69. The phrase, cuius regio, eius religio, means 



A. a) whoever controls the religion may rule 


B. b) he who controls the land may determine its religion 


C. c) whoever reigns may also serve as head of the religion 


D. d) the king should always support the established religion 


E.


Answer: B 
70. Calvinist church organization differed from Catholic in that it 



A. a) stressed regional and local religious authority 


B. b) adopted a centralized episcopal system 


C. c) established local courts throughout Europe to try heretics 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: A 
71. The Peace of Augsburg included in its provisions 



A. a) Anabaptists 


B. b) Calvinists and Lutherans 


C. c) only Lutherans 


D. d) only Calvinists 


E.


Answer: C 
72. The motto, "one king, one church, one law," was supported by which religious group? 



A. a) Catholics 


B. b) Lutherans 


C. c) Calvinists 


D. d) Anabaptists 


E.


Answer: A 
73. During the religious wars in Europe, which policy among intellectuals and politicians became more respectable? 



A. a) skepticism, nationalism and socialism 


B. b) toleration of religious pluralism 


C. c) skepticism, relativism and individualism 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
74. A politique was 



A. a) a political bureaucrat in France 


B. b) the governor of a French district 


C. c) rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity 


D. d) a conservative advisor to the king of France 


E.


Answer: C 
75. The Huguenots were 



A. a) French Catholics 


B. b) French merchants 


C. c) French Protestants 


D. d) elite French troops 


E.


Answer: C 
76. Catherine de Medici had to contend with which of the following families for control of France after the death of Henry II? 



A. a) Bourbons 


B. b) Montmorency-Chatillons 


C. c) Guises 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
77. Catherine de Medici's first concern was to preserve the French monarchy and in accordance with that policy, she 



A. a) was ambivalent in her support of Catholics and Protestants 


B. b) supported Catholicism at every instance 


C. c) supported Protestantism at every instance 


D. d) was a politique 


E.


Answer: A 
78. Which of the following was true of Calvinism? 



A. a) its appeal was based exclusively upon its religious doctrine 


B. b) Calvinism gave justification to political resistance 


C. c) political resistance made Calvinism a viable religious alternative in France 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
79. The St) Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted in 



A. a) a new wave of distrust and expanded warfare among Protestants and Catholics 


B. b) the massacre of thousands of Catholics 


C. c) an international struggle for survival for the Protestants 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
80. The Prince of Conde was 



A. a) a Huguenot leader 


B. b) a leader of the Guise faction 


C. c) the assassin of the Duke of Guise 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
81. Gaspard de Coligny was 



A. a) one of the leaders of the French Protestant resistance 


B. b) an important advisor to Catherine de Medici 


C. c) attacked during the St) Bartholomew's Day Massacre 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
82. Henry of Navarre 



A. a) was a politique 


B. b) supported Catholicism as the majority religion of his country 


C. c) tolerated a Protestant minority in his country 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
83. The Edict of Nantes 



A. a) recognized Catholic religious freedoms 


B. b) recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions 


C. c) was promulgated by Henry IV and provided for religious toleration in England 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: B 
84. Both Henry III and Henry IV of France 



A. a) were victorious over Huguenot armies 


B. b) were politiques 


C. c) were assassinated 


D. d) maintained close political and religious ties with Spain 


E.


Answer: C 
85. Philip II of Spain was generally a successful king, but his reign also suffered from 



A. a) loan defaults 


B. b) inflation 


C. c) a wide gap between rich and poor 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
86. In 1571 the Spanish ended Turkish control of the Mediterranean at the battle of 



A. a) the Dardanelles 


B. b) Gibraltar 


C. c) Lepanto 


D. d) Halfa 


E.


Answer: C 
87. Which of the following did Philip II of Spain attempt to conquer? 



A. a) the Netherlands, Germany and England 


B. b) Portugal, Italy and France 


C. c) Portugal, the Netherlands and England 


D. d) Portugal, France and Denmark 


E.


Answer: C 
88. Two men who helped shape and enforce Philip II's policy toward the Netherlands were 



A. a) Henry of Navarre and Don Carlos 


B. b) Count of Egmont and the Duke of Alba 


C. c) Cardinal Granville and the Duke of Alba 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
89. The richest area of Philip II's Hapsburg kingdom was 



A. a) Parma 


B. b) Netherlands 


C. c) Portugal 


D. d) Germany 


E.


Answer: B 
90. The Spanish objective in the Netherlands was to 



A. a) establish a major port at Antwerp 


B. b) end the Hanseatic League 


C. c) make the area politically docile and religiously uniform 


D. d) maintain political decentralization in order to disrupt English foreign policy on the Continent 


E.


Answer: C 
91. William of Orange was 



A. a) a Catholic 


B. b) a Lutheran 


C. c) a Calvinist 


D. d) all of the above, at different times 


E.


