72. Socially and politically, the earlier half of the 19th century was a period of 
A. a) uncertainty and transition 
B. b) security and stability 
C. c) industrialization and full employment 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: A 
73. Britain was able to maintain an initial lead in the manufacturing and marketing of her products because 
A. a) of overly strict regulation of trade by the French monarchy 
B. b) of an over-reliance of the continental powers on New World markets 
C. c) the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon brought about the collapse of the French Atlantic trade, inflation and a reduction in the labor supply 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
74. In 1850, what percentage of the population lived in cities? 
A. a) 10 
B. b) 25 
C. c) 50 
D. d) 70 
Answer: C 
75. The land redistribution of the French Revolution and the emancipation of serfs resulted in 
A. a) the transformation of peasants into progressive, industrious farmers 
B. b) conservative landholders who possessed too little land to support themselves 
C. c) the enclosure of land by various governments on the Continent 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: B 
76. The development of railways led to 
A. a) the decline in the maintenance of regular roads and canals 
B. b) cheaper transportation of raw materials and finished products and hence their wider availability and cheaper cost to the consumer 
C. an increased demand for iron, steel and skilled labor which resulted in the construction of iron ships and machinery 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
77. During the early 19th century, urban artisans 
A. a) were attempting to maintain a traditional mode of life 
B. b) had to adjust to a new mode of life 
C. c) consisted of weavers, metalworkers and construction laborers 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
78. Proletarianization refers to 
A. a) patronage of workers by the owner of a factory 
B. b) the gradual control of workers in setting the wages and working conditions for a factory 
C. c) the gradual loss of workers ownership of the means of production and control over their own trades 
D. d) the gradual lowering of the cultural level of society due to the influx of the poor into urban areas 
Answer: C 
79. The urban artisan 
A. a) was not harmed and even prospered from the emergence of factories 
B. b) soon became unemployed after the emergence of self-sufficient factories 
C. c) experienced proletarianization more slowly than did factory workers 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
80. Confection refers to the 
A. a) production of goods in standard sizes 
B. b) production of custom made goods by artisans as a means of competing with factories 
C. c) proliferation of small business in factory towns 
D. d) attempt to increase production and lower wages in becoming competitive with factories 
Answer: A 
81. By the middle of the century, which of the following was the most radical political element in the European working class?
 
A. a) factory worker 
B. b) proletarian 
C. c) displaced farmer 
D. d) urban artisan 
Answer: D 
82. Chartism was 
A. a) an attempt to link the solution to the economic plight of the working class to a program of political reform 
B. b) an attempt to devise a new legal code in order to deal with the inequalities fostered by industrialization 
C. c) an attempt to rigidly control all aspects of industrial production by the state 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
83. The program of Chartism included 
A. a) the maintenance of the property requirement for Members of Parliament 
B. b) universal manhood suffrage 
C. c) open ballots 
D. d) elections in the House of Commons every five years 
Answer: B 
84. The Chartist movement 
A. a) was an outright failure 
B. b) declined because of economic revival 
C. c) was the first large-scale working-class political movement 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
85. The working-class family was destroyed by 
A. a) the adoption of new machinery and factory production 
B. b) the low factory wages which necessitated child labor 
C. c) the absence of the father since he often had to live apart from his family and travel to get work 
D. d) its transition from the chief unit of production and consumption to becoming a consumptive element alone 
Answer: D 
86. The English Factory Act of 1833 
A. a) limited a child's work-day to eight hours 
B. b) required two hours of education paid for by the factory owner 
C. c) contributed to the breakdown of the parental link in the family 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
87. Ultimately, as a result of industrialization, the family 
A. a) depended on the sharing of wages derived from several sources 
B. b) depended on the sharing of work in the home or factory 
C. c) was bound somewhat more closely than in the past 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
88. The industrial economy affected women since 
A. a) women started agitating for political rights in the 1830's 
B. b) women became associated more with household duties and men with family bread winning 
C. c) no new modes of employment were created for women 
D. d) the skill required of employed women was raised 
Answer: A 
89. One of the most serious problems facing women in the work force was 
A. a) poor working conditions which resulted in frequent illness 
B. b) discrimination in wages 
C. c) periodic absence from their jobs 
D. d) job insecurity 
Answer: D 
90. The life of young women in the cities was precarious because 
A. a) there were fewer family and community ties 
B. b) relationships between men and women were more fleeting as noted by the rise in illegitimate births 
C. c) they lacked dormitories provided by the factory which saw to their safety 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
91. The rise in 19th century crime was the direct result of 
A. a) social deprivation 
B. b) rising social and economic expectations 
C. c) a more aggressive criminal class 
D. d) no explanation is satisfactory and more research is needed 
Answer: D 
92. Police forces in the early 19th century were 
A. a) amateurs much like volunteer firefighters 
B. b) paid and professionally trained 
C. c) politically appointed 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: B 
93. Sir Robert Peel instituted 
A. a) a new silver standard for the British economy 
B. b) "bobbies" 
C. c) the Factory Act of 1833 
D. d) the Chartist movement 
Answer: B 
94. Before the 19th century, governments often 
A. a) simply executed prisoners in order to clear the local jails 
B. b) transported prisoners to penal colonies 
C. c) sent prisoners to galleys or prison ships 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
95. The prison reform movement of the 1840's in France and England 
A. a) de-emphasized rehabilitation of prisoners 
B. b) was modeled on prisons in America 
C. c) banned transportation as a penalty 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
96. The attempts to create new police forces and prison reform reflect 
A. a) reactionary conservatism 
B. b) a need to impose order on a growing and migrating population 
C. c) the end of Enlightenment influence 
D. d) an intolerance of the lower classes 
Answer: B 
97. The "Philadelphia System" of prison reform involved 
A. a) transportation to penal colonies 
B. b) the complete separation of prisoners at all times 
C. c) the separation of prisoners at nighttime only 
D. d) family visitation on a more or less regular basis 
Answer: B 
98. The classical economists 
A. a) abandoned laissez-faire policies 
B. b) conceived of society as consisting of atomistic individuals from whose competitive efforts consumer demands were met 
