401. Foederati were 
A. a) territories joined to the Roman Empire 
B. b) heavy cavalry 
C. c) barbarians given rights of settlement in exchange for military service 
D. d) barbarian cavalry 
Answer: C 
402. At the battle of Adrianople in 378 C.E., 
A. a) the Roman emperor Theodoric was killed 
B. b) the Romans lost to the Visigoths 
C. c) the Romans defeated the Huns 
D. d) the Romans prevented the Vandals from marching on Rome 
Answer: B 
403. What city was considered the "new Rome"? 
A. a) Milan 
B. b) Nicomedia 
C. c) Ravenna 
D. d) Constantinople 
Answer: D 
404. At the end of the fifth century, the Ostrogoths had settled in 
A. a) Italy 
B. b) Spain 
C. c) southern France 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
405. The Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Vandals entered the Roman Empire as 
A. a) Arian Christians 
B. b) Orthodox Christians 
C. c) Pagans 
D. d) Monophysites 
Answer: A 
406. Which of the following statements is true? 
A. a) The Goths and Vandals became more romanized than the Romans were .germanized. 
B. b) The Huns were settled as foederati. 
C. c) The Goths and Franks became more romanized than the Romans were germanized. 
D. d) The Romans became far more germanized than the Goths were romanized. 
Answer: C 
407. Who was called the "scourge of God"? 
A. a) Alaric 
B. b) Odoacer 
C. c) Clovis 
D. d) Attila 
Answer: D 
408. After the barbarian invasions, Europe 
A. a) was transformed into a savage land 
B. b) fell under the cultural domination of the Germanic tribes 
C. c) retained the cultural imprint of the Romans 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
409. Justinian was famous for his 
A. a) centralization of government 
B. b) editing of the Qur'an 
C. c) legal and doctrinal conformity 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
410. In terms of territory, political power, and culture, which of the following periods was the greatest for the Byzantine civilization? 
A. a) 324-650 
B. b) 650-1070 
C. c) 650-1204 
D. d) 1204-1453 
Answer: A 
411. During its heyday, the Byzantine empire 
A. a) contained over 1500 cities 
B. b) possessed a volunteer army of over 100,000 men 
C. c) was divided into eight independently governed regions 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
412. Decurions were 
A. a) commanders in the army 
B. b) personal advisors to the emperor 
C. c) bishops in the church 
D. d) landowners who governed the cities 
Answer: D 
413. "One God, one empire, one religion" was expressive of the policies of 
A. a) Constantine 
B. b) Justinian 
C. c) Muhammad 
D. d) Leo III 
Answer: B 
414. Monophysitism held that 
A. a) Christ had only one composite divine-human nature 
B. b) Christ had two separate natures, fully human and fully divine 
C. c) the worship of divine images was intolerable 
D. d) Christ was more human than divine 
Answer: A 
415. The will of Allah as revealed to his prophet is contained in the 
A. a) Old Testament   
B. b) New Testament  
C. c) Hegira 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: D 
416. Which of the following was a sacred city to Islam? 
A. a) Constantinople 
B. b) Medina 
C. c) Mecca 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
417. When Muhammad left Mecca in 622, this was called the 
A. a) Hegira 
B. b) Exodus 
C. c) Beginning 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: A 
418. The Muslim military advance into Europe was stopped by 
A. a) Leo III in the east and Charles Martel in the west 
B. b) Benedict in the east and Pepin in the west 
C. c) Heraclius in the east and Charles the Bald in the west 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
419. The basic tenets of Islamic religious practice include 
A. a) making a pilgrimage to Medina once a year 
B. b) washing and praying to Mecca five times a day 
C. c) fasting during the daylight hours for two months a year 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
420. In 732 at the battle of Poitiers, 
A. a) Charlemagne defeated the Muslims 
B. b) Arab expansion into Western Europe was halted 
C. c) the Franks defeated the Muslims and captured Spain 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
421. The church survived the period of Germanic and Arabic invasions 
A. a) as a most potent civilizing and unifying force 
B. b) in a state of administrative chaos 
C. c) but without an educated leadership 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
422. Monasticism 
A. a) sought a more perfect life in imitation of Christ 
B. b) replaced martyrdom as the most perfect way to imitate Christ 
C. c) was popular among only a small number of Christians 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
423. Hermit monasticism was founded by 
A. a) Bernard of Clairvaux 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Anthony of Egypt 
D. d) Athanasius 
Answer: C 
424. The great organizer of Western monasticism was 
A. a) John Cassian 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Athanasius 
D. d) Martin of Tours 
Answer: B 
425. The "doctrine of papal primacy" 
A. a) was first conceived as a papal response to the decline of Rome as a center of political power 
B. b) was founded upon evidence from the Bible (Matthew 16:18) and claimed that the pope was a direct descendant of Christ 
C. c) was not accepted by the bishop of Constantinople among others 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