Answer: D 
92. The Compromise was 



A. a) Elizabeth I's Anglican solution 


B. b) the settlement of 1688 when William of Orange ascended the English throne 


C. c) a national covenant which pledged to resist the Council of Trent and the Inquisition 


D. d) the alliance between the French Huguenots and the German Lutherans 


E.


Answer: C 
93. The Spanish Fury referred to the 



A. a) destruction of the Aztecs 


B. b) anger of Philip over the destruction of his Armada 


C. c) Antwerp massacre 


D. d) torture of the Inquisition 


E.


Answer: C 
94. The Pacification of Ghent was 



A. a) the declaration of internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion between the English and Dutch 


B. b) a compromise between the English and Spanish over the Netherlands 


C. c) the process of consolidation after the Spanish victory over the Dutch 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
95. The result of the Perpetual Edict of 1577 was 



A. a) the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 


B. b) Dutch subservience to the Spanish victors for the next 50 years 


C. c) Spanish defiance of the Union of Brussels 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: A 
96. The "apology" was a speech by 



A. a) Philip II which defended his decision to launch the Spanish Armada 


B. b) William of Orange denouncing Philip 


C. c) William of Orange nobly asking the Spanish for mercy after their victory in the Netherlands 


D. d) Don John after his loss of the Armada 


E.


Answer: B 
97. During the reign of Mary I, 



A. a) nearly 300 Catholics were executed 


B. b) the "Marian Exiles" were caught and returned to England for execution 


C. c) Protestant legislation was repealed 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: C 
98. Elizabeth I's religious settlement can best be described as 



A. a) a central episcopal system with broadly defined Catholic doctrine and traditional Protestant ritual 


B. b) a central episcopal system with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual 


C. c) moderate Calvinism with toleration of Catholics assured 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: B 
99. The husband of Mary I was 



A. a) Thomas Cranmer 


B. b) Henry VIII 


C. c) Philip II 


D. d) Edward VI 


E.


Answer: C 
100. Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed because 



A. a) she was a Catholic 


B. b) of her support of the Spanish Armada 


C. c) of her complicity in plots against Elizabeth 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: C 
101. A major grievance of the Puritans was the 



A. a) retention of the Catholic ceremony and vestments 


B. b) continuation of the episcopal system of church governance 


C. c) conducting of the mass in Latin 


D. d) both A and bB 


E.


Answer: D 
102. Congregationalists were 



A. a) extreme political reactionaries 


B. b) a moderate voice in favor of Elizabeth's Anglican Church 


C. c) extreme Puritans 


D. d) followers of John Knox 


E.


Answer: C 
103. John Knox was valuable to Elizabeth because he 



A. a) served as the first Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury 


B. b) supported England in its war against Spain 


C. c) served as watchdog over Mary Stuart 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: C 
104. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 



A. a) gave heart to Protestant resistance everywhere 


B. b) saved France from Spanish conquest 


C. c) inflicted a defeat from which Spain never fully recovered 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
105. Spanish strength in the second half of the sixteenth century was based on 



A. a) wealth from the New World 


B. b) a subjugated peasantry 


C. an efficient national bureaucracy 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
106. Who singed the "beard of Spain's king"? 



A. a) John Hawkins 


B. b) Francis Drake 


C. c) William Cecil 


D. d) Walter Raleigh 


E.


Answer: B 
107. In the second half of the 16th century, Germany had about how many autonomous political entities? 



A. a) 7 


B. b) 125 


C. c) 360 


D. d) 600 


E.


Answer: C 
108. About what percentage of the German population died as a result of the Thirty Years' War? 



A. a) 10 


B. b) 25 


C. c) 33 


D. d) 50 


E.


Answer: C 
109. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 



A. a) ended all hostilities within the empire 


B. b) asserted the cuius regio, eius religio  principle of the Peace of Augsburg 


C. c) gave legal recognition to the Calvinists 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
110. Albrecht of Wallenstein was a 



A. a) devout Catholic military leader 


B. b) devout Catholic spiritual leader 


C. c) brilliant and ruthless mercenary 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
111. The Thirty Years' War and the treaty that followed resulted in 



A. a) French division of and control over the duchies of Germany 


B. b) the death of an estimated one third of the population of Germany 


C. c) the decentralization of Germany over two centuries to come 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: D 
112. Why did Lutherans come to fear Calvinists? 



A. a) Calvinists seemed to threaten the Treaty of Westphalia 


B. b) Calvinist criticism of the Lutheran doctrine of Christ's real presence in the Eucharist alarmed conservative Lutherans 


C. c) Calvinists felt hostile toward Lutherans because Calvinists believed that Lutherans had disgraced the Reformation 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: B 
113. The Peace of Augsburg 



A. a) had attempted to freeze the territorial holdings of the Catholics and Lutherans 


B. b) supported Calvinists by encouraging them to expand their land holdings 


C. c) was rejected by the Jesuits 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: A