Why did the Versailles settlement foster both resentment and discontent in numerous countries? a) Germany had been humiliated b) states in Eastern Europe were discontented with border adjustments c) France believed that the provisions of the treaty were not being enforced * d) all of the above Which of the following was among the economic changes in Europe after World War I? a) Germany withdrew from the European economic order b) the United States refused to trade with Europe c) Europeans exercised more dominance over the world economy * d) European combat deaths resulted in the loss of producers and consumers After World War I, international trade followed what new pattern? a) the United States became more dependent on European production * b) European countries exercised less dominance over the world economy c) European countries began to restrict their colonies from trading with other nations d) Japan retreated from Latin American markets to concentrate upon eastern trade Which of the following was among the major changes in government and labor during and after World War I? a) the social condition of the middle class seemed to be improving while that of the work force was declining b) the franchise was extended to previously disenfranchised men but forbidden to women * c) government took a stronger role in the direction of economies d) labor had lost prominence within the wartime setting The "Little Entente" consisted of a) France and England * b) Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia c) Hungary, Russia and Poland d) Germany, Poland and Hungary After World War I, a) France became the strongest military power on the Continent b) France and Great Britain were troubled democracies c) neither France nor Britain experienced a revolution or a shift to an authoritarian government * d) all of the above Why was Georges Clemenceau not elected to the presidency in 1920? a) he was too lenient in the Paris treaties of 1919 b) corruption in office c) failure to establish a separate Rhineland state * d) both A and C French foreign policy after World War I was directed toward * a) keeping Germany weak and establishing alliance with eastern states b) accommodation with Germany and leniency in executing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles c) establishing a close connection with the struggling Soviet Union by offering financial aid d) strict control of their African colonies Which best describes the result of France's occupation of the Ruhr? a) it secured France's dominant position in Europe b) it led to the canceling of all German reparations * c) it threatened the French economy and alienated the English d) it strengthened the League of Nations The Cartel des Gauches was a) led by Raymond Poincaraccent(e) b) a group of French industries which combined in the early 1920's to establish trade policies for the government * c) a coalition of leftist parties who were more conciliating toward Germany d) both A and B Which best characterizes the first Labor ministry in British history? a) it instituted extensive nationalization and public seizure of industry * b) it established Labor as a viable governing party, but did little else c) it reduced British unemployment significantly d) it returned the country to the gold standard In Britain, the 1920's were a) an economically stable decade b) years of nearly full employment c) dominated by the "dole" or work line which processed men into jobs every week * d) none of the above The British Labor Party in the 1920's was a) revolutionary in its policies * b) socialistic c) confined to its early trade union base d) out of power Stanley Baldwin was a) the first Labor Prime Minister b) a Conservative Prime Minister who advocated free trade and the restriction of foreign protective tariffs c) the last Liberal Prime Minister * d) none of the above The General Strike of 1926 a) involved coal miners who struck against wage cuts b) resulted in the capitulation of the unions c) resulted in the victory of the unions * d) both A and C Sinn Fein was a) an Irish nationalist leader b) an Irish independence movement dedicated to accommodation with British interests in Ireland * c) an extreme Irish independence movement d) the treaty between Britain and Ireland establishing Irish home rule World War I modified Britain's imperial position and these changes were best reflected in her relations with * a) India b) South Africa c) New Zealand d) Egypt In 1919, the Dail Eireann a) shut down Ulster in a general strike * b) declared Irish independence c) bombed Parliament d) were supported by the Black and Tans In 1921, Ireland was given a) full independence by Britain * b) dominion status c) favored-nation trade status with Britain d) a new constitution by Britain In Austria during the 1920's, a) political parties employed small armies to terrorize their opponents b) the government collapsed * c) the Dollfus government tried to steer a course between the Social Democrats and the Nazis d) none of the above Which of the following contributed to the massive German inflation of the 1920's? a) the financing of World War I b) the allied reparations bill and continued postwar deficit c) the French invasion of the Ruhr and German response of passive economic resistance * d) all of the