Lesson 1	Why Study Psychology?
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	As you study the development of the science of psychology from its early history to the present day, you will most likely agree with which of the following statements?
a.	From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.
b.	Early psychologists disagreed about which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study about as much as current psychologists.
c.	Virtually all of the early psychologists were trained as medical doctors.
d.	The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the seventeenth century.
	2.	Psychology is defined in your textbook as
a.	the treatment of mental illness.
b.	the study of human problems.
c.	the science of behavior and mental processes.
d.	the scientific investigation of unconscious mental processes.
	3.	Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory and in doing so _______________.
a.	explored the nature of religious beliefs
b.	established psychology as a separate science
c.	identified mental disorders and abnormal behavior
d.	mapped damaged areas of the human brain
	4.	Which approach to psychology expanded its study of unconsciousness to include such issues as how early life experiences and unconscious influences would affect human development, personality, and even psychotherapeutic techniques?
a.	structuralism
b.	behaviorism
c.	cognitive
d.	psychoanalysis

	5.	Psychoanalysis emphasizes _______________, while humanistic psychology emphasizes _________________.
a.	unconscious influences of behavior; conscious experiences.
b.	overt behavior; covert behavior.
c.	group influence; work productivity.
d.	observable behaviors; prejudice beliefs.
	6.	Who would have been most likely to say: "Your behavior results from unconscious motivation, not motivation in your consciousness"?
a.	William James
b.	John B. Watson
c.	Sigmund Freud
d.	G. Stanley Hall
	7.	The founder of psychoanalysis was _______________, and the founder of humanistic psychology was _______________.
a.	B. F. Skinner; Carl Rogers
b.	Carl Rogers; Wilhelm Wundt
c.	Wilhelm Wundt; Sigmund Freud
d.	Sigmund Freud; Carl Rogers
	8.	According to B. F. Skinner, behaviorism was characterized by
a.	a focus upon observable behavior.
b.	a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.
c.	a focus upon the importance of free will and self-determination.
d.	an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.
	9.	In the video according to psychologist Steven James, people study psychology to
a.	learn how to manipulate others.
b.	learn more about science.
c.	better understand ourselves.
d.	make us happy.

10.	Conscious experiences is to unconscious experiences as ____________ is to _____________.
a.	B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow
b.	Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud
c.	Wilhelm Wundt; John B. Watson
d.	William James; Wilhelm Wundt
11.	Humanistic psychology emphasizes
a.	the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.
b.	the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.
c.	unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.
d.	free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.
12.	______________ is to psychoanalysis as ____________ is to behaviorism.
a.	Freud; James
b.	Skinner; Calkins
c.	Freud; Watson
d.	Wertheimer; Pavlov
13.	A scientist is studying changes in the brain after stressful experiences. This scientist is most likely to subscribe to the ______________ perspective.
a.	behavioral
b.	cross-cultural
c.	biological
d.	psychoanalytic
14.	The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on
a.	the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think.
b.	how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.
c.	the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.
d.	the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.

15.	The term cognitive revolution refers to
a.	a political movement that swept the United States after World War I.
b.	a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a "break" from traditional behaviorism.
c.	the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors.
d.	the revolt of research subjects against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.
16.	Which of the following is a characteristic of individualistic cultures?
a.	A person's identity is closely tied to the identity of a larger group, such as a family or work group.
b.	The needs and goals of the group are valued over the needs and goals of the individual.
c.	They are more commonly found in Asia and South America than in North America and Europe.
d.	The importance of self-reliance and individual achievement are emphasized.
17.	In contrast to collectivistic cultures, individualistic cultures tend to
a.	value the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.
b.	stress the interdependence of all people.
c.	be less susceptible to cultural influences.
d.	downplay individual abilities and achievements.
18.	In cross-cultural psychology, the term culture refers to
a.	American music and art.
b.	the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another.
c.	the universal human motives and beliefs that are shared by all people.
d.	a colony of bacteria grown in the laboratory, typically in a small glass dish.

