The ancien regime refers to a) the medieval monarchy of France b) the life and institutions of pre-revolutionary Europe * c) social, economic and political relationships before 1789 d) none of the above A striking feature of the Old Regime was the a) closeness of family life b) strength and unity of monarchies on the Continent * c) contrasts in the lives and experiences of people in different social ranks d) the great differences between the English and French nobility The chief social characteristic(s) of the Old Regime was (were) a) tradition b) cooperation c) hierarchy and privilege * d) all of the above Why did the peasants call for a restoration of traditional or customary rights? * a) because customary rights provided them with access to the courts and accepted grievance procedures b) because the customary rights set peasants in greater contrast to the limited rights of serfs c) because some traditional rights were necessary for entrance into state schools and universities d) because the customary rights were in keeping with the Enlightenment as current among the nobility "Sumptuary laws" * a) regulated the dress of different classes b) banned the lower classes from certain taverns reserved for the nobility c) were repealed in the early 18th century d) both B and C Households of northwestern Europe * a) were nuclear rather than extended b) were rather large with several generations under the same roof c) maintained children at home until their early twenties d) were often headed by women instead of men "Neolocalism" is a term denoting a) local art forms * b) the practice of moving away from home c) migration from the countryside to the city d) none of the above In pre-industrial Europe, "servant" refers to someone a) looking after the needs of wealthy people * b) who exchanged household duties for room, board and wages c) with the social status of a serf d) who brought to the household a particular skill or trade The concept of "family economy" maintained that a) households often lived at subsistence level b) families had a responsibility to save money * c) the household was the fundamental unit of production and consumption d) both A and B The family economy was * a) usually economically and emotionally vulnerable b) stable, especially in the early 18th century c) a way of maintaining the domination of the nobility over the peasantry d) rarely applicable to urban artisans Marriage within the family economy was a) a way of saving money and provisions by effectively eliminating a member of the household * b) a joint economic venture requiring a dowry c) essential for the preservation of the extended family d) both B and C In preindustrial Europe, the role of the wife was a) relatively obscure and unknown b) rather unimportant since the household revolved around the father * c) to be an active organizer and participant in family decisions and security d) consigned to bearing and rearing children In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, abandoned children were a) neglected and often perished on city streets or from exposure in the countryside b) generally cared for in foundling hospitals c) were often the result of rising food prices * d) both B and C Banalities and corvees can best be described as a) gifts and privileges * b) feudal dues and forced labor c) feudal dues and peasant rebellion d) none of the above Russian serfs were a) generally treated better than in areas of Western Europe b) not liable to banalities and corvees * c) treated as slaves d) both A and B Emelyan Pugachev * a) promised the serfs of Russia their own land and freedom from their lords b) and his rebellion were brutally suppressed by Maria Theresa c) started a rebellion in reaction to famine in Russia d) both A and B Peasant rebellions often occurred because of a) unjust officials b) a desire for freedom from obligations to a lord c) unfair pricing by the aristocracy * d) all of the above What factors encouraged landlords to adopt technological innovations in agriculture? a) the high cost of peasant labor b) increased demand from the colonies c) the frequency of peasant rebellions * d) a steady increase in the price of grain The "aristocratic resurgence" took place a) because of the Russian Charter of the Nobility * b) in response to the growing power of monarchies throughout Europe c) because of the vast store of gold and silver garnered from colonies d) because of popular rebellions against European monarchs The main goal of peasant society was * a) a stability that would ensure the local food supply b) the creation of a stable national militia c) a stable tax base for the aristocracy d) both B and C The agricultural revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries began in a) Britain * b) the Low Countries c) France d) Poland Jethro Tull's contribution to the agrarian revolution was a) using manure as fertilizer b) instituting crop rotation * c) using the iron plough d) pioneering new methods of animal breeding Charles "Turnip" Townsend instituted a) crop rotation b) the cultivation of sandy soil with fertilizers c) new methods of animal breeding * d) both A and B The enclosure movement a) involved the fencing of common lands b) involved confiscating the animals of the peasants c) intended to use the land more rationally to achieve greater commercial results * d) both A and C What best characterizes the results of the enclosure movement? a) increased food production, depopulation of the countryside b) increased food production, increased landlord paternalism * c) larger farms, social turmoil d) technological improvements, creation of a labor force for the industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution started in Britain because a) it was the single largest free-trade area in Europe b) the political structure was stable c) taxation was not especially heavy * d) all of the above Industrialization a) afforded humans greater control over the forces of nature b) helped upset the political structure of the Old Regime c) raised the standard of living and generally overcame poverty * d) all of the above The "domestic" or "putting out" system involved a) the production of grain from the three-field system b) the demanding production schedule of serfs * c) the agents of textile merchants who arranged for peasants to spin wool into thread d) the mercantilist philosophy of the old regime How would you characterize British society in the 18th century? * a) relatively mobile b) tightly restricted c) dominated by the middle class d) none of the above The term "Industrial Revolution" originally was * a) used to explain the British economic phenomena only after the French Revolution b) used to describe the British economic phenomena before the French Revolution c) a term applied to the economic changes in England and on the continent d) none of the above The spinning jenny a) took cotton textile manufacture out of the home and put it in the factory * b) broke the bottleneck between the productive capacity of the spinners and the weavers c) was invented by Richard Arkwright d) all of the above The steam engine made possible the a) unemployment of thousands of people * b) combination of urbanization and industrialization c) end of serfdom in Europe d) cottage industries of the 18th century The invention that took cotton textile manufacturing out of the home and put it in the factory was called the a) steam engine * b) water frame c) spinning jenny d) flying shuttle The first practical engine using steam power was invented by a) Edmund Cartwright b) James Watt * c) Thomas Newcomen d) John Wilkinson Henry Cort's puddling process a) produced a purer iron b) employed a steam engine for creating high heat for smelting iron ore c) led to the production of a more versatile iron at a lower cost * d) both A and C French aristocrats who had purchased their titles or earned them by serving in the bureaucracy were called a) banalites b) hobereaux c) bourgeoisie * d) nobility of the robe The British nobility differed from the French nobility in that a) the French nobility paid direct taxes and had no significant legal privileges * b) the English aristocracy accepted the social and political responsibilities of their station c) the French nobility did not enjoy hereditary principles as did the English d) none of the above The hobereaux were a) French peasants b) French intellectuals * c) less wealthy provincial nobles d) advisors to the French king In the 18th century, Europe's largest city was * a) London b) Paris c) St) Petersburg d) Berlin One of the clearest examples of aristocratic domination in the 18th century was a) control of the jury system b) failure to be prosecuted for tax evasion * c) control and manipulation of the game laws d) the privilege of passing their own laws without the sanction of a representative organization A "higgler" was a a) haggler in a market b) coachman * c) middleman for poachers d) local sheriff Urban development increased in the a) 16th century b) 17th century c) 18th century * d) both A and C The middle class a) lived in towns and were called Junkers b) consisted of bankers, traders, lawyers and manufacturers c) were called the bourgeoisie * d) both B and C Which best explains the growing tension between the aristocracy and the middle class? a) the middle class sympathized with the downtrodden artisans b) the middle class lived in the city, the aristocracy in the countryside * c) the aristocracy refused to share power with the middle class d) the middle class had no respect for the aristocratic lifestyle The middle class tended to fear the urban lower classes because the a) lower classes represented competition to their social position b) lower classes were demanding political equality * c) lower classes represented potential violence d) both A and C