211. Which of the following was a major development in Europe between 1860 and 1914? 



A. a) taxation decreased because of increased industrial productivity 


B. b) classical economics became a major force in the political life of all nations 


C. c) white-collar workers disappeared 


D. d) the labor force organized into unions 


E.


Answer: D 
212. The population of Europe during the last half of the 19th century generally 



A. a) declined because of poor conditions of the working classes 


B. b) almost doubled 


C. c) began to stabilize and grow more slowly 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
213. The Second Industrial Revolution was associated with 



A. a) textiles and iron 


B. b) steel and chemicals 


C. c) electricity and oil 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
214. After the Revolutions of 1848, the middle classes 



A. a) ceased to be a revolutionary group 


B. b) became a revolutionary group 


C. c) moved to protect what they possessed against the demands of socialists 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
215. In 1900, approximately what percent of Europe's population lived in cities? 



A. a) 25 


B. b) 50 


C. c) 70 


D. d) 80 


E.


Answer: B 
216. Europe recovered from the economic depression of the late 19th century through 



A. a) improved marketing, consumer demand, and imperialism 


B. b) the cooperation of trade unions with management 


C. c) the introduction of free trade and currency nationalization 


D. d) the massive increase in the number of women in the labor force 


E.


Answer: A 
217. Significant tensions existed among the various strata of middle class society because 



A. a) they were so diverse in occupation and level of wealth 


B. b) protection and advancement of position was of great importance, hence internal competition was intense 


C. c) there was apprehension that their gains might easily be lost 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
218. By about 1850, cities became centers for 



A. a) government offices 


B. b) residences 


C. c) businesses and theaters 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
219. In 1869, the Eiffel Tower was built 



A. a) as the major entrance to Paris 


B. b) to demonstrate French cultural superiority 


C. c) as a temporary structure for the international trade exposition 


D. d) from funds garnered from school children 


E.


Answer: C 
220. The greatest public health disaster during the 1830's and 1840's was an epidemic of 



A. a) bubonic plague 


B. b) small pox 


C. c) cholera 


D. d) tuberculosis 


E.


Answer: C 
221. The proposed solution to public health hazards was to 



A. a) take greater interest in personal hygiene 


B. b) construct new water and sewer systems 


C. c) solve the housing problem among the poor 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
222. The first attacks on the housing problem came from 



A. a) private philanthropy 


B. b) governmental action 


C. c) social activist committees 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
223. A benefit of the urban renewal projects of the late 19th century was 



A. a) full employment in the cities 


B. b) an emphasis upon the importance of gardens and parks 


C. c) an occupied youth in the summer 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
224. The most significant change for industry in the late 19th century was the 



A. a) perfection of the steam engine 


B. b) application of electrical energy to production 


C. c) gas lighting in factories 


D. d) development of hydraulic lifts 


E.


Answer: B 
225. The first automobile was developed by 



A. a) Gottlieb Daimler 


B. b) Henry Ford 


C. c) Henry Bessemer 


D. d) Meline Tariff 


E.


Answer: A 
226. In the late 19th century, Europe was 



A. a) self-sufficient in oil production 


B. b) busily developing its oil reserves 


C. c) wholly dependent on foreign oil 


D. d) exporting oil to Russia and other foreign countries 


E.


Answer: C 
227. The second half of the 19th century experienced 



A. a) uninterrupted and smooth financial growth 


B. b) a significant drop in almost all areas of production 


C. c) a boom in industry, but a bust in agriculture 


D. d) uneven economic growth 


E.


Answer: D 
228. The new industries of the late 19th century were directed toward 



A. a) iron and steel production 


B. b) weapons production 


C. c) consumer goods 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: C 
229. During the Second Industrial Revolution, what economic developments most affected the economic lives of women? 



A. a) a greater variety of available jobs 


B. b) the withdrawal of married women from the marketplace 


C. c) the development of day-care establishments 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
230. Women were paid low wages because 



A. a) they rarely had to support themselves independently 


B. b) they usually lived in their parent's home 


C. c) there were more jobs than women to fill them 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
231. Most women in the new service work force of the late 19th century were 



A. a) unmarried and young 


B. b) young, middle-class women who were married 


C. c) feminists 


D. d) teenagers who were away from home for the first time 


E.


Answer: A 
232. Most working-class women were employed in 



A. a) the textile and garment industries 


B. b) domestic work 


C. c) small retail businesses 


D. d) cottage industries 


E.


Answer: A 
233. Prostitutes 



A. a) were frequently children 


B. b) were often seduced into their occupation by middle-class employers or clients 


C. c) remained active for several years 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
234. The middle-class woman 



A. a) lived a rather open life of opportunity especially in the business world 


B. b) was restricted politically, but found outlets for political action in universities 


C. c) enjoyed much domestic luxury, but was limited to a life centered around home and family 


D. d) had little to do with rearing of children 


E.


