Politicians supported state-financed education because a) such minimal training was necessary for orderly political behavior b) they hoped that education would create a better, more productive labor force c) they believed that right knowledge would lead to right action * d) all of the above Which of the following was a result of the expansion of literacy in the late 19th century? a) the substitution of reason for passion in political life b) a strengthened love of democracy among most literary activists * c) the proliferation of cheap newspapers catering to the new reading public d) a decline in nationalism The mass audience and the new literary world created what major problem for the literary artist? a) authors were asked to produce material quickly and thus quality was sacrificed * b) in order not to offend the reading public, publishers demanded harmless and uncontroversial prose c) people were only marginally literate and therefore good authors had to write on a lower lever d) none of the above At mid-century, the physical world was regarded as a) mechanical and dependable b) objectively known through experimentation c) rational * d) all of the above Which of the following was written by Charles Darwin? a) The Origin of Species b) The Ascent of Man c) The Descent of Man * d) both A and C Darwin became famous for a) originating the concept of evolution b) formulating the principle of natural selection which no one else advocated c) denying the existence of God * d) none of the above The principle of natural selection implied that a) only the fittest creatures will survive b) there was no guiding mind behind the development and change in organic nature c) the Aryan race was superior * d) both A and B Although Darwin's evolutionary theory was generally accepted among scientists, his mechanism of natural selection a) never really received support within the scientific community * b) was accepted only later with the corroborating evidence of modern genetics c) was seriously flawed d) both A and C The philosophy that human intellectual development culminates in science is called a) rationalism b) empiricism * c) positivism d) narcissism Auguste Comte is generally regarded as being the father of a) psychology b) modern philosophy * c) sociology d) socialism Auguste Comte believed that * a) positive laws of social behavior could be discovered in the same fashion as laws of physical nature b) the theological state of man was the most advanced stage c) physical science could explain nothing without a base of belief in God d) both B and C The idea that society should let strong men dominate and not protect the weak is most closely associated with a) Thomas Henry Huxley * b) Herbert Spencer c) Jules Ferry d) Otto von Bismarck "Social Darwinism" is a concept a) which emphasizes the progress of human society through competition b) which comes close to saying that might makes right c) which could be used to justify avoidance of aiding the poor and imperialism * d) all of the above The major opponent of the tenets of social Darwinism who himself was a friend of Darwin was a) Gustave Flaubert b) Herbert Spencer * c) Thomas Henry Huxley d) Emile Zola Christian missionaries * a) blamed Islam for mistreating women and condoning slavery b) praised Islam for its economic flexibility and progress c) were quite successful in gaining converts in the Arab world d) both A and C Regarding religion and the church, the 19th century was a) a period of great security and acceptance * b) a difficult period of turmoil and attack by secular forces and science c) a period of cooperation between religious and secular forces, but of decline on a popular level d) both A and C Protestant and Catholic Churches in the late 19th century a) made considerable headway on an intellectual level b) gained membership among the nobility * c) had difficulty making the organizational adjustments necessitated by the influx of people into the cities d) divided into several more sects, thus weakening the church In the Life of Jesus (1835) by David Friedrich Strauss, he a) gave scientific evidence to support the existence of Christ b) advocated the existence of Christ, but without any solid evidence beyond faith * c) denied the existence of Christ and contended that the story was a myth d) wrote an impressive commentary on the Gospels The main criticism that intellectuals had of Christianity was that a) its missionary demands were obnoxious b) it advocated violence and militancy c) it was an illogical religion which depended too much on faith * d) the moral character of the Old and New Testament God was lacking Nietzsche's main complaint against Christianity was that * a) it glorified sheep-like weakness rather than the strength which life required b) it had been disproved by modern science c) it underrated the role of the unconscious in human psychology d) it stood in the way of a liberal, secular school system The primary conflict between church and state in the late 19th century was over a) the moral decline of society b) state control of religious institutions * c) the expanding systems of education d) religious intolerance of competing faiths which posed legal problems for the state The Ferry Laws in France a) eliminated Jews from state-sponsored schools b) replaced religious instruction in schools with civic training c) dictated that members of religious orders could no longer teach in public schools * both B