616. The chief danger to the Directory came from 
A. a) Napoleon Bonaparte who wanted a republic 
B. b) the royalists who hoped to restore the Bourbon monarchy 
C. c) the free peasantry who were now land owners 
D. d) the sans-culottes who had gained in influence during the French Revolution 
Answer: B 
617. After the spring elections of 1797, the leaders of the Directory 
A. a) staged a coup d'etat in order to aid the restoration of the monarchy 
B. b) gave Napoleon Bonaparte complete authority over the state 
C. c) staged a coup d'etat in order to prevent the restoration of the monarchy 
D. d) overcame an attempt to take over their government by force 
Answer: C 
618. Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 
A. a) defied the Directory 
B. b) supported the Directory 
C. c) took over the government with his army 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: B 
619. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 
A. a) France 
B. b) Sicily 
C. c) Corsica 
D. d) Prussia 
Answer: C 
620. Napoleon's initial victories in the service of France were against the 
A. a) Prussians in Germany 
B. b) Russians in Belgium 
C. c) Austrians in Italy 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
621. The statement "confidence from below, power from above" reflects the ideas of 
A. a) Napoleon Bonaparte 
B. b) Abbe Sieyes 
C. c) Robespierre 
D. d) Hegel 
Answer: B 
622. Before returning to Paris to become Consul in the Directorate (1799), Napoleon's military campaign had failed in 
A. a) Egypt 
B. b) Northern Italy 
C. c) Belgium 
D. d) Austria 
Answer: A 
623. The Constitution of the Year VIII 
A. a) appealed to republican theory with a complicated system of checks and balances 
B. b) included a Council of State that evoked memories of Louis XIV 
C. c) in fact established the rule of Napoleon 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
624. Once in power, Napoleon 
A. a) employed generosity, flattery and bribery to win over some of his  enemies 
B. b) was ruthless in suppressing opposition 
C. c) refused a general amnesty and employed only people from his own political faction 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
625. After achieving power, Napoleon ruthlessly suppressed his opposition by 
A. a) developing a secret police 
B. b) centralizing his administration 
C. c) executing the Bourbon Duke of Enghien 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
626. The concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII 
A. a) declared that "Catholicism is the religion of a great majority of French citizens)" 
B. b) allowed for the Catholic Church to select and pay the salaries of bishops 
C. c) forced the clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the Church 
D. d) allowed the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to remain in the Church 
Answer: A 
627. Who crowned Napoleon "Emperor of the French"? 
A. a) Pope Pius VII 
B. b) Archbishop of Paris 
C. c) Napoleon 
D. d) Abbe Sieyes 
Answer: C 
628. The victory of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar in 1805 
A. a) guaranteed British control of the sea for the rest of the war 
B. b) did not seriously affect Napoleon's plans for control of Britain 
C. c) put to an end all French hope for an invasion of England 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
629. The Napoleonic Code maintained that 
A. a) all privileges based on birth were to be abolished 
B. b) labor unions were to be legal 
C. c) salaried officials to be chosen by favor rather than by merit 
D. d) women were to be social and political equals to men 
Answer: A 
630. The Napoleonic Code 
A. a) finally achieved the full equality under the law that Enlightenment thought had demanded 
B. b) codified ancient Germanic codes of law 
C. c) stopped far short of full equality demanded by liberal rationalists 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
631. Napoleon's greatest weapon in his conquest of Europe was 
A. a) cannon made of reinforced steel 
B. b) the incompetence of the generals he faced 
C. c) the mobilized French nation which could produce a steady flow of conscript citizens 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
632. In July 1806, Napoleon organized the 
A. a) Confederation of the Rhine 
B. b) Holy Roman Empire 
C. c) Prussian Bicameral Body 
D. d) Tilsit Agreements 
Answer: A 
633. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire 
A. a) was dissolved 
B. b) came under the leadership of Napoleon as Holy Roman Emperor 
C. c) was incorporated into the Confederacy of the Rhine 
D. d) fell under the control of Prussia 
Answer: A 
634. The Prussian social reforms of Baron von Stein and Count von Hardenberg 
A. a) were intended to break the power of the Junkers 
B. b) were intended to reduce the autocratic power of the Prussian monarch 
C. c) were armed at accepting the ideals of the French revolution without accepting the necessity of popular revolution itself 
D. d) brought few actual changes in Prussian society 
Answer: C 
635. Napoleon's "Continental System" aimed at 
A. a) cutting off all British trade with the continent 
B. b) free trade within the French empire 
C. c) establishing members of his family as rulers of satellite states 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
636. The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 
A. a) was signed by Napoleon and Czar Alexander I 
B. b) confined French gains: Prussia was reduced to half its size 
C. c) required Prussia openly and Russia secretly to become allies of Napoleon in his war against Britain 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
637. The British economy survived the "Continental System" of Napoleon because 
A. a) Britain still controlled the seas 
B. b) of British access to the markets of North and South America as well as the eastern Mediterranean 
C. c) of the resentment of the continental members to the economic advantages of the system for France 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
