469. During the high Middle Ages, 
A. a) national monarchies emerged 
B. b) feudalism was abolished 
C. c) the Holy Roman Empire was made a secure and stable entity 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
470. During the high Middle Ages, the Western church 
A. a) became an institution controlled by strong, secular monarchs 
B. b) emerged as an authority independent of monarchical secular government 
C. c) became itself a monarchy 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
471. Otto I succeeded in 
A. a) checking the invasions of Hungarians and Danes 
B. b) controlling the church 
C. c) invading Italy and proclaiming himself king 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
472. The battle of Lechfeld in 955 was significant because 
A. a) it completed the splintering of Charlemagne's empire 
B. b) it secured German borders against barbarian attack 
C. c) it won Italy for the revived German empire 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: B 
473. Under Otto I, 
A. a) the royal focus of empire shifted from Italy back to Germany 
B. b) the popes ruled at the emperor's pleasure 
C. c) a revival of culture began in the court at Lechfeld 
D. d) the will of the aristocracy dominated the king 
Answer: B 
474. The monastery of Cluny observed the rules of 
A. a) St. Augustine 
B. b) St. Thomas Aquinas 
C. c) St. Benedict 
D. d) St. Odo 
Answer: C 
475. The Cluny movement was devoted to the following reforms: 
A. a) opposition to simony 
B. b) opposition to clerical concubinage 
C. c) the creation of a clergy free from the interference of kings 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
476. The Cluny reform movement inspired which of the following: 
A. a) the investiture controversy 
B. b) the prohibition of alcohol from Friday through Sunday 
C. c) the creation of the College of Cardinals 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
477. The secular clergy 
A. a) were composed of laymen who negotiated with the king on behalf of the church 
B. b) were monks and lived according to a prescribed rule 
C. c) were originally reformers from Cluny 
D. d) were churchmen who worked, lived and ministered to the world 
Answer: D 
478. The creation of the College of Cardinals in 1059 
A. a) came under the pontificate of Nicholas II 
B. b) resulted in the election of popes 
C. c) resulted in the cultural domination of the church by the state 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
479. The Peace of God was a 
A. a) document that united the western (Latin) and eastern (Orthodox) churches 
B. b) cooperative venture between the clergy and the higher nobility 
C. c) series of church decrees that attempted to lessen the endemic warfare of medieval society 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
480. The Truce of God ordered 
A. a) an end to the Investiture Struggle 
B. b) a peace between the Saracens and Christians during the Third Crusade 
C. c) that all men must abstain from violence and warfare during a certain part of each week 
D. d) cooperation between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York 
Answer: C 
481. Who ultimately emerged victorious from the investiture controversy? 
A. a) the German princes 
B. b) Gregory VII 
C. c) Henry IV 
D. d) Henry V 
Answer: A 
482. The Investiture Controversy was concerned with 
A. a) the investiture of bishops with the power to conduct communion 
B. b) the investiture of the pope with primacy over both east and west 
C. c) the investiture of bishops with lands and the staff and ring of office 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
483. The Investiture Controversy focused on the problems between 
A. a) church and state 
B. b) secular authority vs. temporal authority 
C. c) secular authority vs. spiritual authority 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
484. Henry IV did penance before 
A. a) St. Odo at Cluny 
B. b) Gregory VII at Canossa 
C. c) Adrian VI at Calais 
D. d) Thomas Becket at Canterbury 
Answer: B 
485. The settlement of the Investiture Controversy 
A. a) was made by Pope Calixtus and Henry V 
B. b) recognized the emperor's right to invest bishops with land after they were invested with the symbols of their office by the church 