426. The split between the eastern and western churches was based upon 
A. a) the "doctrine of papal primacy" 
B. b) the iconoclastic controversy 
C. c) the filioque clause of the Nicene Creed 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
427. Emperor Leo III's relationship with the church was strained because of his 
A. a) opposition to the filioque clause 
B. b) opposition to the church's close association with the Lombards 
C. c) opposition to the use of icons in the church 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
428. The Franks converted to 
A. a) Monophysitism 
B. b) Arian Christianity under Ulfilas 
C. c) Orthodox Christianity under Pepin I 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
429. Clovis founded which dynasty? 
A. a) Carolingian 
B. b) Ottonian 
C. c) Clovian 
D. d) Merovingian 
Answer: D 
430. The Carolingian dynasty came to power 
A. a) by winning a civil war 
B. b) by assassinating the previous king 
C. c) through the office of "mayor of the palace" 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
431. It was the policy of the Carolingian dynasty to 
A. a) control the religious teaching of the Church 
B. b) eliminate the monasteries as a potent force within the Church 
C. c) use the Church to pacify conquered neighboring tribes 
D. d) shift the Church to Arian Christianity 
Answer: C 
432. Fiefs were 
A. a) lands bestowed on noblemen in return for military aid 
B. b) Germanic acts of valor and fidelity 
C. c) judgments in Germanic law which were decided after an ordeal 
D. d) nobles who fought next to the king 
Answer: A 
433. The Papal States were created in 755 when 
A. a) the Lombards defeated the Franks and gave the land to the Pope 
B. b) the Pope declared a crusade against the Lombards and thereby won the support of Pepin 
C. c) Pepin received the title, Patricius Romanorum 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
434. The Donation of Constantine 
A. a) was a forgery 
B. b) returned Frankish lands to the church 
C. c) was never universally accepted in the West 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
435. The mallus was 
A. a) a special royal envoy 
B. b) a papal decree 
C. c) a district law court 
D. d) a kind of plow 
Answer: C 
436. All of the following were scholars at Charlemagne's palace school except 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Theodult of Orleans 
C. c) Theodoric 
D. d) Angilbert 
Answer: C 
437. The scholar responsible for the establishment of Charlemagne's palace schools was 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Angilbert 
C. c) Alcuin 
D. d) Theodoric 
Answer: A 
438. The Treaty of Verdun 
A. a) partitioned the Carolingian empire 
B. b) established peace between the Franks and Moslems 
C. c) created the "Papal States" 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
439. Who invaded Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries? 
A. a) Vikings, Magyars and Muslims 
B. b) Visigoths, Huns and Vikings 
C. c) Arabs, Goths and Magyars 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
440. Feudal society is best characterized by 
A. a) dominant local lords, slaves and small farms 
B. b) weak central government, vassals and fiefs 
C. c) active trade, agricultural production and fealty 
D. d) invasion, strong central authority and benefices 
Answer: B 
441. The coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III 
A. a) was an effort by the pope to enhance the church's stature and gain leverage over the king 
B. b) was a triumph for the pope 
C. c) enhanced the reputation of Charlemagne 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
442. The missi dominici were 
A. a) imperial bodyguards 
B. b) officials of Charlemagne sent throughout his realm to administer justice 
C. c) monks who guarded the morals of Charlemagne's empire  they were ultimately unsuccessful 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