and C In the Education Act of 1902, the English government decided to solve the problems of school rivalries by a) granting state support only to public schools * b) granting state support to both religious and nonreligious schools c) certifying only those schools that were nonreligious or were affiliated with the Anglican church d) none of the above The most extreme example of Church-State conflict occurred in a) Britain b) France * c) Germany d) Italy Kulturkampf was the term used to signify a) the struggle between Church and State led by Kaiser William I b) the suppression of art and music in Germany under Bismarck c) the opposition to secular education by the Catholic Church * d) none of the above The policy of Kulturkampf was a) a success for Kaiser William I * b) the greatest blunder of Bismarck's career c) a victory for the German state over organized Protestant churches d) a disaster as a plan for patronizing artists Which of the following were indicators that Christianity was still a vital force in the late 19th century? a) considerable growth of membership in the Anglican Church b) the successful resistance to Kulturkampf c) the massive church building program which sought to accommodate the new influx of people into the city * d) both A and B Why did the final great effort to Christianize Europe in the late 19th century fail? a) because the movement was not well organized or led b) because the movement was not well funded * c) because the population had outstripped the resources of the churches d) all of the above The Islamic Salafi movement a) rejected the West and modern thought b) sought to combine modern thought with Islam c) argued that the Arab world should cease direct imitation of the West and modernize itself * d) both B and C The Syllabus of Errors * a) condemned all the major tenets of political liberalism and modern thought b) excommunicated Nietzsche c) declared papal infallibility d) none of the above Which best characterizes the social philosophy of Leo XIII? a) a condemnation of any interference with laissez-faire capitalism b) support for socialism as long as it remained Christian c) opposition to any labor unions * d) desire to reorganize society according to Christian corporate groups Catholic Modernism was * a) a movement of modern biblical criticism within the church b) a reaction against the doctrine of papal infallibility c) supported by both Pius IX and Leo XIII d) both A and C Which marks the point of departure into the contemporary world in intellectual history? a) World War I b) World War II * c) 1875-1914 d) 1850-1875 Which of the following works was written by George Bernard Shaw? a) A Doll's House b) Madame Bovary * c) Man and Superman d) Nana Realists tended to see humankind as a) subject to the forces of determinism b) unable to control their own lives c) able to change the moral world around them through tenacity and determination * d) both A and B The Overman was a creation of a) Henri Bergson * b) Friedrich Nietzsche c) Max Weber d) Auguste Comte Which best characterizes Freud's view of repression? a) mankind should throw off all repression and attain freedom b) only repression can prevent mental disorder * c) a certain degree of repression is necessary for civilized living d) none of the above Theodor Herzl a) launched the Zionist movement to found a separate Jewish state b) directed his appeal to economically impoverished Jews c) was influenced by the Dreyfus case * d) all of the above At the turn of the century, European intellectuals were a) challenging special place of human beings in the universe b) advocating aggressive nationalism c) questioning the rationality of the world * d) both A and C By World War I, scientists generally believed that a) they could portray the "truth" about physical reality b) energy was a continuous stream * c) they could record the observations of instruments and set forth useful hypothetical or symbolic models of nations d) the atom was solid and had no interior Modernism was a) accepting of middle-class society and received morality b) deeply concerned with social issues * c) concerned with the aesthetic or the beautiful d) accepting of traditional forms of art, music, or literature Modernism * a) flourished after World War I, nourished by the turmoil and social dislocation that the war had created b) rose and ended before World War I c) decried political structure and was anarchistic in its intent d) both A and C In Freud's most important book, The Interpretation of Dreams, he argued that * a) unconscious drives and desires contributed to conscious behavior b) there was no mediation between the id and the ego c) the content of dreams have no reasonable scientific explanation d) all of the above Count Arthur de Gobineau argued that a) dreams have reasonable scientific explanations * b) Western civilization's troubles were the result of the long degeneration of the original white Aryan race c) the animal nature of humankind was the centerpiece of all racial theory d) Darwin's theory of natural selection was unethical Virginia Woolf in A Room of One's Own argued that women a) had to retreat from an aggressive stance toward political and social equality into their own rooms b) should cherish what made them unique and not compete with men in society * c) have a right to participate in intellectual life and should not merely imitate men d) refused to open the question of gender definition