318. In 27 B.C.E., Augustus established a government for Rome that was a 
A. a) republic 
B. b) democracy 
C. c) constitutional monarchy 
D. d) dictatorship 
Answer: C 
319. The basis of Augustus' power was 
A. a) the aristocracy 
B. b) the army 
C. c) the people of Rome 
D. d) his great wealth 
Answer: B 
320. After 31 B.C.E., Egypt was under the control of the 
A. a) Senate 
B. b) pharaoh 
C. c) princeps    
D. d) emperor's son 
Answer: C 
321. The word princeps means 
A. a) first citizen 
B. b) prince 
C. c) military leader 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
322. Augustus pursued a military policy of 
A. a) retreat from established borders 
B. b) finding defensible borders 
C. c) aggression and unrestrained imperialism 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
323. In 9 C.E., a disaster occurred in the Teutoburg forest.  What happened? 
A. a) the Germans attacked the Romans and destroyed three legions 
B. b) the Germans attacked the Gauls and destroyed three tribes 
C. c) three Roman legions revolted and began a march on Rome 
D. d) the Roman general Arminius was killed with three legions lost 
Answer: B 
324. Augustus' social reforms included which of the following? 
A. a) laws curbing adultery and divorce 
B. b) a program aimed at preserving the traditional Roman values 
C. c) restoration of the dignity of formal Roman religion 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
325. Cicero wrote 
A. a) philosophical treatises 
B. b) orations 
C. c) letters 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
326. The Jus Gentium was a 
A. a) law code involving disputes between Roman citizens 
B. b) "law of peoples" reflecting Roman experience with her provincial subjects 
C. c) harsh law which prohibited genocide 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
327. Vergil wrote which of the following? 
A. a) Odyssey 
B. b) Golden Ass 
C. c) Aeneid 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
328. The poet Ovid wrote 
A. love elegies and was a favorite of Augustus 
B. love elegies and was banished by Augustus 
C. epic poetry and achieved great fame 
D. satire and became the court poet of Tiberius 
Answer: B 
329. The emperor to emerge victorious from the civil war of 68 C.E. was 
A. a) Domitian 
B. b) Titus 
C. c) Nerva 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: D 
330. In which of the following years did four emperors assume power? 
A. a) 14 C.E. 
B. b) 41 C.E. 
C. c) 69 C.E. 
D. d) 96 C.E. 
Answer: C 
331. By the second century C.E. members of the upper classes were reluctant to accept municipal office because 
A. a) they were personally responsible for taxes due 
B. b) they considered the jobs degrading 
C. c) the army offered better opportunities 
D. d) they wanted to serve in the emperor's court 
Answer: A 
332. Imperator was a title which 
A. a) indicated the military power on which control of the principate was based 
B. b) meant "first citizen" 
C. c) designated an imperial governor 
D. d) was given to appointed successors of the emperor 
Answer: A 
333. The "secret of Empire," noted by the historian Tacitus, was the knowledge that 
A. a) harshness of rule results in obedience 
B. b) poverty and hunger cause rebellion 
C. c) the aristocracy must be placated 
D. d) an emperor could be made elsewhere than at Rome 
Answer: D 
334. The Roman imperial policy toward the Christians in the first and second centuries can best be described as 
A. a) brutal 
B. b) moderate and ambivalent 
C. c) tolerant 
D. d) disinterested 
Answer: B 
335. The body of majority opinion in the church came to be known as 
A. a) gospel 
B. b) heresy 
C. c) orthodox 
D. d) Catholic 
Answer: D 
336. Paul's major contribution to Christianity was 
A. a) his insistence that one did not have to be a Jew to believe in Christ 
B. b) the spreading of the gospel 
C. c) the sacrament of communion 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
337. The Petrine doctrine resulted in the 
A. a) primacy of Rome as the center of Christianity 
B. b) claim of the Patriarch of Constantinople to leadership of the Christian church 
C. c) primacy of Antioch as the center of Christianity 
D. d) development of the comitatus system of Christian church organization 
Answer: A 
338. Who of the following was one of the so-called Good Emperors? 
A. a) Septimius Severus 
B. b) Commodus 
C. c) Marcus Aurelius 
D. d) Constantine the Great 
Answer: C 
339. The main contribution of the Romans to architecture 
A. a) was the development of the arch 
B. b) was the development of concrete as building material 
C. c) lay in the great size of structures they could build 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