19.	Which statement best characterizes the focus of the evolutionary perspective of psychology?
a.	As cognitive creatures, our concern must be to understand the dynamics of thinking, memory, and problem solving.
b.	Behavior varies across species and people because of different reinforcement systems.
c.	Application of these principles explains the evolution of psychological processes and phenomena.
d.	The importance of the biological basis of behavior with the advances in our medical and other technologies.
20.	According to statements of Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura in the video, which of the following concepts should a graduate student interested in motivation study? 
a.	role of biological processes
b.	role of self-efficacy
c.	role of early childhood experiences
d.	role of pathology
21.	Two doctors are both involved in treating people with severe mental disorders. The first doctor cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but the second doctor frequently prescribes medications. The first doctor is probably a ________________, whereas the second doctor is probably a _______________.
a.	psychiatrist; clinical psychologist
b.	experimental psychologist; biological psychologist
c.	clinical psychologist; psychiatrist
d.	social psychologist; health psychologist
22.	Social psychologists, according to the video, assume that
a.	group influences can strongly affect individual behavior.
b.	there are no parallels between human and animal behavior.
c.	human behavior cannot be accurately predicted in any situation.
d.	some aspects of behavior and mental processes cannot be understood by scientific means.

23.	________________ is a key element in the study of human behavior according to the video.
a.	Motivation
b.	Describing and predicting naturally occurring phenomena
c.	Investigating behavioral phenomena in animals
d.	The placement of one's astrological sign
24.	According to Yale University psychologist Peter Salovey, the future of psychology involves studying and learning more about the interplay between what is ________________ and what is behavioral.
a.	cognitive
b.	cross-cultural
c.	biological
d.	philosophical
25.	The work of psychologists is
a.	very limited and includes the study and treatment of psychological disorders.
b.	very diverse and includes the study and treatment of psychological disorders.
c.	based on research and includes the study of interplay of behavior and biological forces and testing.
d.	b and c.
26.	Which of the following is a TRUE statement about clinical psychologists?
a.	They have extensive training in psychological disorders, psychotherapy, and psychological testing.
b.	They may prescribe antidepressant medications, but not other kinds of medication or electroshock therapy.
c.	They only study mental disorders, whereas psychiatrists actually treat mental disorders.
d.	Both a and b are true.
27.	The work of some psychologists focuses on the relationship between behavior and the body's physical systems, including the brain, nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics. Their area of focus is called
a.	health psychology.
b.	cognitive psychology.
c.	biological psychology.
d.	clinical psychology.

28.	What field of psychology focuses on the relationship between people and work?
a.	social psychology
b.	cognitive psychology
c.	health psychology
d.	organizational/industrial psychology
29.	A researcher has been studying the effects of different levels of estrogen hormones on mating behaviors in male and female hamsters. On the basis of this information, you might conclude that this researcher is a ____________________ psychologist.
a.	cognitive
b.	developmental
c.	biological
d.	health
30.	In the video, the study of psychology is defined as being the ________________ of human behavior.
a.	science
b.	biology
c. history
d. record
31.	Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology were _______________ and ________________. 
a.	Freud; Skinner
b.	Pavlov; Skinner
c.	Rogers; Maslow
d.	James; Hall
32.	William James's ideas became the basis for a new school of psychology, called ____________________. 
a.	functionalism
b.	structuralism
c.	humanism
d.	behaviorism


Essay Questions
33.	Discuss how philosophy and physiology influenced the development of the field of psychology.
34.	Describe one scientific physiological discovery which became the foundation for the scientific research of psychology.
35.	Describe how the work of an early naturalist led to evolutionary psychology.