Answer: C 
235. The close association between religion and a strict domestic life for women contributed to 



A. a) the good will between feminist groups and the church 


B. b) the tension between feminist groups and the church 


C. c) the administration of charity by women 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
236. Who wrote The Subjection of Women (1869)? 



A. a) Mary Wollstonecraft 


B. b) Emmeline Pankhurst 


C. c) John Stuart Mill 


D. d) Joseph Chamberlain 


E.


Answer: C 
237. The activist leader of Britain's womens suffrage movement at the turn of the century was 



A. a) Mary Shelley 


B. b) Emmeline Pankhurst 


C. c) Henrietta Asquith 


D. d) Harriet Taylor 


E.


Answer: B 
238. Which country was most discriminatory in its relations with Jews during the second half of the 19th century? 



A. a) Russia 


B. b) France 


C. c) Austria-Hungary 


D. d) Germany 


E.


Answer: A 
239. After 1848, European workers 



A. a) accepted modern industrial production and its general downgrading of skills 


B. b) voiced their grievances to poor working conditions through riot and violence 


C. c) turned to trade unions, democratic political parties and socialism in order to reap more benefits from industrialism 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
240. By about 1910, trade unions 



A. a) included both skilled and unskilled workers 


B. b) were heavily politicized 


C. c) had organized a majority of European workers 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
241. The First International was an association of 



A. a) trade unionists, socialists, anarchists and Polish nationalists 


B. b) representatives from the major nations of Europe to discuss mutual problems 


C. c) businessmen who combined to promote free, unrestricted trade within Europe and with the world 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: A 
242. The dominant doctrine which emerged from the debates of the First International was 



A. a) Fabianism 


B. b) anarchism 


C. c) Marxism 


D. d) liberalism 


E.


Answer: C 
243. The Fabians 



A. a) were French social reformists who advocated immediate social reform 


B. b) were drawn mostly from the British working classes 


C. c) believed that the problems of industry could be solved gradually, peacefully and democratically 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: C 
244. The broad program of social reform in Britain after 1909 was led by 



A. a) the Liberals under David Lloyd George 


B. b) the Conservatives under Joseph Chamberlain 


C. c) the Liberals under Herbert Asquith 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
245. At the turn of the century, French socialism was led by 



A. a) Jules Guesde 


B. b) Jean Jaures 


C. c) Alexander Millerand 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
246. In France's labor movement, the term "syndicalism" referred to 



A. a) the willingness of the socialists to cooperate in a middle-class cabinet 


B. b) cooperation between the two wings of France's workers movement 


C. c) the abandonment of violent revolution for social change 


D. d) the idea of the general strike as a means of generating worker unity and power 


E.


Answer: D 
247. The first European country to adopt a program of social welfare legislation was 



A. a) Germany 


B. b) France 


C. c) Britain 


D. d) Russia 


E.


Answer: A 
248. The German Social Democratic Party (SPD) was composed of 



A. a) radicals who advocated revolution 


B. b) reformists 


C. c) Marxists 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
249. Bismarck's reformist social legislation 



A. a) represented a paternalistic, conservative alternative to socialism 


B. b) was popular with Kaiser William II 


C. c) was promulgated in part because of the failure to suppress the SPD   


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
250. The doctrines of Edward Bernstein 



A. a) were known as "reformism" and advocated social welfare 


B. b) were known as "revisionism" and argued against the correctness of Marxist theory 


C. c) were especially successful in Britain 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
251. The man most responsible for Russia's industrialization was 



A. a) Gregory Plekhanov 


B. b) P.A. Stolypin 


C. c) Sergei Witte 


D. d) Grigori Rasputin 


E.


Answer: C 
252. The more radical Russian revolutionary faction led by Lenin was called 



A. a) Menshevik 


B. b) Bolshevik 


C. c) Zemstvo 


D. d) Soviet 


E.


Answer: B 
253. In Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, Lenin argued 



A. a) for immediate revolution 


B. b) that traditional Marxism was not workable in theory and other tactics had to be explored 


C. c) that the socialist revolution had to unite the proletariat and the peasants 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: C 
254. Which best characterizes the attitude of the tsar's government toward a foreign war after 1911? 



A. a) war might restore unity to the country and should not be avoided 


B. b) war would shatter the regime and must be avoided 


C. c) war would bring certain benefits and should be provoked 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
255. In 1906, Tsar Nicholas II announced the 



A. a) creation of the Menshevik party 


B. b) election of the Duma 


C. c) death of Rasputin 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B