443. The part of a manor's land which was farmed by the peasants for the benefit of the lord was called a 
A. a) fief 
B. b) demense 
C. c) mallus 
D. d) mansi 
Answer: B 
444. Vassals could buy their way out of military service by a monetary payment known as 
A. a) a fief 
B. b) scutage 
C. c) a benefice 
D. d) an investment 
Answer: B 
445. Carolingian justice was 
A. a) administered without any real concern for guilt or innocence 
B. b) based on a close reading of Roman law 
C. c) sometimes dependent on a "divine" test or ordeal 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
401. Foederati were 
A. a) territories joined to the Roman Empire 
B. b) heavy cavalry 
C. c) barbarians given rights of settlement in exchange for military service 
D. d) barbarian cavalry 
Answer: C 
402. At the battle of Adrianople in 378 C.E., 
A. a) the Roman emperor Theodoric was killed 
B. b) the Romans lost to the Visigoths 
C. c) the Romans defeated the Huns 
D. d) the Romans prevented the Vandals from marching on Rome 
Answer: B 
403. What city was considered the "new Rome"? 
A. a) Milan 
B. b) Nicomedia 
C. c) Ravenna 
D. d) Constantinople 
Answer: D 
404. At the end of the fifth century, the Ostrogoths had settled in 
A. a) Italy 
B. b) Spain 
C. c) southern France 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
405. The Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Vandals entered the Roman Empire as 
A. a) Arian Christians 
B. b) Orthodox Christians 
C. c) Pagans 
D. d) Monophysites 
Answer: A 
406. Which of the following statements is true? 
A. a) The Goths and Vandals became more romanized than the Romans were .germanized. 
B. b) The Huns were settled as foederati. 
C. c) The Goths and Franks became more romanized than the Romans were germanized. 
D. d) The Romans became far more germanized than the Goths were romanized. 
Answer: C 
407. Who was called the "scourge of God"? 
A. a) Alaric 
B. b) Odoacer 
C. c) Clovis 
D. d) Attila 
Answer: D 
408. After the barbarian invasions, Europe 
A. a) was transformed into a savage land 
B. b) fell under the cultural domination of the Germanic tribes 
C. c) retained the cultural imprint of the Romans 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
409. Justinian was famous for his 
A. a) centralization of government 
B. b) editing of the Qur'an 
C. c) legal and doctrinal conformity 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
410. In terms of territory, political power, and culture, which of the following periods was the greatest for the Byzantine civilization? 
A. a) 324-650 
B. b) 650-1070 
C. c) 650-1204 
D. d) 1204-1453 
Answer: A 
411. During its heyday, the Byzantine empire 
A. a) contained over 1500 cities 
B. b) possessed a volunteer army of over 100,000 men 
C. c) was divided into eight independently governed regions 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
412. Decurions were 
A. a) commanders in the army 
B. b) personal advisors to the emperor 
C. c) bishops in the church 
D. d) landowners who governed the cities 
Answer: D 
413. "One God, one empire, one religion" was expressive of the policies of 
A. a) Constantine 
B. b) Justinian 
C. c) Muhammad 
D. d) Leo III 
Answer: B 
414. Monophysitism held that 
A. a) Christ had only one composite divine-human nature 
B. b) Christ had two separate natures, fully human and fully divine 
C. c) the worship of divine images was intolerable 
D. d) Christ was more human than divine 
Answer: A 
415. The will of Allah as revealed to his prophet is contained in the 
A. a) Old Testament   
B. b) New Testament  
C. c) Hegira 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: D 
416. Which of the following was a sacred city to Islam? 
A. a) Constantinople 
B. b) Medina 
C. c) Mecca 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
417. When Muhammad left Mecca in 622, this was called the 
A. a) Hegira 
B. b) Exodus 
C. c) Beginning 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: A 
418. The Muslim military advance into Europe was stopped by 
A. a) Leo III in the east and Charles Martel in the west 
B. b) Benedict in the east and Pepin in the west 
C. c) Heraclius in the east and Charles the Bald in the west 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
419. The basic tenets of Islamic religious practice include 
A. a) making a pilgrimage to Medina once a year 
B. b) washing and praying to Mecca five times a day 
C. c) fasting during the daylight hours for two months a year 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
420. In 732 at the battle of Poitiers, 
A. a) Charlemagne defeated the Muslims 
B. b) Arab expansion into Western Europe was halted 
C. c) the Franks defeated the Muslims and captured Spain 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
421. The church survived the period of Germanic and Arabic invasions 
A. a) as a most potent civilizing and unifying force 
B. b) in a state of administrative chaos 
C. c) but without an educated leadership 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
422. Monasticism 
A. a) sought a more perfect life in imitation of Christ 
B. b) replaced martyrdom as the most perfect way to imitate Christ 
C. c) was popular among only a small number of Christians 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
423. Hermit monasticism was founded by 
A. a) Bernard of Clairvaux 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Anthony of Egypt 
D. d) Athanasius 
Answer: C 
424. The great organizer of Western monasticism was 
A. a) John Cassian 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Athanasius 
D. d) Martin of Tours 
Answer: B 
425. The "doctrine of papal primacy" 
A. a) was first conceived as a papal response to the decline of Rome as a center of political power 
B. b) was founded upon evidence from the Bible (Matthew 16:18) and claimed that the pope was a direct descendant of Christ 
C. c) was not accepted by the bishop of Constantinople among others 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