Lesson 2	Research Methods in Psychology
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The four basic goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and _________________ behavior and mental processes.
a.	discover and treat
b.	control and/or influence
c.	research
d.	direct
	2.	The Hockenbury textbook tells us that scientists use the _________________ to achieve these goals.
a.	scientific method
b.	antisurgery method
c.	vegetarian subsidies
d.	health department
	3.	The steps in the scientific method include formulate a testable hypothesis, design the study and collect the data, analyze the data and draw conclusions, and
a.	advise the participants of their best answers.
b.	report the findings.
c.	file the findings in your disk.
d.	start another research project.
	4.	The scientific method entails a series of steps. After the first step (formulate a hypothesis), which of the following is the next step?
a.	replicate the study
b.	design a study and collect data
c.	analyze the data and form conclusions
d.	apply the findings to solve human problems
	5.	We can say that the scientific method is a set of assumptions, attitudes, and _________________ that guide researchers.
a.	theories
b.	procedures
c.	policies
d.	concepts
	6.	In the video, Dr. Elaine Vaughan explained that the scientific method could be viewed as a way of _________________ problems.
a.	theorizing about
b.	promulgating
c.	ignoring
d.	thinking about
	7.	A hypothesis could be described as a(n)
a.	conclusion of your research.
b.	tentative statement of the relationship between two or more variables.
c.	research design.
d.	operational definition.
	8.	When we look for evidence that is based on observation and measurement, we are using _________________.
a.	pseudoscience
b.	empirical evidence
c.	a case study
d.	naturalistic research
	9.	We call the rational method of evaluating evidence while trying to minimize the influence of preconceptions and biases
a.	naturalistic research.
b.	experimental method.
c.	critical thinking.
d.	case studies.
10.	We could also describe a hypothesis as the formulation of a question that can be
a.	tested.
b.	observed.
c.	discussed.
d.	criticized.
11.	By the concept of descriptive methods of research, textbook authors Don and Sandra Hockenbury mean that
a.	the research is designed to find causation.
b.	the final report will describe the researcher.
c.	this is a research method selected to observe and describe behavior.
d.	the research will limit the number of hypothesis described.
12.	The three basic types of descriptive research are
a.	experimental, case study, and observational.
b.	experimental, naturalistic observation, and surveys.
c.	naturalistic observation, case studies, and survey method
d.	experimental, surveys, and assessment instruments.
13.	In comparing descriptive research to experimental research, we might state that descriptive research is used to observe and describe behavior and experimental research is used to demonstrate _________________ relationships.
a.	correlational relationships
b.	assessments of
c.	cause-and-effect
d.	control group
14.	The three categories of descriptive research include
a.	naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys.
b.	naturalistic observation, laboratory experimentation, and case studies.
c.	laboratory observation, naturalistic observation, and meta-analysis.
d.	placebo control, case studies, and surveys.
15.	One category of descriptive research involves systematically observing and recording behaviors in their natural setting. This descriptive research method is called
a.	the conduct of case studies.
b.	the conduct of surveys.
c.	naturalistic observation.
d.	laboratory observation.
16.	A category of descriptive research that involves studying one individual intensely is termed
a.	naturalistic observation.
b.	laboratory observation.
c.	case study.
d.	experimental method.

17.	Craig Anderson, a researcher in the video, explained that one of the main advantages of ________________ methodologies is that the results can lead to real insights.
a.	naturalistic observation
b.	experimental research
c.	descriptive research
d.	scientific
18.	The correlational research method seeks to
a.	establish a cause-and-effect relation.
b.	establish ethical guidelines.
c.	examine how strongly two variables are related to one another.
d.	a, b, and c.
19.	The textbook authors propose that a good example of the use of the ________________ study is to answer the question regarding the relationship between stress and our likelihood to catch a cold.
a.	naturalistic
b.	experimental
c.	correlational
d.	case study
20.	The textbook authors tell us that research indicates that a _______________ correlation exists between years of education and average annual earnings; in other words, as years of education increase, so do the average yearly earnings.
a.	positive
b.	negative
c.	insignificant
d.	significant
21.	The correlational research design differs from experimental in that
a.	a correlational study examines the strength between two variables, while the experimental method seeks a cause-and-effect relationship.
b.	a correlational study examines seeks a cause-and-effect relationship, while the experimental methods examines the strength between two variables.
c.	the experimental method verifies that two factors are related, while the correlational study examines the strength between two variables.
d.	a correlational study is not an ethical research method, whereas the experimental method is highly ethical.
22.	Anderson and Dill reported in the video that they had used the following two research methods to study video games and aggressive behavior:
a.	naturalistic and case study methods.
b.	case study and laboratory observation methods.
c.	assessment instruments and case study methods.
d.	correlational and experimental methods.
23.	Statistics are an intrinsic tool in research because they summarize the data they collect and
a.	employ statisticians.
b.	use personal opinion to help in determining conclusions.
c.	are manipulated by the researcher.
d.	draw conclusions about the data.
Matching Exercises
Directions: Match the lettered names of renowned researchers with their contributions described in Questions 24 through 27 below.
a.	Charles Darwin			c.	John B. Watson
b.	B. F. Skinner				d.	Sigmund Freud
___________ 24.	Leading proponent of behaviorism; developed operant conditioning.
___________ 25.	Founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior.
___________ 26.	Known for the theory of evolution through natural selection.
___________ 27.	Founder of psychoanalysis.

