The principal area occupied by the Etruscans was    
 a) the valley of the Danube    
 b) Western Sicily    
 c) Transalpine Gaul    
 * d) Etruria (Tuscany)    
    

Etruscan influence on the Romans was greatest in     
 a) societal organization    
 * b) religion    
 c) political organization    
 d) military organization    
    

Etruscan civilization declined because     
 * a) of an empire that was not firmly based and a Celtic invasion of the Po Valley    
 b) a plague reduced the population    
 c) an invasion by the Greeks in southern Italy forced them to abandon their principal center, Tarentum    
 d) the Romans succeeded in wiping it out in 509 B.C.E.    
    

Imperium was     
 a) a Latin word meaning empire    
 * b) the right to issue commands and to enforce them    
 c) the name of a Roman warship    
 d) none of the above    
    

The king in royal Rome     
 a) had total power in the state    
 b) had to share his power with only the Senate    
 * c) had to share his power with the Senate and people of Rome    
 d) was subservient to the Senate    
    

If the client provided his patron with political and military support, the patron provided     
 a) a dowry    
 b) a pension for life    
 c) food and clothing alone    
 * d) land and protection, both physical and legal    
    

The Senate     
 * a) had control over the finances and foreign policy    
 b) was a lawmaking body    
 c) was an advisory body which voted by century    
 d) none of the above    
    

The duties of the tribune were to     
 a) sacrifice to the gods    
 b) maintain the records of the Senate    
 c) protect the interests of the patricians    
 * d) protect the plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates    
    

The basic functions of the praetors were     
 * a) to serve as judges and to command armies    
 b) to oversee public works and to command armies    
 c) to serve as pay masters and oversee public works    
 d) none of the above    
    

The nobiles were     
 a) patricians exclusively    
 b) members of the plebeian order who finally attained patrician status    
 c) new men in the Roman senate    
 * d) members of wealthy and powerful patrician families who attained the highest offices of state    
    

Rome's treatment of conquered Italian cities     
 a) promoted revolt due to harshness    
 b) encouraged loyalty with financial subsidiaries as the reward    
 * c) encouraged loyalty with Roman citizenship as the reward    
 d) was shortsighted and although not harsh, it worked to the disadvantage of the conquered    
    

The Roman victory over the Samnites     
 a) resulted in Roman control over all of Italy    
 b) improved trade between the Greek cities of southern Italy and Rome    
 * c) brought Rome into contact with the Greek cities of Southern Italy    
 d) both A and B    
    

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus,     
 a) defeated the Romans twice in Southern Italy    
 b) lost the conflict against Rome for control of Southern Italy    
 c) became one of Rome's staunchest allies    
 * d) both A and B    
    

Carthage had which natural advantages?     
 * a) a defensible site and excellent harbor    
 b) a fertile valley along a great river    
 c) control of an important crossroad for east-west and north-south trade    
 d) all of the above    
    

The treaty which ended the First Punic War in 241 B.C.E.     
 a) reflected the reality of Roman victory without undue harshness    
 b) was particularly harsh for the Carthaginians    
 c) demanded a war indemnity from Carthage as well as the island of Sicily    
 * both A and C    
    

Hannibal planned to defeat Rome by     
 * a) invading Italy and persuading Rome's allies to revolt    
 b) building a fleet and blockading the city by sea    
 c) a direct assault on the city itself    
 d) all of the above    
    

The tactics of Fabius Maximus Cunctator can best be described as     
 a) bold to the point of recklessness    
 b) designed to force Hannibal to battle    
 c) playing into the hands of Hannibal    
 * d) avoiding battle while wearing down the enemy    
    

The worst defeat in Roman history occurred at the battle of     
 a) Syracuse    
 b) Mylae    
 * c) Cannae    
 d) Zama    
    

The Roman victory in the Second Punic War was heavily dependent on the skill of     
 a) Flamininus    
 * b) Scipio Africanus    
 c) Fabius Pictor    
 d) Cato the Censor    
    

At the battle of Cynoscephalae, the Roman general who defeated Philip of Macedon was     
 a) Scipio    
 * b) Flamininus    
 c) Fabius Pictor    
 d) Marius    
    

Why was Carthage destroyed in 146 B.C.E.?     
 a) Scipio Aemilianus sought glory    
 b) Cato the Censor demanded its destruction    
 c) Roman fear and hatred of a traditional enemy    
 * d) all of the above    
    

Latifundia were     
 a) large houses of the aristocracy    
 * b) large plantations used for growing cash crops and worked by slaves    
 c) a political alliance    
 d) gladiatorial training schools    
    

Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 B.C.E.  on a platform of     
 a) Italian citizenship    
 * b) land reform    
 c) strong defense against the Spanish tribes    
 d) all of the above    
    

"Optimates" were those men who     
 a) wanted the secret ballot at all elections and assemblies    
 b) felt that Rome would survive any crisis    
 c) were ineligible for the tribunate    
 * d) supported the traditional role of the Senate    
    

The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus brought such a permanent change to Roman politics because     
 a) the tribunate was used to challenge senatorial rule    
 b) bloodshed became a means of effecting change in Roman politics    
 c) political struggles revolved around fundamental issues instead of matters of honor and reputation    
 * d) all of the above    
    

A "new man" was     
 a) a freshman senator    
 * b) the first in the history of his family to reach the consulship    
 c) a senator under the age of 30    
 d) an ally who just received full Roman citizenship    
    

The equestrians were     
 a) a faction of liberal senators    
 * b) tax collectors and businessmen    
 c) governors of Roman provinces    
 d) both A and C    
    

Marius defeated which of the following:     
 a) Cimbri and Teutones    
 b) Jugurtha    
 c) Italian allies    
 * d) both A and B    
    

The war against Jugurtha exposed     
 a) the competence of Marius    
 b) the corruption of the Senate    
 c) the competence of the senatorial generals    
 * d) both A and B    
    

The war against the Italian allies resulted in     
 a) annihilation of the allied forces    
 b) further restriction of allied rights    
 * c) full Roman citizenship for the allies    
 d) an alliance with Philip V of Macedon to aid Rome against the allies    
    

Sulla's main foreign enemy after he became consul was     
 a) Pharnaces    
 * b) Mithradates    
 c) Jugurtha    
 d) Perseus    
    

Who of the following defeated Spartacus?     
 a) Crassus    
 b) Pompey and Caesar    
 * c) Pompey and Crassus    
 d) Sulla and Pompey    
    

The Catilinarian conspiracy was suppressed by     
 * a) Cicero    
 b) Verres    
 c) Bibulus    
 d) Caesar    
    

The First Triumvirate was composed of     
 a) Pompey, Antony and Cato    
 * b) Caesar, Pompey and Crassus    
 c) Octavian, Antony and Lepidus    
 d) Cicero, Caesar and Pompey    
    

Caesar was responsible for the conquest of     
 a) Egypt    
 b) Spain    
 * c) Gaul    
 d) Britain     
    

Which of the following dissolved the links between Caesar and Pompey?     
 a) the deaths of Crassus and Cato    
 b) the deaths of Crassus and Julia    
 * c) the coming of age of Pompey's son    
 d) Caesar's long service away from Rome    
    

Crassus died     
 a) while subduing a slave revolt    
 * b) while fighting the Parthians    
 c) after having been imprisoned by Caesar    
 d) none of the above    
    

Caesar's reforms sought     
 * a) to make rational and orderly what was traditional and chaotic    
 b) to undo the reforms of Sulla    
 c) to support his de facto position as "king of Rome"    
 d) to better control the military forces    
    

Caesar was assassinated because     
 a) he had personally offended Brutus and Cassius    
 b) he had violated the laws of the state    
 * c) he was regarded as a tyrant    
 d) he had confiscated money from the aristocracy    
    

The assassins of Caesar were defeated at the battle of     
 * a) Philippi    
 b) Pharsalus    
 c) Thapsus    
 d) Munda    
    

The Second Triumvirate consisted of     
 a) Lepidus, Sextus Pompey and Octavian    
 * b) Octavian, Antony and Lepidus    
 c) Antony, Octavian and Sextus Pompey    
 d) Lepidus, Antony and Cicero    
    

In the struggle for power between Antony and Octavian, from 34 to 31 B.C.E., Cleopatra proved to be     
 a) an asset for Antony    
 * b) an asset for Octavian    
 c) unimportant    
 d) instrumental in the treaty between the two    
    

In the royal period, Roman society was divided into classes of     
 a) patricians and priests    
 b) plebeians and priests    
 * c) patricians and plebeians    
 d) patricians, plebeians and priests    
    

The humanitas     
 a) was a Greek teacher    
 * b) emphasized broad intellectual training and critical thinking    
 c) emphasized practical vocational skills    
 d) both A and B    
    

A paedagogus was     
 a) a gladiatorial entrepreneur    
 b) an aristocrat in charge of the dramatic chorus    
 * c) a teacher and disciplinarian    
 d) a newly freed slave