480. Enlightenment thinkers 



A. a) were convinced that human beings could comprehend the operation of physical nature, but could not mold it to the ends of moral improvement 


B. b) had faith in the power of rational criticism 


C. c) were not popular in their own era because their ideas were difficult to comprehend 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: B 
481. As a result of the Enlightenment, 



A. a) the aristocracy became intellectualized 


B. b) distinctions between social classes were not as defined 


C. c) the spirit of innovation and improvement come to characterize modern European and Western society 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
482. The writers and critics who fostered the attitude of change and reform during the Enlightenment were called 



A. a) enlightened despots 


B. b) utilitarians 


C. c) philosophes 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
483. Although they disagreed on many issues, the fundamental principle shared by all Enlightenment thinkers was 



A. a) direct democracy 


B. b) reforming society for the sake of human liberty 


C. c) absolute monarchy 


D. d) mercantilism 


E.


Answer: B 
484. The majority of the philosophes were 



A. a) middle-class professionals 


B. b) upper-class liberals 


C. c) middle-class artisans 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: A 
485. With regard to economic measures, the philosophes generally supported 



A. a) low tariffs 


B. b) cottage industries 


C. c) reduced emphasis on transportation of goods 


D. d) the expansion of trade 


E.


Answer: D 
486. The major intellectual forerunner of the Enlightenment was 



A. a) Isaac Newton 


B. b) John Locke 


C. c) Thomas Paine 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
487. John Locke stated that each human being entered the world as a tabula rasa; by this he implied that 



A. a) a person's personality is the portrait of external sensations 


B. b) human nature is changeable and can be molded by the environment 


C. c) improvement of the human situation was possible 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
488. In  An Essay in Human Understanding by John Locke, he 



A. a) rejected the Christian view of humankind as permanently flawed by sin 


B. b) suggested that humans could take charge of their own destiny and not wait for divine aid 


C. c) human beings are by nature revolutionary and therefore political threats to monarchy 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
489. Isaac Newton encouraged Europeans to 



A. a) support the Catholic Church 


B. b) reject Christian doctrine 


C. c) approach the study of nature directly avoiding metaphysics and supernaturalism 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
490. Isaac Newton influenced social thought by 



A. a) applying deductive reasoning to politics 


B. b) reasoning that nature was rational; others believed that society should also be rational 


C. c) advocating social revolution 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
491. Enlightenment philosophes 



A. a) spoke with two voices regarding Islam 


B. b) were generally supportive and tolerant of Islam 


C. c) believed Islam to be fanatical and universally rejected its influence 


D. d) ignored Islam and rejected the study of Arabic 


E.


Answer: A 
492. The  philosophes particularly admire Great Britain because of 



A. a) the success of the British Empire 


B. b) the literary genius of Shakespeare and Milton 


C. c) its liberal government, religious toleration, and stability 


D. d) the structures of the Anglican church 


E.


Answer: C 
493. The philosophes on the whole 



A. a) were strong feminists 


B. b) displayed rather traditional views toward women 


C. c) advocated radical changes in the social condition of women 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
494. The slogan "Crush the Infamous Thing" refers to 



A. a) Bentham's view of the legal system 


B. b) Montesquieu's attitude toward the French monarchy 


C. c) Catherine the Great's attitude toward Poland 


D. d) Voltaire's attitude toward the Catholic Church 


E.


Answer: D 
495. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft 



A. a) accused Rousseau of trying to narrow women's vision and limit their experience 


B. b) argued that women were the victims of male tyranny 


C. c) argued that denying education to women would impede the progress of humanity 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
496. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu admired which constitution as the wisest: 



A. a) the French 


B. b) the English 


C. c) the Roman 


D. d) the German 


E.


Answer: B 
497. The Persian Letters by Montesquieu 



A. a) was a travel log of his adventures in Persia 


B. b) demonstrated the irrationality of the church 


C. c) satirized contemporary institutions 


D. d) decried the Parisian disregard for law 


E.


Answer: C 
498. The Encyclopedia project was led by 



A. a) Diderot 


B. b) Voltaire 


C. c) Montesquieu 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: A 
499. The Encyclopedia set forth the most advanced critical ideas in religion, government, philosophy and also 



A. a) provided information on ship construction, canal building, manufacturing and improved agriculture 


B. b) inspired the support of the church 


C. c) represented a plea for freedom of expression 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
500. The encyclopedists believed that 



A. a) antiquity rather than the Christian centuries should provide the intellectual and ethical models for civilization 


B. b) the future welfare of humankind depended on living at peace with their neighbors 


C. c) the good life lay in the application of reason to human relationship 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
501. With the publication of the Encyclopedia, 



A. a) Enlightenment thought was diffused over the Continent 


B. b) the French government initiated a serious attempt at press censorship 


C. c) the pope issued an official condemnation of the work 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: A 
502. In the view of the philosophes, Christianity 



A. a) should be supported as a unifier of Europe 


B. b) was necessary in order to control the masses 


C. c) favored the politics of intolerance and bigotry that caused human suffering, torture and war 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: C 
503. During the Enlightenment, the church 



A. a) sought a healthy accommodation with the philosophes 


B. b) provided justification for the social and political status quo 


C. c) advocated nonparticipation in political matters 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
504. Most philosophes believed that religion should be 



A. a) controlled by the state 


B. b) abolished 


C. c) regulated to a greater extent by strict laws imposed by churches, not by the state 


D. d) transformed into a humane force of tolerance 


E.