Directions: Match the lettered names of renowned researchers with their contributions described in Questions 28 through 31 below.
a.	Wilhelm Wundt			c.	Margaret Floy Washburn
b.	Ivan Pavlov				d.	Mary Whiton Calkins
___________ 28.	Conducted pioneering research on learning; discovered classical conditioning.
___________ 29.	Founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879.
___________ 30.	First woman elected president of the American Psychological Association; established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College.
___________ 31.	First woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; researched mental processes in animals.
True/False
Directions: Identify the following statements as True or False.
32.	Psychological researcher Craig Anderson explained that scientifically valid information is based on empirical research that is publicly observable. True/False
33.	Dr. Elaine Vaughan explained that the scientific method should never be thought of as a way of thinking about problems. True/False
34.	The three characteristics of the experimental method that were introduced were the manipulation of variables, the use of control groups, and the importance of specific assignment. True/False
35.	The main independent variable in the Anderson and Dill experimental study was violent vs. nonviolent video game playing. True/False
Essay Questions
36.	Discuss the advantages of the naturalistic observation research method.
37.	Describe the steps that comprise the scientific method.
38.	Discuss the difference between correlation and cause and effect.
39.	What does it mean if some data are referred to as being statistically significant and other data are referred to as being statistically insignificant?

Lesson 3	The Nervous System 
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called
a.	biological psychology.
b.	clinical psychology.
c.	cognitive physiology.
d.	psychopharmacology.
	2.	The branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systems is called
a.	clinical psychology.
b.	biological psychology.
c.	cognitive psychology.
d.	forensic psychology.
	3.	The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _______________ and the _______________.
a.	peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
b.	central nervous system; autonomic nervous system
c.	brain; spinal cord
d.	autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
	4.	The brain and the spinal cord make up the
a.	autonomic nervous system.
b.	somatic nervous system.
c.	central nervous system.
d.	peripheral nervous system.
	5.	All the nerves outside of the central nervous system are included in the _______________ system.
a.	endocrinal nervous
b.	peripheral nervous
c.	autonomic nervous
d.	somatic nervous
	6.	The peripheral nervous system includes a division called the autonomic nervous system, which regulates _______________ functions.
a.	voluntary
b.	involuntary
c.	unnecessary
d.	forensic
	7.	In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the
a.	peripheral nervous system.
b.	autonomic nervous system.
c.	central nervous system.
d.	somatic nervous system.
	8.	Up to one trillion neurons are linked in the body in a communication system called the
a.	central nervous system.
b.	peripheral nervous system.
c.	brain and the spinal cord.
d.	nervous system.
	9.	Imagine that you are distracted as you are cooking, and you inadvertently touch a very hot dish. Instantaneously, you jerk your hand back. This reflexive action was processed
a.	in your spinal cord.
b.	simultaneously in your spinal cord and brain.
c.	first in your brain, then a moment later in your spinal cord.
d.	with no involvement of the central nervous system.
10.	The two main subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _______________ nervous system and the _______________ nervous system.
a.	sympathetic; parasympathetic
b.	somatic; autonomic
c.	autonomic; spinal
d.	reticular; adrenal