426. The split between the eastern and western churches was based upon 
A. a) the "doctrine of papal primacy" 
B. b) the iconoclastic controversy 
C. c) the filioque clause of the Nicene Creed 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
427. Emperor Leo III's relationship with the church was strained because of his 
A. a) opposition to the filioque clause 
B. b) opposition to the church's close association with the Lombards 
C. c) opposition to the use of icons in the church 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
428. The Franks converted to 
A. a) Monophysitism 
B. b) Arian Christianity under Ulfilas 
C. c) Orthodox Christianity under Pepin I 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
429. Clovis founded which dynasty? 
A. a) Carolingian 
B. b) Ottonian 
C. c) Clovian 
D. d) Merovingian 
Answer: D 
430. The Carolingian dynasty came to power 
A. a) by winning a civil war 
B. b) by assassinating the previous king 
C. c) through the office of "mayor of the palace" 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
431. It was the policy of the Carolingian dynasty to 
A. a) control the religious teaching of the Church 
B. b) eliminate the monasteries as a potent force within the Church 
C. c) use the Church to pacify conquered neighboring tribes 
D. d) shift the Church to Arian Christianity 
Answer: C 
432. Fiefs were 
A. a) lands bestowed on noblemen in return for military aid 
B. b) Germanic acts of valor and fidelity 
C. c) judgments in Germanic law which were decided after an ordeal 
D. d) nobles who fought next to the king 
Answer: A 
433. The Papal States were created in 755 when 
A. a) the Lombards defeated the Franks and gave the land to the Pope 
B. b) the Pope declared a crusade against the Lombards and thereby won the support of Pepin 
C. c) Pepin received the title, Patricius Romanorum 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
434. The Donation of Constantine 
A. a) was a forgery 
B. b) returned Frankish lands to the church 
C. c) was never universally accepted in the West 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
435. The mallus was 
A. a) a special royal envoy 
B. b) a papal decree 
C. c) a district law court 
D. d) a kind of plow 
Answer: C 
436. All of the following were scholars at Charlemagne's palace school except 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Theodult of Orleans 
C. c) Theodoric 
D. d) Angilbert 
Answer: C 
437. The scholar responsible for the establishment of Charlemagne's palace schools was 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Angilbert 
C. c) Alcuin 
D. d) Theodoric 
Answer: A 
438. The Treaty of Verdun 
A. a) partitioned the Carolingian empire 
B. b) established peace between the Franks and Moslems 
C. c) created the "Papal States" 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
439. Who invaded Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries? 
A. a) Vikings, Magyars and Muslims 
B. b) Visigoths, Huns and Vikings 
C. c) Arabs, Goths and Magyars 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
440. Feudal society is best characterized by 
A. a) dominant local lords, slaves and small farms 
B. b) weak central government, vassals and fiefs 
C. c) active trade, agricultural production and fealty 
D. d) invasion, strong central authority and benefices 
Answer: B 
441. The coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III 
A. a) was an effort by the pope to enhance the church's stature and gain leverage over the king 
B. b) was a triumph for the pope 
C. c) enhanced the reputation of Charlemagne 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
442. The missi dominici were 
A. a) imperial bodyguards 
B. b) officials of Charlemagne sent throughout his realm to administer justice 
C. c) monks who guarded the morals of Charlemagne's empire  they were ultimately unsuccessful 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
