619. The purpose of the policy of containment was to A. a) prevent East Germany from linking politically with the Soviet Union B. b) resist the extension of Soviet expansion and influence throughout the world C. c) isolate the Soviet Union diplomatically D. d) both A and C E. Answer: B 620. The policy of containment A. a) led to a major departure in American foreign policy B. b) forced the United States to enter overseas alliances C. c) forced the United States to undertake enormous military expenditures D. d) all of the above E. Answer: D 621. The impact of the Marshall Plan meant that A. a) the United States would exert a relatively permanent influence on Europe B. b) Europe will continue to exist apart from the influence of the United States C. c) Europe would retain its cultural leadership of the western world D. d) Germany would be divided forever E. Answer: A 622. The Truman Doctrine of 1947 A. a) rebuilt Europe economically B. b) supplied Berlin with goods during the Soviet blockade C. c) supported free people who were resisting subjugation from the Soviets or their allies D. d) allowed the creation of Israel E. Answer: C 623. After 1945, the Soviets were determined to control their Eastern European satellites A. a) as a buffer against future invasions B. b) for the benefit of their modernized industrial economies C. c) as a source of cheap labor D. d) none of the above E. Answer: A 624. During the late 1940's, Communist Party officials throughout Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were purged largely as a result of the A. a) failure of the Cuban revolution B. b) success of Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia C. c) rebellion of Hungary D. d) rebellion of Poland E. Answer: B 625. The Berlin blockade of 1949 A. a) failed to stop the Soviets from moving into West Germany B. b) reduced tensions in the Cold War C. c) forced the Russians to back down and reopen access to Berlin D. d) reunited East and West Germany E. Answer: C 626. The Warsaw Pact of 1955 A. a) allowed Eastern European countries to integrate their economies B. b) was under indirect Soviet control C. c) confirmed the divided status of Europe in opposing unfriendly blocs D. d) all of the above E. Answer: C 627. The world Zionist movement was founded by A. a) Shimon Peres B. b) Ariel Sharon C. c) Theodor Herzl D. d) Menachem Begin E. Answer: C 628. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 A. a) condemned the Russian Revolution B. b) supported the Russian Revolution C. c) favored the establishment of a national home for Jews in Palestine D. d) condemned the world Zionist movement E. Answer: C 629. The Yishuv can best be described as A. a) Palestinian refugees B. b) the Jewish community in Palestine C. c) Jewish "freedom fighters" D. d) Arab settlers in Israel E. Answer: B 630. The Korean War broke out in 1953 when A. a) General MacArthur invaded North Korea with American troops B. b) North Korea invaded South Korea across the thirty-eighth parallel C. c) the Soviet Union offered "blank check" support to North Korea D. d) the United Nations made a decision to eliminate communism on the Korean peninsula E. Answer: B 631. In 1956, the real motive behind British and French intervention in the war between Egypt and Israel was to A. a) separate the combatants B. b) seize the Egyptian oil fields C. c) seize the Suez Canal D. d) ensure Palestinian independence E. Answer: C 632. The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 resulted in A. a) a humiliating diplomatic defeat for Britain and France B. b) an American presence in Egypt C. c) the overthrow of the Israeli government D. d) both A and C E. Answer: A 633. The events of 1956 proved that A. a) Europe's nations could attain a significant degree of unity B. b) NATO was an effective organization C. c) European nations could no longer undertake fully autonomous actions D. d) European unity was impossible E. Answer: C 634. In Khrushchev's "secret speech" of 1956, he A. a) directly attacked the policies of the Stalin years B. b) called for a new purge of the “radical elements” in the state C. c) called for a policy of glasnost D. d) advocated the invasion of Afghanistan E. Answer: A 635. Wladyslaw Gomulka A. a) was forced on the Poles as their leader by the Soviets B. b) continued Polish membership in the Warsaw Pact C. c) worked to improve Communist relations with the Catholic Church D. d) both B and C E. Answer: D 636. The leader of the Hungarian Communist Party which resisted the Russians in 1956 was A. a) Wladyslaw Gomulka B. b) Imre Nagy C. c) Lech Walesa D. d) Wojciech Jaruzelski E. Answer: B 637. In 1956, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary because A. a) of the death of the premier B. b) he Hungarian Communist Party called for the removal of Soviet troops and the ultimate neutralization of Hungary C. c) the Hungarian Communist Party called for withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact D. d) both B and C E. Answer: D 638. The U-2 incident of 1960 involved A. a) the destruction of an American aircraft shot down while spying on the Soviet Union B. b) an American ejection of Soviet diplomatic personnel C. c) an invasion of Cuba D. d) a Soviet spy ring in Washington D.C. E. Answer: A 639. The Paris Summit Conference of 1960 A. a) resulted in a tentative arms limitation agreement B. b) excluded British participation C. c) established the policy of “peaceful coexistence” D. d) none of the above E. Answer: D 640. The Berlin Wall was erected A. a) to halt the stream of refugees from East Berlin into West Berlin B. b) as a symbol to the West of the closed nature of Communist society C. c) in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis