347. What factors made it possible for Europeans to impose their will on other peoples in the late 19th century? 
A. a) technological superiority 
B. b) confidence in their rightness of purpose and way of life 
C. c) centrally organized nation-states 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
348. At the midway point of the 19th century, Britain 
A. a) embarked upon an imperialistic policy in Africa 
B. b) declared that free trade among nations should not be encouraged 
C. c) opposed the idea of further political interference in other lands 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
349. Which of the following best explains the motivation of the New Imperialism? 
A. a) a desire for new areas of investment 
B. b) strategic and political considerations 
C. c) the desire to export surplus populations 
D. d) the search for new markets and raw materials 
Answer: B 
350. The chief advocate of the economic interpretation of imperialism was 
A. a) V. I. Lenin 
B. b) Joseph Chamberlain 
C. c) J. A. Hobson 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
351. Which group argued most strongly that it was the responsibility of European nations to civilize foreign lands? 
A. a) liberal European governments 
B. b) religious groups 
C. c) British and French humanitarian groups 
D. d) ethical philosophers like William James 
Answer: B 
352. German imperialism in Africa was centered in 
A. a) Northern Africa 
B. b) East Africa 
C. c) Chad 
D. d) Somalia 
Answer: B 
353. Which best characterizes the aims of Bismarck's diplomacy after 1871? 
A. a) attaining a colonial empire and impressing Great Britain 
B. b) dividing up the spoils of the Ottoman Empire with Austria 
C. c) joining Britain and France in alliance 
D. d) improving Germany's diplomatic position in Europe 
Answer: D 
354. The "Open Door Policy" 
A. a) opposed foreign annexations in Japan 
B. b) allowed businessmen of all nations to trade with Japan on equal terms 
C. c) was proposed by the United States and by all powers except France 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: B 
355. The Monroe Doctrine 
A. a) legitimized American imperialism in the Western Hemisphere 
B. b) added Cuba and Puerto Rico to the American empire 
C. c) ended the Spanish-American War 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
356. The Treaty of San Stephano in 1878 
A. a) settled the Spanish-American War 
B. b) freed the Slavic states in the Balkans from Ottoman rule 
C. c) resulted in the payment of a huge indemnity to the Spanish from the Turks 
D. d) was a triumph of German diplomacy 
Answer: B 
357. "Jingoism" was a new word coined for 
A. a) hypocrisy 
B. b) sensationalistic press reporting 
C. c) super-patriotism 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
358. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 
A. a) was called in order to check Russia's intervention in Slavic and Ottoman affairs 
B. b) was a blow to Russian ambitions 
C. c) met under the presidency of Bismarck 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
359. The Dual Alliance of 1879 
A. a) was formed between Germany and Prussia 
B. b) sought to isolate Russia 
C. c) was formed between Bismarck and Napoleon III 
D. d) sought Austrian neutrality if France were attacked 
Answer: B 
360. Bismarck's complicated system of secret alliances was upset by 
A. a) British insistence on French neutrality 
B. b) the accession of William II to the German throne 
C. c) his death in 1888 
D. d) Austrian deception and rejection of the Triple Alliance 
Answer: B 
361. Bismarck's success rested on 
A. a) his clear and limited idea of his nation's goals 
B. b) his resistance to pressures for expansion 
C. c) knowledge of other countries' needs and hopes 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
362. During Bismarck's time, Germany was 
A. a) a force for unity and European stability 
B. b) a force for irresponsible militarism 
C. c) retarded economically because of the emphasis on the military 
D. d) known as a bastion of liberalism 
Answer: A 
363. The Triple Alliance consisted of 
A. a) Britain, Germany and France 
B. b) Germany, Austria and Italy 
C. c) Russia, Britain and France 
D. d) Austria, Russia and Britain 
Answer: B 
364. Which best sums up the foreign policy of Kaiser William II? 
A. a) "world policy" 
B. b) "honest broker" 
C. c) "revolving door" 
D. d) "satisfied power" 
Answer: A 
365. According to Tirpitz's risk theory 
A. a) Russia could not attack Germany for the first six weeks after mobilization 
B. b) Germany could build a big enough fleet to force Britain into making colonial concessions 
C. c) the main reason for acquiring colonials was to gain political leverage in Europe 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