443. The part of a manor's land which was farmed by the peasants for the benefit of the lord was called a 
A. a) fief 
B. b) demense 
C. c) mallus 
D. d) mansi 
Answer: B 
444. Vassals could buy their way out of military service by a monetary payment known as 
A. a) a fief 
B. b) scutage 
C. c) a benefice 
D. d) an investment 
Answer: B 
445. Carolingian justice was 
A. a) administered without any real concern for guilt or innocence 
B. b) based on a close reading of Roman law 
C. c) sometimes dependent on a "divine" test or ordeal 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
401. Foederati were 
A. a) territories joined to the Roman Empire 
B. b) heavy cavalry 
C. c) barbarians given rights of settlement in exchange for military service 
D. d) barbarian cavalry 
Answer: C 
402. At the battle of Adrianople in 378 C.E., 
A. a) the Roman emperor Theodoric was killed 
B. b) the Romans lost to the Visigoths 
C. c) the Romans defeated the Huns 
D. d) the Romans prevented the Vandals from marching on Rome 
Answer: B 
403. What city was considered the "new Rome"? 
A. a) Milan 
B. b) Nicomedia 
C. c) Ravenna 
D. d) Constantinople 
Answer: D 
404. At the end of the fifth century, the Ostrogoths had settled in 
A. a) Italy 
B. b) Spain 
C. c) southern France 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
405. The Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Vandals entered the Roman Empire as 
A. a) Arian Christians 
B. b) Orthodox Christians 
C. c) Pagans 
D. d) Monophysites 
Answer: A 
406. Which of the following statements is true? 
A. a) The Goths and Vandals became more romanized than the Romans were .germanized. 
B. b) The Huns were settled as foederati. 
C. c) The Goths and Franks became more romanized than the Romans were germanized. 
D. d) The Romans became far more germanized than the Goths were romanized. 
Answer: C 
407. Who was called the "scourge of God"? 
A. a) Alaric 
B. b) Odoacer 
C. c) Clovis 
D. d) Attila 
Answer: D 
408. After the barbarian invasions, Europe 
A. a) was transformed into a savage land 
B. b) fell under the cultural domination of the Germanic tribes 
C. c) retained the cultural imprint of the Romans 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
409. Justinian was famous for his 
A. a) centralization of government 
B. b) editing of the Qur'an 
C. c) legal and doctrinal conformity 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
410. In terms of territory, political power, and culture, which of the following periods was the greatest for the Byzantine civilization? 
A. a) 324-650 
B. b) 650-1070 
C. c) 650-1204 
D. d) 1204-1453 
Answer: A 
411. During its heyday, the Byzantine empire 
A. a) contained over 1500 cities 
B. b) possessed a volunteer army of over 100,000 men 
C. c) was divided into eight independently governed regions 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
412. Decurions were 
A. a) commanders in the army 
B. b) personal advisors to the emperor 
C. c) bishops in the church 
D. d) landowners who governed the cities 
Answer: D 
413. "One God, one empire, one religion" was expressive of the policies of 
A. a) Constantine 
B. b) Justinian 
C. c) Muhammad 
D. d) Leo III 
Answer: B 
414. Monophysitism held that 
A. a) Christ had only one composite divine-human nature 
B. b) Christ had two separate natures, fully human and fully divine 
C. c) the worship of divine images was intolerable 
D. d) Christ was more human than divine 
Answer: A 
415. The will of Allah as revealed to his prophet is contained in the 
A. a) Old Testament   
B. b) New Testament  
C. c) Hegira 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: D 
416. Which of the following was a sacred city to Islam? 
A. a) Constantinople 
B. b) Medina 
C. c) Mecca 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
417. When Muhammad left Mecca in 622, this was called the 
A. a) Hegira 
B. b) Exodus 
C. c) Beginning 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: A 
418. The Muslim military advance into Europe was stopped by 
A. a) Leo III in the east and Charles Martel in the west 
B. b) Benedict in the east and Pepin in the west 
C. c) Heraclius in the east and Charles the Bald in the west 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
419. The basic tenets of Islamic religious practice include 
A. a) making a pilgrimage to Medina once a year 
B. b) washing and praying to Mecca five times a day 
C. c) fasting during the daylight hours for two months a year 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
420. In 732 at the battle of Poitiers, 
A. a) Charlemagne defeated the Muslims 
B. b) Arab expansion into Western Europe was halted 
C. c) the Franks defeated the Muslims and captured Spain 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
421. The church survived the period of Germanic and Arabic invasions 
A. a) as a most potent civilizing and unifying force 
B. b) in a state of administrative chaos 
C. c) but without an educated leadership 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
422. Monasticism 
A. a) sought a more perfect life in imitation of Christ 
B. b) replaced martyrdom as the most perfect way to imitate Christ 
C. c) was popular among only a small number of Christians 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
423. Hermit monasticism was founded by 
A. a) Bernard of Clairvaux 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Anthony of Egypt 
D. d) Athanasius 
Answer: C 
424. The great organizer of Western monasticism was 
A. a) John Cassian 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Athanasius 
D. d) Martin of Tours 
Answer: B 
425. The "doctrine of papal primacy" 
A. a) was first conceived as a papal response to the decline of Rome as a center of political power 
B. b) was founded upon evidence from the Bible (Matthew 16:18) and claimed that the pope was a direct descendant of Christ 
C. c) was not accepted by the bishop of Constantinople among others 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