C. c) advocated mercantilism 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
99. Who contended that the human population grows geometrically while the food supply can expand only arithmetically? 
A. a) Saint-Simon 
B. b) Benjamin Disraeli 
C. c) Thomas Malthus 
D. d) Louis Blanc 
Answer: C 
100. The ideas of David Ricardo contained in Principles of Political Economy 
A. a) confirmed in employers a natural hesitancy to raise wages 
B. b) provided theoretical support for opposition to labor unions 
C. c) explained the Iron Law of Wages 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
101. Classical economics had less influence on Germany because of the 
A. a) tradition of state-directed economic development 
B. b) lack of free trading unions 
C. c) lack of railroads and other industrial development 
D. d) backwardness of the banking system 
Answer: A 
102. "The greatest happiness for the greatest number" is a principle of 
A. a) mercantilism 
B. b) physiocratism 
C. c) utilitarianism 
D. d) economic dynamism 
Answer: C 
103. The Poor Law passed by the House of Commons in 1834 was designed to 
A. a) provide aid to poor families in distress 
B. b) eliminate poverty in England but was only marginally successful 
C. c) make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations and set up workhouses where government "relief" would be provided 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
104. The Corn Laws repealed in 1846 had provided for 
A. a) subsidies to farmers who grew grain 
B. b) government control of grain prices 
C. c) tariffs on imported grain 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
105. British utilitarians believed 
A. a) in the principle of utility-the greatest good for the greatest number 
B. b) that political, economic and social problems should be addressed rationally without reference to special interests or privileged groups 
C. c) in efficient bureaucracy 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
106. The utopian socialists 
A. a) organized a meaningful political following 
B. b) advocated doctrines which were direct and persuasive 
C. c) believed that human society should be organized as a community 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
107. Saint-Simon advocated 
A. a) a society organized and managed by expert directors who coordinated individual activity 
B. b) that the creation of a humane industrial environment would not reduce profits 
C. c) liberated living in communities called phalanxes   
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
108. The anarchist who advocated terror as a policy for change was 
A. a) Pierre Joseph Proudhon 
B. b) Louis Blanc 
C. c) Auguste Blanqui 
D. d) Louis Kossuth 
Answer: C 
109. Karl Marx's major ideas were derived from 
A. a) Hegel 
B. b) French socialism 
C. c) classical economics 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
110. The Condition of the Working Class in England was written by 
A. a) Adam Smith 
B. b) Friedrich Engels 
C. c) Karl Marx 
D. d) David Ricardo 
Answer: B 
111. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels advocated that 
A. a) human nature must be understood rationally and as a whole 
B. b) the middle class would finally be victorious and thus oppression would cease 
C. c) private property must be abolished 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
112. Among the factors which led to the revolutions of 1848 was 
A. a) severe food shortages 
B. b) the Communist Manifesto 
C. c) a rise in middle-class employment 
D. d) French nationalism 
Answer: B 
113. The dynamic force for change in the revolutions of 1848 originated in the 
A. a) political liberals 
B. b) working classes 
C. c) military of various countries 
D. d) middle classes 
Answer: A 
114. The victory of Louis Napoleon in the plebiscite of 1851 signaled 
A. a) an era of reform 
B. b) a move from republicanism to Caesarism 
C. c) the victory of French socialism 
D. d) a victory for French nationalism 
Answer: B 
115. The Magyars were 
A. a) the working classes who demanded political equality in the Hapsburg empire 
B. b) elite military units which were instrumental in quelling the riots in Hapsburg lands 
C. c) Hungarian nationalists who were led by Louis Kossuth 
D. d) Hungarian anarchists 
Answer: C 
116. Under the Prussian constitution of 1849, ministers were responsible to the 
A. a) the Prussian Parliament
B. b) the Prussian Supreme Court 
C. c) the king 
D. d) all voters 
Answer: C