above Which best characterizes the effect of massive inflation on Germany? * a) it traumatized the middle class b) it immediately led to a successful coup against the Weimar Republic c) it enabled the country to pay off its entire reparation debt in worthless currency d) it was a disaster to all Germans alike Hitler's early life can best be described as a) a comfortable middle-class upbringing * b) one of disappointment and lack of purpose c) diligence and success until the war in 1914 d) both A and C The Nazis redefined "socialism" to a) include Marxist ideas * b) suggest a nationalistic outlook c) eliminate the control of big business over the state d) none of the above The Nazis tailored their appeal to a) big business which provided the capital they needed for political advancement * b) virtually any economic group that was experiencing pressure and instability c) labor unions whose members had suffered low wages because of the nationalization of industry d) Marxist politicians whose aid they needed in coalition against the Weimar government In what sense was Hitler an advocate of socialism? a) he belonged to an international movement b) he believed in state ownership of the means of production c) he advocated a violent proletarian revolution against capitalism * d) he believed in subordinating all economic enterprise to the welfare of the nation Hitler dominated the Nazi Party because of his a) knowledge of the law and the Weimar constitution * b) oratorical and organizational abilities c) connections with powerful politicians d) both B and C The demands of the Nazi Party platform of 1920 included a) true socialism b) tax incentives for the upper class c) territorial retreat * d) anti-Semitic public policy The SA, led by Ernst Roehm, was a) a parliamentary organization b) the brown shirts c) the primary Nazi instrument for terror and intimidation before they came to power * d) all of the above Mein Kampf refers to a) Germany's struggle to unite * b) Hitler's autobiography c) Hitler's private bodyguard d) Germany's struggle with the Treaty of Versailles The beer hall putsch of 1923 in Munich * a) gave Hitler the opportunity to become a national figure b) resulted in the execution of the famous general, Ludendorff c) was a staggering setback for the new Nazi party d) both B and C The man primarily responsible for the reconstruction of the Weimar Republic and its sense of self-confidence was * a) Gustav Stresemann b) Hjalmar Schacht c) Adolf Hitler d) Paul von Hindenburg The Dawes Plan a) lowered Germany's annual reparation payments b) provided for German expansion into the Sudetenland c) provided for the French evacuation of the Ruhr * d) both A and C According to the Locarno Treaty, Germany accepted * a) the Versailles settlement in the west but not in the east b) the Versailles settlement in the east but not in the west c) the Versailles settlement in both the east and the west d) none of the provisions of Versailles The Locarno Agreements were a) heavily criticized within Europe b) received with only moderate approval by European nations, especially the French * c) brought a new spirit of hope to Europe d) resulted in a split between France and England How best might one characterize "fascism"? a) anti-democratic b) anti-Marxist c) anti-parliamentary * d) all of the above Fascist regimes rejected a) any connection with capitalism * b) the political inheritance of the French Revolution and 19th century liberalism c) political acceptance of Jews as a part of any fascist program d) all of the above Mussolini had come into office as Prime Minister a) by legal means b) through disruption and intimidation c) with a minority in the Chamber of Deputies * d) all of the above Once Mussolini achieved a position of power, a) he began to rule by decree b) all other political parties were dissolved c) the Fascists were diverted from violence and terror * d) both A and B Through the Lateran Accord of 1929, a) the Italian state made peace with the Catholic Church b) the Italian state restricted the influence of the Catholic Church c) further respectability was brought to Mussolini's regime * d) both A and C The Cheka was the Soviet a) party newspaper * b) secret police c) regular army d) deliberative assembly "War Communism" a) was a political policy which advocated the export of the Russian Revolution to other lands b) was an economic policy which included governmental confiscation of banks, transport facilities and heavy industry c) aided in the triumph of the Red Army over its opponents * d) both B and C Which best characterizes the New Economic Policy? a) rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry * b) small family farms and privately owned shops and businesses c) economic centralization and considerable confiscation of property d) war communism In the struggle for power between Trotsky and Stalin, Trotsky urged * a) rapid industrialization through the expropriation of farm production b) the continuation of the NEP and a policy of relatively slow industrialization c) the acceptance of the NEP and rapid industrialization d) both A and C Stalin's power and influence lay in his a) oratorical abilities b) brilliant writings and theories * c) mastery of the crucial details of party structure d) military abilities