340. The greatest architectural monument of the Augustan Age is the 
A. a) Coliseum 
B. b) Arch of Titus 
C. c) Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis) 
D. d) Campus Martius 
Answer: C 
341. The most aggressive of the German tribes in the third century were 
A. a) Goths who moved into the region of southern Russia 
B. b) Sassanids who lived in Persia 
C. c) Franks who settled in modern France 
D. d) Huns who invaded from the Far East 
Answer: A 
342. Part of Rome's defensive problems were due to an army 
A. a) composed mostly of romanized provincials 
B. b) conscripted at times from slaves, gladiators, barbarians and brigands 
C. c) which had no mobile reserve unit which could meet a crisis 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
343. Septimius Severus 
A. a) was one of the five "good emperors" 
B. b) drew recruits for the army increasingly from the peasantry 
C. c) implemented needed economic reforms 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: B 
344. Honestiores were 
A. a) commanders of the legions in this period 
B. b) trusted advisors of the emperor 
C. c) senators, equestrians, municipal aristocracy and soldiers 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: C 
345. The period from 235285 C.E. might best be described as a period 
A. of indescribable political chaos 
B. of political chaos but economic vitality 
C. of military strength and firm leadership 
D. which saw the acceptance of Christianity 
Answer: A 
346. Diocletian instituted the system called the 
A. a) tetrarchy 
B. b) principate 
C. c) divine-right monarchy 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
347. The tetrarchy was a rule of 
A. a) four emperors 
B. b) two Augusti and two Caesars 
C. c) one emperor and three Caesars 
D. d) two army commanders and two efficient advisors to the emperor 
Answer: B 
348. Diocletian's wage and price controls were attempts at 
A. a) regulating the economy 
B. b) restricting the social rise of the lower classes 
C. c) controlling government expenditures and inflation 
D. d) both A and C 
Answer: D 
349. Under Diocletian, the empire was divided into 
A. a) prefectures, dioceses and provinces 
B. b) provinces, territories and states 
C. c) prefectures, provinces and territories 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
350. Coloni were 
A. a) country estates 
B. b) Italians who had left Italy 
C. c) municipal judges 
D. d) tenant farmers 
Answer: D 
351. The Roman emperor after Diocletian was addressed as 
A. a) dominus 
B. b) princeps 
C. c) imperator 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
352. Why was the capital moved to Constantinople by Constantine? 
A. a) it could easily protect the western and Danubian frontiers 
B. b) it could control trade into the Caspian Sea 
C. c) it was easily defensible 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: C 
353. Which was the ruler of a diocese under Constantine? 
A. a) vicar 
B. b) proconsul 
C. c) prefect 
D. d) consul 
Answer: A 
354. The Edict of Maximum Prices was 
A. successful at controlling inflation 
B. primarily designed to reduce the price of bread 
C. a failure 
D. implemented by Constantine 
Answer: C 
355. The chief formulator of Neoplatonism was 
A. a) Plato 
B. b) Plotinus 
C. c) Pontifex 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: B 
356. Manichaeism 
A. a) originated in Egypt 
B. b) was popular among the aristocracy 
C. c) involved a struggle between good and evil 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: C 
357. Jerome and Eusebius were 
A. a) Christian scholars 
B. b) scholars favored by Diocletian 
C. c) heretics 
D. d) none of the above 
Answer: A 
358. The Council of Nicea in 325 C.E. rejected the views of 
A. a) Athenasius 
B. b) Arius 
C. c) James 
D. d) Matthew 
Answer: B 
359. The Arians argued that 
A. a) Jesus was not eternal 
B. b) Jesus was a created being unlike God 
C. c) Jesus was of the same substance as God 
D. d) both A and B 
Answer: D 
360. The Byzantine Empire 
A. a) was established in Constantinople 
B. b) lasted until the fifteenth century 
C. c) succeeded to the Roman power in the east 
D. d) all of the above 
Answer: D 
361. Julian the Apostate was famous for his 
A. a) rejection of the Council of Nicea 
B. b) attempt at the introduction of a new form of pagan worship 
C. c) advocacy of Manichaeism 
D. d) censorship of Christian writers 
Answer: B 
362. One of St. Augustine's most influential works was 
A. a) The City of God 
B. b) Ecclesiastical History 
C. c) his idealized biography of Constantine 
D. d) Neoplatonic Rationality 
Answer: A