605. During the Late Middle Ages, 



A. a) kingship was despotic and absolute 


B. b) king and pope became accountable to councils and parliaments 


C. c) democracy became an important part of most European governments 


D. d) developing nations became polarized with little attempt to discuss problems through diplomacy 


E.


Answer: B 
606. Which of the following was a cause of the Hundred Years' War? 



A. a) a dispute of succession to the French throne 


B. b) an English boycott of French exports 


C. c) the lack of centralized power in England and France 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
607. France suffered from what disadvantages (compared with England) in the Hundred Years' War? 



A. a) internal disunity and less money 


B. b) smaller population and less effective weapons 


C. c) mediocre leaders and less effective weapons 


D. d) smaller population and less money 


E.


Answer: C 
608. One of the most formidable of the weapons used in the Hundred Years' War was the 



A. a) crossbow 


B. b) catapult 


C. c) longbow 


D. d) mace 


E.


Answer: C 
609. The Estates General was 



A. a) a council of the church which dealt with papal abuse of power 


B. b) a feudal court which tried disloyal nobles and serfs 


C. c) a representative council of townsmen and noblemen 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
610. King Edward III defeated the French in 1346 at the Battle of 



A. a) Agincourt 


B. b) Crecy 


C. c) Bouvines 


D. d) Orange 


E.


Answer: B 
611. What was responsible for a lull in the Hundred Years' War from 1347 to 1355? 



A. a) the Jacquerie 


B. b) Black Death 


C. c) the treachery of the Bruces of Scotland 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
612. After the battle of Poitiers in 1356, 



A. a) there was a complete breakdown of political order in France 


B. b) the pope excommunicated Edward III 


C. c) the English surrendered Calais 


D. d) the French king was killed by his own countrymen 


E.


Answer: A 
613. The Jacquerie was 



A. a) a trading guild in Paris 


B. b) a series of bloody uprisings of the peasantry against the nobility 


C. c) a court of law designed to extort taxes from the peasantry 


D. d) the domestic advisers to the king of France 


E.


Answer: B 
614. The Peace of Bretigny 



A. a) declared Edward's vassalage to the king of France ended 


B. b) affirmed Edward's sovereignty over English territories in France 


C. c) contained the renunciation of Edward's claim to the French crown 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
615. By the time of Edward III's death in 1377, the 



A. a) English had been beaten back to the coast and territory of Bordeaux 


B. b) English controlled all of France except the territory around Paris 


C. c) French had united internally and were able to enlist the aid of the Dutch and Spanish 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: A 
616. Who led the revolt in England against King Richard II in 1381? 



A. a) John Ball 


B. b) John of Gaunt 


C. c) Wat Tyler 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
617. Henry V reheated the Hundred Years' War in 1415 



A. a) because the French king had gone mad 


B. b) because the Duke of Orleans had been assassinated 


C. c) by taking advantage of French turmoil created by John the Fearless 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
618. Henry V's great victory in France against numerical odds took place at 



A. a) Argagnac 


B. b) Agincourt 


C. c) Poitiers 


D. d) Orleans 


E.


Answer: B 
619. The Treaty of Troyes in 1420 



A. a) disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne 


B. b) made Henry V successor to Charles VI 


C. c) proclaimed Henry V to be king of France 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
620. Joan of Arc was able to reverse French fortunes on the battlefield because 



A. a) the English forces were exhausted 


B. b) she was a military genius 


C. c) she gave the French inspiration and confidence 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
621. Joan of Arc was executed 



A. a) by the Burgundians as a traitor 


B. b) by the English as a traitor 


C. c) as a relapsed heretic by the Inquisition 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: C 
622. The Black Death first appeared in 



A. a) Sicily 


B. b) Genoa 


C. c) Spain 


D. d) Bohemia 


E.


Answer: A 
623. Which of the following best describes the reaction of people to the plague? 



A. a) flagellation 


B. b) determination to lead a moderate life 


C. c) determination to lead a promiscuous life 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
624. The flagellants 



A. a) were religious fanatics 


B. b) bent themselves in ritual penance 


C. c) represented an extreme social reaction to the plague 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
625. Why did Jews become scapegoats for the Black Death? 



A. a) they carried the plague from town to town 


B. b) they had become society's moneylenders 


C. c) they had become a threatening, disruptive element in society 


D. d) they often survived the plague where others didn't 


E.


Answer: B 
626. Which of the following was a result of the Black Death? 



A. a) development and widespread use of soap 


B. b) rise in the price of agricultural prices and a fall in prices of manufactured goods 


C. c) decline in the power of trade guilds 


D. d) increase in the power of the king 


E.


Answer: D 
627. Politically, the plague resulted in 



A. a) the decline of the feudal nobility and the centralization of the state 


B. b) the decline of the monarchy and the centralization of feudal government 


C. c) the rise of the church in prestige and popularity 


D. d) political chaos and peasant rebellion 


E.