Answer: D 
505. A primary social condition for a virtuous life, according to the philosophes, was 



A. a) wealth 


B. b) prestige and class rank 


C. c) religious toleration 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: C 
506. Baruch Spinoza's teachings seemed to portray the world as 



A. a) finite and subject to control by the human spirit 


B. b) eternal and human actions as unfree or inevitable 


C. c) eternal, but humans as self-destructive 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: A 
507. Cesare Beccaria became an influential writer after publication of his work, 



A. a) On Crimes and Punishments 


B. b) The Public Utility 


C. c) The Critique of Pure Reason 


D. d) Principia Mathematica 


E.


Answer: A 
508. The reforming economists who prized agriculture above all were called 



A. a) enlightened absolutists 


B. b) encyclopedists 


C. c) utilitarians 


D. d) physiocrats 


E.


Answer: D 
509. Which thinker is most closely associated with the idea of full exploitation of nature for the good of humankind? 



A. a) Adam Smith 


B. b) Voltaire 


C. c) Francois Quesnay 


D. d) David Hume 


E.


Answer: A 
510. Laissez-faire economic thought argues in favor of 



A. a) a protective role for the government in the economic life of a nation 


B. b) a limited role for the government in the economic life of a nation 


C. c) the distribution of wealth according to need 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
511. Adam Smith advocated 



A. a) mercantilism 


B. b) domestic regulation of the state 


C. c) trading monopolies 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
512. Montesquieu can best be described as a political 



A. a) conservative 


B. b) liberal 


C. c) radical 


D. d) absolutist 


E.


Answer: A 
513. Montesquieu's prescription for political reform was 



A. a) enlightened absolutism 


B. b) adherence to the general will 


C. c) monarchy tempered by a reformed aristocracy 


D. d) direct democracy 


E.


Answer: C 
514. Who was known as the "Jewish Socrates?" 



A. a) Baruch Spinoza 


B. b) Edouard Bernstein 


C. c) Moses Mendelsohn 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
515. Rousseau asked the fundamental question: 



A. a) Why must there be social classes? 


B. b) What is the good life? 


C. c) Why is morality the preserve of the nobility? 


D. d) Why is reform a norm of life? 


E.


Answer: B 
516. Rousseau wrote which of the following? 



A. a) The Spirit of the Laws 


B. b) The Social Contract 


C. c) The Wealth of Nations 


D. d) The Principles of Morals and Legislations 


E.


Answer: B 
517. Rousseau criticized most Enlightenment thinkers on the grounds that 



A. a) they cared about materialism and progress, but not virtue and happiness 


B. b) their critique of religion was not atheistic 


C. c) they did not sufficiently appreciate the worthiness of science 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
518. Rousseau launched an assault on the 



A. a) aristocracy 


B. b) middle class 


C. c) cult of the individual and the fruits of selfishness 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
519. Which monarch took the title of "first servant of the state"? 



A. a) Joseph II 


B. b) Louis XIV 


C. c) Frederick the Great 


D. d) Catherine the Great 


E.


Answer: C 
520. Joseph II of Austria believed that religious toleration would 



A. a) result in political anarchy 


B. b) lead to greater human knowledge 


C. c) make his subjects more loyal 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
521. Joseph II of Austria 



A. a) tried to increase the power of the central monarchy 


B. b) sought to decentralize the Hapsburg land holdings 


C. c) was unsuccessful with the Magyars 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
522. Robot were 



A. a) taxes in kind sent by the peasantry 


B. b) services due a landlord from a peasant 


C. c) abolished by Joseph II 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
523. "Enlightened absolutism" is a term used to describe 



A. a) the rulers who had actually embraced the reforms of the philosophes 


B. b) an autocracy sanctioned by philosophy 


C. c) monarchical government dedicated to the rational strengthening of absolutist administration 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
524. The "enlightened absolutism" of the rulers of the 18th century can best be described as 



A. a) a veneer for the exercise of autocratic power 


B. b) neither genuinely enlightened, nor truly absolute in the exercise of royal power 


C. c) a truly benign rule based upon justice and security 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B