366. Britain by the end of the 19th century considered its primary competition and enemy to be 
A. a) France 
B. b) Germany 
C. c) Russia 
D. d) the Entente Cordiale  
Answer: B 
367. The Russian loss to the Japanese in 1904-1905 had which of the following effects? 
A. a) the Russians became even more determined to assert their power in the East 
B. b) the Russians turned to aggressive diplomacy to re-obtain the lost territory 
C. c) it led to the Russian Revolution of 1905 
D. d) the Japanese continued their advance to the Urals, but were defeated there in 1905 
Answer: C 
368. The Triple Entente consisted of 
A. a) Germany, Austria and Italy 
B. b) Russia, Britain and Austria 
C. c) Russia, Britain and France 
D. d) Germany, Russia and Italy 
Answer: C 
369. By the terms of the Entente Cordiale, 
A. a) Britain was obliged to aid France in the event of German invasion 
B. b) Britain was obliged to aid Russia in the event of invasion 
C. c) Britain and France patched up colonial differences without making a formal alliance 
D. d) France and Russia became allies 
Answer: C 
370. The Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906 resulted in 
A. a) the independence of Morocco 
B. b) a formal mutual defense alliance between France and Britain 
C. c) a division between French and British interests 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
371. William II's foreign policy in the first decade of the 20th century 
A. a) associated France with England and Russia 
B. b) successfully isolated France 
C. c) was patterned after that of Bismarck 
D. d) isolated Germany from Italy and Austria 
Answer: A 
372. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 resulted in 
A. a) a strain in relations between members of the Triple Entente 
B. b) the death of Archduke Ferdinand 
C. c) the defeat of the Ottoman government by the "Young Turks" 
D. d) German control over Serbia 
Answer: A 
373. The Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911 resulted in 
A. a) increased British fear and hostility toward Germany 
B. b) closer relations between Britain and France 
C. c) the sinking of the German gunboat, Panther 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
374. In 1914, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated 
A. a) by the "Black Hand" 
B. b) with the planning and preparation of the Serbian army's general staff 
C. c) with the knowledge of the Russian tsar 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
375. Which best characterizes German policy during the July crisis of 1914? 
A. a) consciously risking a general war 
B. b) restraining Austria-Hungary throughout 
C. c) hoping for and actively trying to bring on a general war 
D. d) ignoring that its policies might cause a general war 
Answer: A 
376. The "Blank Check" refers to 
A. a) America's promise of aid to Great Britain 
B. b) Germany's commitment to support Austria's attack on Serbia 
C. c) Russian willingness to support the Triple Entente in any way possible 
D. d) German industrialists' commitment to provide William II with as many weapons as required 
Answer: B 
377. German actions from June to August 1914 suggest that 
A. a) they had not foreseen the Sarajevo crisis and had acted in response to events 
B. b) they had a plan of operation already developed which could be implemented quickly 
C. c) the German government was disorganized 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
378. The Schlieffen Plan 
A. a) advocated one major battle against the French in Belgium 
B. b) included the possibility of invasion of England if the continental war was stalemated 
C. c) aimed at going around French defenses by enveloping Paris and drawing the French to the east 
D. d) resulted in eventual success 
Answer: C 
379. Mobilization involved 
A. a) moving equipment to the front lines 
B. b) a "lightning war" of movement 
C. c) the enrollment of soldiers for active duty and their movement, as well as the shift of a nations economy to full production 
D. d) a strategy designed to avoid trench warfare 
Answer: C 
380. The issue of Belgian neutrality sent 
A. a) France to war 
B. b) Britain to war 
C. c) the Americans to war 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
381. After the Battle of the Marne in 1914, 
A. a) the tide of war in the west turned to the French 
B. b) the tide of war in the west turned to the Germans 
C. c) the war became defensive, one of position rather than of movement 
D. d) poison gas aided the German cause 
Answer: C 
382. "They shall not pass" is most closely associated with 
A. a) the Somme 
B. b) Caporetto 
C. c) Tannenburg 
D. d) Verdun 
Answer: D 
383. America entered the war in 1917 because 
A. a) of the sinking of the Lusitania 
B. b) of German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare 
C. c) the tsarist government was overthrown which opened the way for American intervention 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
384. A soviet was a 
A. a) revolutionary organization in Tsarist Russia 
B. b) council of workers and soldiers 
C. c) region of Russia 
D. d) prosperous Russian peasant 
Answer: B 
385. Which of the following was the reason that the provisional government failed in Russia in 1917? 
A. a) disillusionment with the war 
B. b) shortage of food 
C. c) growing demand by peasants for land reform 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
386. The "White" Russians supported the 
A. a) Tsar 
B. b) revolution 
C. c) international peace efforts 
D. d) Pan-Slavic movement 
Answer: A 
387. After the overthrow of the tsar, the provisional government was headed by 
A. a) Trotsky 
B. b) Kerensky 
C. c) Lenin 
D. d) Stalin 
Answer: B 
388. Which best explains the victory of the Bolsheviks? 
A. a) the oppression of the tsarist regime 
B. b) the support by a majority of the population 
C. c) the continuation of the war by the provisional government 
D. d) the support given to them by the Constituent Assembly 
Answer: C 
389. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 
A. a) ended World War I 
B. b) secured a Russian alliance with Germany 
C. c) outlawed submarine warfare 
D. d) took Russia out of the war and ceded territory to Germany 
Answer: D 
390. Under the new Bolshevik government, 
A. a) a civil war broke out between Trotsky and Lenin 
B. b) a civil war broke out between the Bolsheviks and those who opposed their triumph 
C. c) Tsar Nicholas II and his family were murdered 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
391. Which best characterizes the peace of Versailles? 
A. a) thoroughly cynical 
B. b) a mixture of idealism and cynicism 
C. c) a Carthaginian peace 
D. d) thoroughly idealistic 
Answer: B