C. c) was contained in the Concordat of Worms 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
486. Historically, repeated excommunication of the same individual has 
A. a) resulted in strict obedience to the spiritual power 
B. b) increased the power of the papacy 
C. c) made little difference and has been ineffective 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
487. Generally, the early Crusades were 
A. a) inspired by a high degree of genuine religious piety 
B. b) undertaken by patently mercenary motives 
C. c) carefully orchestrated by a revival papacy 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
488. The First Crusade was generally considered a 
A. a) rousing success 
B. b) dismal failure 
C. c) partial success in that Jerusalem was never captured by the crusaders 
D. d) partial success in that Richard the LionHearted was captured 
Answer: A 
489. The First Crusade was preached by 
A. a) Pope Gregory VII 
B. b) Bernard of Clairvaux 
C. c) Pope Urban II 
D. d) Richard the LionHearted 
Answer: C 
490. The Third Crusade involved which of the following leaders? 
A. a) Richard the LionHearted 
B. b) Henry II 
C. c) Frederick Barbarossa 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
491. Which was a result of the crusades? 
A. a) religious and political success 
B. b) the signing of the Magna Carta 
C. c) stimulation of trade between east and west 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
492. The Fourth Crusade 
A. a) resulted in a western reconquest of Jerusalem 
B. b) turned into a large commercial venture manipulated by the Venetians 
C. c) destroyed the Albigensians 
D. d) destroyed the Cathars 
Answer: B 
493. Which of the following religious orders were called "friars"? 
A. a) Franciscans and Dominicans 
B. b) Cathars and Albigensians 
C. c) Benedictines and Franciscans 
D. d) Dominicans and Arians 
Answer: A 
494. Alfred the Great 
A. a) lost the great battle against William of Normandy 
B. b) commissioned the Domesday Book 
C. c) established Anglo-Saxon democratic institutions 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
495. The Domesday Book was 
A. a) a compilation of statutes under William of Normandy 
B. b) a compilation of statutes under Alfred the Great 
C. c) an accounting of property for tax purposes 
D. d) a pessimistic book depicting the penalties of Hell 
Answer: C 
496. William of Normandy could claim the English throne because 
A. a) he defeated the English in battle 
B. b) the Anglo-Saxon assembly chose him 
C. c) he had a hereditary claim to the throne 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
497. The patron of courtly love literature was 
A. a) Matilda of Anjou 
B. b) Henry II 
C. c) Louis VII 
D. d) Eleanor of Aquitaine 
Answer: D 
498. Courtly love literature was 
A. a) viewed as an attack on medieval ascetic values 
B. b) a commentary on problems within the domestic life of the aristocracy 
C. c) filled with tales of illicit love and thinly veiled eroticism 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
499. Henry II's chancellor, Thomas Becket, 
A. a) ultimately became pope 
B. b) was assassinated 
C. c) also became Archbishop of Canterbury 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
500. Thomas Becket's assassination resulted in 
A. a) his martyrdom 
B. b) dominance of the church by Henry II 
C. c) resentment of Henry's heavy-handed church policy 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
501. William of Normandy became king of England in 1066 after the battle of 
A. a) Bouvines 
B. b) Hastings 
C. c) Tewkesbury 
D. d) Stamford Bridge 
Answer: B 
502. The foreign policy of Philip Augustus was centered on 
A. a) the elimination of the armies of the Holy Roman Empire from France 
B. b) the elimination of the English occupation of France 
C. c) success in the Third Crusade 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
503. The Magna Carta was 
A. a) was a victory of feudal over monarchical power 
B. b) secured the rights of the nobility, clergy and townspeople over the autocratic king 
C. c) was signed by Richard the LionHearted 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
504. The English barons revolted against King John because 
A. a) England was placed under interdict 
B. b) England became a fief of the pope 
C. c) of the disastrous English loss at Bouvines 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
505. In an indirect way, the Norman conquest of England 
A. a) destroyed French political unity 
B. b) resulted in a breakdown of French culture 
C. c) made it possible for the Capetian kings to establish a truly national monarchy 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
506. The great obstacle to the imperial plans of Frederick I Barbarossa was 
A. a) that he had too many sons 
B. b) France 
C. c) Italian popes 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: C 
507. Innocent III launched which of the following crusades: 
A. a) against the Cistercians 
B. b) against the Albigensians 
C. c) Fourth Crusade against Islam 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
508. The Fourth Crusade 
A. a) succeeded in capturing Jerusalem 
B. b) was preached by Pope Gregory IX 
C. c) resulted in the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
509. Innocent III 
A. a) destroyed the independence of the papacy 
B. b) imposed an inefficient bureaucracy on the church 
C. c) dominated the monarchs of Europe 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
510. Which of the following statements reflects Albigensian doctrine? 
A. a) the Albigensians denied the New Testament and its God of love 
B. b) the Albigensians believed God's incarnations in Jesus Christ 
C. c) the Albigensians rejected human procreation 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
511. Frederick II's reign has often been called disastrous for Germany because 
A. a) he incurred the wrath of Innocent III 
B. b) he was excommunicated four times and his realm placed under interdict 
C. c) his neglect of the nobility allowed them to grow strong and independent 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
512. The Dominican order 
A. a) combated doctrinal error through visitations and preaching 
B. b) led the church's campaign against heretics in southern France 
C. c) staffed the offices of the Inquisition after 1223 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
513. The medieval view of the perfect ruler was embodied by 
A. a) Frederick II 
B. b) Louis IX 
C. c) Otto I 
D. d) Richard the LionHearted 
Answer: B