638. Why did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon in 1808? 
A. a) Napoleon's deposition of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty and opposition to the church 
B. b) Napoleon's brutality toward the people 
C. c) the hostility of the upper class toward Napoleon 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
639. Napoleon married the Austrian Archduchess Marie Louise because 
A. a) he was concerned with the continuance of the dynasty 
B. b) Josephine divorced him 
C. c) he desired a marriage matching his new position as master of Europe 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
640. After Napoleon's defeat in Russia in 1812, 
A. a) his army lost respect and his position as commander was seriously threatened 
B. b) he sued for a negotiated peace 
C. c) he was unable to raise an army for over six months 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
641. The Russians were able to repel Napoleon's invasion in 1812 because of the 
A. a) Russian superiority in manpower 
B. b) a "scorched earth" policy against Napoleon 
C. c) mild Russian winter 
D. d) Russian tactic of engaging in decisive battles with Napoleon 
Answer: B 
642. What led to reforms in Prussia during the Age of Napoleon? 
A. a) Frederick William III was a progressive monarch 
B. b) famine led to peasant uprisings which forced the reforms 
C. c) Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: C 
643. The last coalition against Napoleon in 1814 consisted of 
A. a) Russia and Britain 
B. b) Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria 
C. c) Prussia, Austria and Britain 
D. d) Russia, Prussia and Austria 
Answer: B 
644. The Battle of Nations took place at 
A. a) Leipzig 
B. b) Dresden 
C. c) Borodino 
D. d) Jena 
Answer: A 
645. After the Battle of Nations in 1813, Napoleon 
A. a) abdicated his throne 
B. b) went into exile on the island of St) Helena 
C. c) restored the Bourbon dynasty to its former power and position 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
646. The Congress of Vienna supported the position that 
A. a) France should be humiliated 
B. b) Napoleon should be executed 
C. c) no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
647. The key person in achieving eventual agreement with regard to land divisions among the allies at the Congress of Vienna was 
A. a) Metternich 
B. b) Talleyrand 
C. c) Castlereagh 
D. d) Alexander I 
Answer: B 
648. The Hundred Days refers to the 
A. a) length of the Congress of Vienna 
B. b) period of Napoleon's return 
C. c) length of Napoleon's exile 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
649. Napoleon was crushed in 1815 by 
A. a) Frederick William III at Jena 
B. b) General Kutuzov at Borodino 
C. c) Field Marshall von Blucher at Austerlitz 
D. d) Wellington and Blucher at Waterloo 
Answer: D 
650. The Congress of Vienna has been criticized for 
A. a) failing to recognize and provide for the forces of nationalism and democracy 
B. b) not executing Napoleon 
C. c) eliminating Spain as an international power 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
651. The Romantic Movement was a reaction to 
A. a) the excessive scientific narrowness of the 18th century philosophes 
B. b) Napoleon's defeat 
C. c) attempts at control over the state by the church 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: A 
652. In Rousseau's Emile (1762), the author stressed 
A. a) the need to develop a "consensus foundation" for government 
B. b) the importance of diversity of opinion in the success of a nation 
C. c) the necessity to regard children as different from adults and to give them maximum freedom in their development 
D. d) the bonds of friendship which are essential for happiness in life 
Answer: C 
653. Methodist teaching centered on 
A. a) inward heartfelt religion 
B. b) practical piety 
C. c) emotional experiences 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
654. Who of the following philosophers best reflects "romantic" ideas? 
A. a) Immanuel Kant 
B. b) Thomas Hobbes 
C. c) John Locke 
D. d) David Hume 
Answer: A 
655. In The Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Kant 
A. a) argued that knowledge was rooted in sensory experience alone 
B. b) believed that the human mind reflected the world around it like a passive mirror 
C. c) sought to accept the rationalism of the Enlightenment and still preserve a belief in human freedom and the existence of god 
D. d) rejected the idea of "practical reason" in favor of the concept of "pure reason" 
Answer: C 
656. The poems "The Ancient Mariner" and "Kublai Khan" were written by 
A. a) Shelley 
B. b) Coleridge 
C. c) Wordsworth 
D. d) Byron 
Answer: B 
657. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, 
A. a) destroyed Islamic culture in the region 
B. b) reshaped the European vision of Islam and opened the West to the study of Arabic culture 
C. c) forbade the study of Arabic and Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: B 
658. Perhaps the greatest German literary figure of modern times, his masterpiece was Faust) 
A. a) Friedrich Schlegel 
B. b) E)T)A) Hoffman 
C. c) Friedrich Schiller 
D. d) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 
Answer: D 
659. A distinctive feature of Romanticism was 
A. a) a rational approach to the world 
B. b) the focus on absolute values 
C. c) the glorification of individual persons and cultures 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
660. A theory of the evolutionary development of ideas was worked out by 
A. a) Hegel 
B. b) Kant 
C. c) Rousseau 
D. d) Herder 
Answer: A