Answer: A 
628. How did cities ultimately benefit from the plague? 



A. a) people developed a taste for expensive goods that only skilled artisans could produce 


B. b) the plague weeded out poor artisans from the guilds 


C. c) the cost of rural agricultural goods rose 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
629. How did the church benefit from the plague? 



A. a) increased demand from the dying meant an increase in tax revenue 


B. b) gifts and bequests to the church multiplied 


C. c) the value of church-held land rose 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
630. The church of the late 13th century 



A. a) followed along the same strong lines established by Innocent III 


B. b) was besieged by local political attacks and disputes with France 


C. c) became wealthier, if not holier, through strict regulation of its lands 


D. d) worked hard to incorporate the ideals of St. Francis of Assisi 


E.


Answer: B 
631. The transformation of the papacy into a great secular power had been accomplished by 



A. a) Urban IV 


B. b) Boniface VIII 


C. c) Innocent III 


D. d) Celestine V 


E.


Answer: C 
632. The end of papal pretensions to great power status began with the pontificate of 



A. a) Gregory X 


B. b) Innocent III 


C. c) Boniface VIII 


D. d) Henry IV 


E.


Answer: C 
633. The conclave of cardinals sought to 



A. a) hinder their influence over the pope 


B. b) protect the cardinals from extraneous political influence 


C. c) focus their attention on supporting the Guelph faction in Rome 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: B 
634. The bull, Clericis Laicos, issued in 1296, 



A. a) forbade lay taxation of the clergy 


B. b) asserted the absolute supremacy of church over state 


C. c) was ultimately successful in dealing with strong monarchs 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: A 
635. Philip IV the Fair of France can best be described as 



A. a) a ruthless politician 


B. b) a concerned ally of the papacy 


C. c) intent on ending England's continental holdings 


D. d) both A and C 


E.


Answer: D 
636. Unam Sanctam was a 



A. a) papal bull designed to eliminate the Cathar heresy 


B. b) papal bull calling for unity for the purpose of launching a new crusade 


C. c) statement of papal power issued by Pope Clement V 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
637. After the humiliation of Boniface VIII, 



A. a) the papacy was unified in its hatred of Philip in particular and kings in general 


B. b) popes never again so seriously threatened kings and emperors 


C. c) Philip did penance and apologized to the new pope 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: B 
638. The Avignon papacy 



A. a) was one of the high points of the medieval church 


B. b) unified France and Spain religiously 


C. c) was considered one of the low points of the medieval church 


D. d) both B and C 


E.


Answer: C 
639. Why was the papacy removed from Rome to Avignon? 



A. a) to escape pressure from Philip the Fair 


B. b) to escape a Rome riddled with political strife 


C. c) the Knights Templar assured papal security in Avignon 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
640. In his Defender of the Peace, Marsilius of Padua 



A. a) depicted the pope as a subordinate member of society over which the emperor ruled supreme 


B. b) stressed the autonomy of secular government 


C. c) demanded that the king defend and protect the superiority of the church in secular and spiritual matters 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D 
641. One of the most important popes in Avignon was
 


A. a) Clement VI who strengthened the church's organization 


B. b) John XXII who made the papacy a sophisticated international agency 


C. c) Benedict XII who maintained a close connection between Rome and Avignon 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
642. John Huss 



A. a) asserted the temporal supremacy of pope over emperor 


B. b) was a heretic who was burned at the stake 


C. c) spread the teachings of the Cathars to Bohemia 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
643. The followers of John Wycliffe were called 



A. a) Lollards 


B. b) Cathars 


C. c) Provisors 


D. d) Conciliars 


E.


Answer: A 
644. The Great Schism was a reaction to 



A. a) the Conciliar movement 


B. b) the "Babylonian Captivity" 


C. c) Unam Sanctam 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
645. The Great Schism 



A. a) was a division within the College of Cardinals 


B. b) involved the division between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity 


C. c) actually strengthened the papacy 


D. d) none of the above 


E.


Answer: B 
646. The Council of Pisa 



A. a) solved the Babylonian Captivity 


B. b) solved the Great Schism 


C. c) was ultimately unsuccessful 


D. d) argued against conciliar theory 


E.


Answer: C 
647. The Council of Constance (14141417) 



A. a) made provisions for regular meetings of church councils 


B. b) elected Martin V as pope 


C. c) remained an illegitimate council in official eyes 


D. d) all of the above 


E.


Answer: D 
648. The end of the conciliar movement came with the 



A. a) Council of Ferrara-Florence 


B. b) Council of Constance 


C. c) Council of Basil 


D. d) excommunication and death of John Huss 


E.


Answer: C 
649. The conciliar movement was important because it 



A. a) planted the conviction that the role of a political or religious leader is to provide for the benefit of the institution, not just the leader 


B. b) placed religious responsibility on the laity and secular government 


C. c) supported the concept of separation of church and state 


D. d) both A and B 


E.


Answer: D