426. The split between the eastern and western churches was based upon 
A. a) the "doctrine of papal primacy" 
B. b) the iconoclastic controversy 
C. c) the filioque clause of the Nicene Creed 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
427. Emperor Leo III's relationship with the church was strained because of his 
A. a) opposition to the filioque clause 
B. b) opposition to the church's close association with the Lombards 
C. c) opposition to the use of icons in the church 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
428. The Franks converted to 
A. a) Monophysitism 
B. b) Arian Christianity under Ulfilas 
C. c) Orthodox Christianity under Pepin I 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
429. Clovis founded which dynasty? 
A. a) Carolingian 
B. b) Ottonian 
C. c) Clovian 
D. d) Merovingian 
Answer: D 
430. The Carolingian dynasty came to power 
A. a) by winning a civil war 
B. b) by assassinating the previous king 
C. c) through the office of "mayor of the palace" 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
431. It was the policy of the Carolingian dynasty to 
A. a) control the religious teaching of the Church 
B. b) eliminate the monasteries as a potent force within the Church 
C. c) use the Church to pacify conquered neighboring tribes 
D. d) shift the Church to Arian Christianity 
Answer: C 
432. Fiefs were 
A. a) lands bestowed on noblemen in return for military aid 
B. b) Germanic acts of valor and fidelity 
C. c) judgments in Germanic law which were decided after an ordeal 
D. d) nobles who fought next to the king 
Answer: A 
433. The Papal States were created in 755 when 
A. a) the Lombards defeated the Franks and gave the land to the Pope 
B. b) the Pope declared a crusade against the Lombards and thereby won the support of Pepin 
C. c) Pepin received the title, Patricius Romanorum 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
434. The Donation of Constantine 
A. a) was a forgery 
B. b) returned Frankish lands to the church 
C. c) was never universally accepted in the West 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
435. The mallus was 
A. a) a special royal envoy 
B. b) a papal decree 
C. c) a district law court 
D. d) a kind of plow 
Answer: C 
436. All of the following were scholars at Charlemagne's palace school except 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Theodult of Orleans 
C. c) Theodoric 
D. d) Angilbert 
Answer: C 
437. The scholar responsible for the establishment of Charlemagne's palace schools was 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Angilbert 
C. c) Alcuin 
D. d) Theodoric 
Answer: A 
438. The Treaty of Verdun 
A. a) partitioned the Carolingian empire 
B. b) established peace between the Franks and Moslems 
C. c) created the "Papal States" 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
439. Who invaded Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries? 
A. a) Vikings, Magyars and Muslims 
B. b) Visigoths, Huns and Vikings 
C. c) Arabs, Goths and Magyars 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
440. Feudal society is best characterized by 
A. a) dominant local lords, slaves and small farms 
B. b) weak central government, vassals and fiefs 
C. c) active trade, agricultural production and fealty 
D. d) invasion, strong central authority and benefices 
Answer: B 
441. The coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III 
A. a) was an effort by the pope to enhance the church's stature and gain leverage over the king 
B. b) was a triumph for the pope 
C. c) enhanced the reputation of Charlemagne 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
442. The missi dominici were 
A. a) imperial bodyguards 
B. b) officials of Charlemagne sent throughout his realm to administer justice 
C. c) monks who guarded the morals of Charlemagne's empire  they were ultimately unsuccessful 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