D. d) under the presidency of Lyndon Johnson E. Answer: A 641. The resolution of the Berlin Wall situation A. a) enhanced the reputation of the United States B. b) involved intense negotiation at the Vienna summit C. c) brought the U.S. commitment to West Germany into doubt D. d) both B and C E. Answer: C 642. The Cuban Revolution brought who of the following to power? A. a) Fulgencio Batista B. b) Fidel Castro C. c) Augusto Sandino D. d) Juan Peron E. Answer: B 643. The Cuban Missile crisis of 1962 A. a) undermined Khrushchev's credibility in the ruling circles of the Soviet Union B. b) caused non-European Communist regimes to question the Soviet Union's commitment to their security and survival C. c) increased the influence of the People's Republic of China in Communist circles D. d) all of the above E. Answer: D 644. The Cuban missile crisis A. a) resulted in the defeat of U.S. troops on Cuban soil B. b) was the last major Cold War confrontation that involved Europe C. c) resulted in the humiliation of the Soviet Union D. d) both B and C E. Answer: D 645. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 A. a) was not taken seriously by either superpower B. b) marked the beginning of a reduction in tensions between the superpowers C. c) was fostered by Willy Brandt D. d) both B and C E. Answer: B 646. The decolonization since 1945 has been the result of A. a) World War II B. b) American influence C. c) indigenous nationalist movements D. d) both A and C E. Answer: D 647. The Vietnamese resistance to French colonial rule was organized by A. a) Mao Tse-Tung B. b) Ho Chi Minh C. c) Dien Bien Phu D. d) Ngo Dinh Diem E. Answer: B 648. The Viet Minh was the A. a) opposition to the Communists in Vietnam B. b) pro-French peasant party under Bao Dai C. c) Communist organization that claimed political control of Vietnam in 1945 D. d) nationalist party under the control of Chiang Kai-Shek E. Answer: C 649. In the spring of 1954, the French suffered a major defeat at A. a) My Lai B. b) Tonkin C. c) Tet D. d) Dien Bien Phu E. Answer: D 650. According to the Geneva accords of 1954, A. a) the Communists were granted control over all of Vietnam B. b) Vietnam was permanently divided into two countries C. c) elections were to be held within two years to revivify the country D. d) an armistice line was drawn at the 38th parallel E. Answer: C 651. The major opposition to the Diem government came from A. a) Buddhist monks B. b) Roman Catholics C. c) the Vietcong D. d) both A and B E. Answer: D 652. The United States sanctioned the overthrow of the Diem regime because A. a) of his cruel policies B. b) of his outright preference for Communism C. c) the path would be opened for the establishment of a government which generated popular support D. d) both A and C E. Answer: C 653. Vietnamization involved A. a) the gradual reduction of American troops in Vietnam B. b) the return to the established 1954 boundaries of Vietnam C. c) Vietnamese imperialism in Laos D. d) the secret bombing of Cambodia E. Answer: A 654. The Vietnam War A. a) grew out of a power vacuum left by decolonization B. b) diverted the attention of the United States away from Europe C. c) convinced many Americans born after World War II that the U.S. was trying to keep colonialism alive D. d) all of the above E. Answer: D 655. During the presidency of Richard Nixon, the United States A. a) sought to close the U.S.S.R. out of world markets B. b) worked for detente C. c) retreated into relative isolation D. d) sought measures for the respect of human rights throughout the world E. Answer: B 656. The Helsinki Accords of 1975 A. a) committed the Soviet Union to recognize the human rights of its citizens B. b) in effect recognized the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe C. c) required on-site inspection of nuclear missile silos D. d) both A and B E. Answer: D 657. Jimmy Carter's reaction to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was to A. a) boycott Soviet grain B. b) refuse to participate in the 1980 Olympic Games C. c) disrupt Soviet communications satellites D. d) both A and B E. Answer: B 658. The Reagan administration in the early 1980's A. a) maintained Carter's emphasis on human rights in its discussions with the Soviets B. b) sharply increased the rhetoric against the Soviet Union C. c) speeded up efforts in favor of the SALT II treaty D. d) none of the above E. Answer: B 659. The term perestroika refers to A. a) openness B. b) restructuring of the economy and bureaucracy C. c) liberalization of soviet foreign affairs D. d) both A and B E. Answer: B 660. Glasnost refers to which of the following? A. a) release of dissidents from prison B. b) an allowance of government criticism C. c) allowance of national minority demonstrations D. d) all of the above E. Answer: D 661. Perhaps the single most important reason for the collapse of the Soviet Union was Gorbachev's A. a) support of the conservative military leadership B. b) failure to negotiate new arrangements between the republics and the central government C. c) failure to deal with the growing threat from China D. d) inability to execute the strong executive powers afforded him in the Soviet constitution E. Answer: B 662. The Solidarity Movement in Poland worked A. a) for free trade unions and democratic government B. b) to eliminate capitalism from the Polish economy C. c) to reimpose Jaruzelski's control after 1987 D. d) to bring Lech Walesa home from exile E. Answer: A 663. The coup of August 1991 A. a) swept Gorbachev into power B. b) was successful in eliminating Boris Yeltsin as a political contender C. c) resulted in Gorbachev's humiliation and gradual loss of power D. d) both A and B E. Answer: C