answer: A 721. Which of the following was not a decision of Vatican II? A. a) a prohibition on contraception B. b) the celebration of the mass in Latin C. c) the establishment of free relations with other Christian denominations D. d) the reduction of power given to bishops Answer: C 722. Which of the following is a part of Pope John Paul II's policies? A. a) reassertion of a traditional policy in regard to priesthood and the nature of family life B. b) stress upon the authority of church councils in doctrinal matters C. c) expansion of the church in the non-Western world D. d) both A and C Answer: D 723. John Paul II has A. a) reversed Paul VI's stand on contraception B. b) reversed Paul VI's stand on priestly celibacy C. c) called for sweeping changes in the conduct of the mass D. d) none of the above Answer: D 724. The first machine genuinely recognizable as a modern digital computer was A. a) made by National Cash Register B. b) the Remington Rand calculator C. c) made by Xerox Corporation D. d) ENIAC Answer: D 725. During the 1950's, electronics was revolutionized by the A. a) transistor B. b) vacuum tube C. c) microchip D. d) all of the above Answer: A 726. Radical Islam A. a) developed in the late 20th century in response to the Persian Gulf War in 1991 B. b) arose primarily in reaction to Arab nationalism that developed during the 1920's and 1930's in Egypt and Syria C. c) is the most popular interpretation of Islam D. d) both B and C Answer: B 727. Advocates of Radical Islam A. a) want to assimilate the technology and political institutions of the West B. b) want to modernize the Arab world's infrastructure while becoming less dependent on oil as an export commodity C. c) are based primarily in the upper and middle classes D. d) none of the above Answer: D 728. The Iranian Revolution A. a) challenged the secular presuppositions of Arab nationalists B. b) challenged the Westernization of Iranian society C. c) emboldened the forces of Islamic fundamentalism D. d) all of the above Answer: D 729. Islamic reformism A. a) rejects the possibility that pure Islam can be established in the contemporary world B. b) accepts a broad and inclusive interpretation of Shairi'a or Islamic law C. c) emphasizes personal piety and religious practice D. d) both B and C Answer: C 730. The Taliban A. a) was a group of Pakistani schools that taught reformed Islam B. b) expressed support for Western civilization and culture even while they repudiated support for Israel C. c) imposed their own restrictive version of Islamic law on the people of Afghanistan D. d) is a terrorist cell in Lebanon that trains suicide bombers Answer: C 731. The invasion of Iraq by the United States in 2003 A. a) created international strains within NATO and the European Union B. b) was fully justified by a United Nations Security Council resolution C. c) resulted in the destruction of the Taliban D. d) both B and C Answer: A