443. The part of a manor's land which was farmed by the peasants for the benefit of the lord was called a 
A. a) fief 
B. b) demense 
C. c) mallus 
D. d) mansi 
Answer: B 
444. Vassals could buy their way out of military service by a monetary payment known as 
A. a) a fief 
B. b) scutage 
C. c) a benefice 
D. d) an investment 
Answer: B 
445. Carolingian justice was 
A. a) administered without any real concern for guilt or innocence 
B. b) based on a close reading of Roman law 
C. c) sometimes dependent on a "divine" test or ordeal 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
401. Foederati were 
A. a) territories joined to the Roman Empire 
B. b) heavy cavalry 
C. c) barbarians given rights of settlement in exchange for military service 
D. d) barbarian cavalry 
Answer: C 
402. At the battle of Adrianople in 378 C.E., 
A. a) the Roman emperor Theodoric was killed 
B. b) the Romans lost to the Visigoths 
C. c) the Romans defeated the Huns 
D. d) the Romans prevented the Vandals from marching on Rome 
Answer: B 
403. What city was considered the "new Rome"? 
A. a) Milan 
B. b) Nicomedia 
C. c) Ravenna 
D. d) Constantinople 
Answer: D 
404. At the end of the fifth century, the Ostrogoths had settled in 
A. a) Italy 
B. b) Spain 
C. c) southern France 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
405. The Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Vandals entered the Roman Empire as 
A. a) Arian Christians 
B. b) Orthodox Christians 
C. c) Pagans 
D. d) Monophysites 
Answer: A 
406. Which of the following statements is true? 
A. a) The Goths and Vandals became more romanized than the Romans were .germanized. 
B. b) The Huns were settled as foederati. 
C. c) The Goths and Franks became more romanized than the Romans were germanized. 
D. d) The Romans became far more germanized than the Goths were romanized. 
Answer: C 
407. Who was called the "scourge of God"? 
A. a) Alaric 
B. b) Odoacer 
C. c) Clovis 
D. d) Attila 
Answer: D 
408. After the barbarian invasions, Europe 
A. a) was transformed into a savage land 
B. b) fell under the cultural domination of the Germanic tribes 
C. c) retained the cultural imprint of the Romans 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
409. Justinian was famous for his 
A. a) centralization of government 
B. b) editing of the Qur'an 
C. c) legal and doctrinal conformity 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
410. In terms of territory, political power, and culture, which of the following periods was the greatest for the Byzantine civilization? 
A. a) 324-650 
B. b) 650-1070 
C. c) 650-1204 
D. d) 1204-1453 
Answer: A 
411. During its heyday, the Byzantine empire 
A. a) contained over 1500 cities 
B. b) possessed a volunteer army of over 100,000 men 
C. c) was divided into eight independently governed regions 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
412. Decurions were 
A. a) commanders in the army 
B. b) personal advisors to the emperor 
C. c) bishops in the church 
D. d) landowners who governed the cities 
Answer: D 
413. "One God, one empire, one religion" was expressive of the policies of 
A. a) Constantine 
B. b) Justinian 
C. c) Muhammad 
D. d) Leo III 
Answer: B 
414. Monophysitism held that 
A. a) Christ had only one composite divine-human nature 
B. b) Christ had two separate natures, fully human and fully divine 
C. c) the worship of divine images was intolerable 
D. d) Christ was more human than divine 
Answer: A 
415. The will of Allah as revealed to his prophet is contained in the 
A. a) Old Testament   
B. b) New Testament  
C. c) Hegira 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: D 
416. Which of the following was a sacred city to Islam? 
A. a) Constantinople 
B. b) Medina 
C. c) Mecca 
D. d) both B and C 
Answer: D 
417. When Muhammad left Mecca in 622, this was called the 
A. a) Hegira 
B. b) Exodus 
C. c) Beginning 
D. d) Qur'an 
Answer: A 
418. The Muslim military advance into Europe was stopped by 
A. a) Leo III in the east and Charles Martel in the west 
B. b) Benedict in the east and Pepin in the west 
C. c) Heraclius in the east and Charles the Bald in the west 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
419. The basic tenets of Islamic religious practice include 
A. a) making a pilgrimage to Medina once a year 
B. b) washing and praying to Mecca five times a day 
C. c) fasting during the daylight hours for two months a year 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: B 
420. In 732 at the battle of Poitiers, 
A. a) Charlemagne defeated the Muslims 
B. b) Arab expansion into Western Europe was halted 
C. c) the Franks defeated the Muslims and captured Spain 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
421. The church survived the period of Germanic and Arabic invasions 
A. a) as a most potent civilizing and unifying force 
B. b) in a state of administrative chaos 
C. c) but without an educated leadership 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: A 
422. Monasticism 
A. a) sought a more perfect life in imitation of Christ 
B. b) replaced martyrdom as the most perfect way to imitate Christ 
C. c) was popular among only a small number of Christians 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
423. Hermit monasticism was founded by 
A. a) Bernard of Clairvaux 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Anthony of Egypt 
D. d) Athanasius 
Answer: C 
424. The great organizer of Western monasticism was 
A. a) John Cassian 
B. b) Benedict of Nursia 
C. c) Athanasius 
D. d) Martin of Tours 
Answer: B 
425. The "doctrine of papal primacy" 
A. a) was first conceived as a papal response to the decline of Rome as a center of political power 
B. b) was founded upon evidence from the Bible (Matthew 16:18) and claimed that the pope was a direct descendant of Christ 
C. c) was not accepted by the bishop of Constantinople among others 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
426. The split between the eastern and western churches was based upon 
A. a) the "doctrine of papal primacy" 
B. b) the iconoclastic controversy 
C. c) the filioque clause of the Nicene Creed 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
427. Emperor Leo III's relationship with the church was strained because of his 
A. a) opposition to the filioque clause 
B. b) opposition to the church's close association with the Lombards 
C. c) opposition to the use of icons in the church 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
428. The Franks converted to 
A. a) Monophysitism 
B. b) Arian Christianity under Ulfilas 
C. c) Orthodox Christianity under Pepin I 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
429. Clovis founded which dynasty? 
A. a) Carolingian 
B. b) Ottonian 
C. c) Clovian 
D. d) Merovingian 
Answer: D 
430. The Carolingian dynasty came to power 
A. a) by winning a civil war 
B. b) by assassinating the previous king 
C. c) through the office of "mayor of the palace" 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: C 
431. It was the policy of the Carolingian dynasty to 
A. a) control the religious teaching of the Church 
B. b) eliminate the monasteries as a potent force within the Church 
C. c) use the Church to pacify conquered neighboring tribes 
D. d) shift the Church to Arian Christianity 
Answer: C 
432. Fiefs were 
A. a) lands bestowed on noblemen in return for military aid 
B. b) Germanic acts of valor and fidelity 
C. c) judgments in Germanic law which were decided after an ordeal 
D. d) nobles who fought next to the king 
Answer: A 
433. The Papal States were created in 755 when 
A. a) the Lombards defeated the Franks and gave the land to the Pope 
B. b) the Pope declared a crusade against the Lombards and thereby won the support of Pepin 
C. c) Pepin received the title, Patricius Romanorum 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
434. The Donation of Constantine 
A. a) was a forgery 
B. b) returned Frankish lands to the church 
C. c) was never universally accepted in the West 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
435. The mallus was 
A. a) a special royal envoy 
B. b) a papal decree 
C. c) a district law court 
D. d) a kind of plow 
Answer: C 
436. All of the following were scholars at Charlemagne's palace school except 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Theodult of Orleans 
C. c) Theodoric 
D. d) Angilbert 
Answer: C 
437. The scholar responsible for the establishment of Charlemagne's palace schools was 
A. a) Einhard 
B. b) Angilbert 
C. c) Alcuin 
D. d) Theodoric 
Answer: A 
438. The Treaty of Verdun 
A. a) partitioned the Carolingian empire 
B. b) established peace between the Franks and Moslems 
C. c) created the "Papal States" 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
439. Who invaded Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries? 
A. a) Vikings, Magyars and Muslims 
B. b) Visigoths, Huns and Vikings 
C. c) Arabs, Goths and Magyars 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: A 
440. Feudal society is best characterized by 
A. a) dominant local lords, slaves and small farms 
B. b) weak central government, vassals and fiefs 
C. c) active trade, agricultural production and fealty 
D. d) invasion, strong central authority and benefices 
Answer: B 
441. The coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III 
A. a) was an effort by the pope to enhance the church's stature and gain leverage over the king 
B. b) was a triumph for the pope 
C. c) enhanced the reputation of Charlemagne 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
442. The missi dominici were 
A. a) imperial bodyguards 
B. b) officials of Charlemagne sent throughout his realm to administer justice 
C. c) monks who guarded the morals of Charlemagne's empire  they were ultimately unsuccessful 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: B 
443. The part of a manor's land which was farmed by the peasants for the benefit of the lord was called a 
A. a) fief 
B. b) demense 
C. c) mallus 
D. d) mansi 
Answer: B 
444. Vassals could buy their way out of military service by a monetary payment known as 
A. a) a fief 
B. b) scutage 
C. c) a benefice 
D. d) an investment 
Answer: B 
445. Carolingian justice was 
A. a) administered without any real concern for guilt or innocence 
B. b) based on a close reading of Roman law 
C. c) sometimes dependent on a "divine" test or ordeal 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C