11.	As you are walking on a beach, you pick up an odd-looking seashell that has a very rough texture. As you rub your fingers over the shell, the sensory messages are communicated via the _______________ nervous system to the central nervous system.
a.	somatic
b.	autonomic
c.	sympathetic
d.	parasympathetic
12.	While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the
a.	somatic nervous system.
b.	cerebrospinal fluid.
c.	spinal reflexes.
d.	autonomic nervous system.
13.	In the developing fetus, which brain region develops LAST?
a.	the hindbrain region
b.	the forebrain region
c.	the midbrain region
d.	the brainstem region
14.	The brain stem is made up of the _________________ and the _________________.
a.	forebrain; midbrain
b.	cerebellum; medulla
c.	reticular formation; pons
d.	midbrain; hindbrain
15.	A large bulk of the cerebral cortex is not devoted to any particular sensory or motor function. Rather, these areas, known as _______________, are generally thought to be involved in processing and integrating sensory and motor information.
a.	secondary cortex areas
b.	association areas
c.	the limbic system
d.	Broca's and Wernicke's areas
16.	Almost all of the sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex is processed through the
a.	thalamus.
b.	corpus callosum.
c.	hippocampus.
d.	pituitary gland.
17.	The electrical activity of the brain is recorded and measured using which of the following techniques or instruments?
a.	positron emission tomography
b.	computerized axial tomography
c.	the electroencephalograph
d.	magnetic resonance imaging
18.	In comparing fMRIs to PET scans,
a.	PET scans provide a much sharper picture than fMRIs.
b.	PET scans use less radioactive glucose than fMRIs.
c.	fMRIs provide a picture of brain activity in seconds rather than the minutes required by PET scans.
d.	fMRIs cost more and are less widely available than PET scanners.
19.	Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a.	Despite the fact that some people write with their left hands, all humans show left-hemisphere dominance for language functions.
b.	That genetics plays a role in handedness is suggested by the fact that a child is much more likely to be left-handed if both biological parents are left-handed.
c.	The fact that it is very easy to teach infants and young children to be left-handed strongly suggests that handedness is determined by environmental conditions, not genetics.
d.	The percentage of the population that is left-handed has steadily declined over the past 2,000 years.
20.	Most left-handed people
a.	process language in their left hemisphere.
b.	process language in the right hemisphere.
c.	process language in both hemispheres.
d.	are female.

21.	Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a.	One limitation of using the case study method with a person who has sustained a brain injury is that brain injuries are rarely confined to a specific brain area.
b.	Electrically stimulating a specific area of the brain usually produces the opposite effect of a lesion in the same brain area.
c.	Lesion techniques are only used with animals to study brain functions.
d.	A limitation of the case study method is that damage to one area of the brain may affect functioning in another brain area.
22.	Dr. Susan Curtiss, in the video, advised us that it has been learned that the brain is capable of a substantial rewiring process called
a.	cell regeneration.
b.	a neural pathway.
c.	structural plasticity.
d.	circulation.
23.	The endocrine system involves communication by chemical messengers called _______________, which circulate through the _________________.
a.	hormones; bloodstream
b.	neurotransmitters; spinal cord
c.	hormones; cerebrospinal fluid
d.	endorphins; nervous system
24.	The main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the
a.	adrenal cortex.
b.	hypothalamus.
c.	pineal gland.
d.	pancreas.
25.	Whereas the _________________ gland is involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles, the _________________ gland is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and hunger.
a.	thyroid; pituitary
b.	pineal; pancreas
c.	adrenal; pineal
d.	pancreas; thyroid

Essay Questions
26.	Describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system.
27.	Describe the function of the corpus callosum.
28.	Define biological psychology and explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology.
29.	Discuss the role that Guy's mother played in his recovery and the importance of being exposed to an enriched environment.

Lesson 4	The Neuron and Neural Transmission
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	______________ are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
a.	Axons
b.	Dendrites
c.	Neurons
d.	Nerves
	2.	Glial cells provide structural support for __________________.
a.	axons
b.	nerves
c.	dendrites
d.	neurons
	3.	"While the most common form of communication between neurons is chemical, come neurons in the human nervous system communicate ________________."
a.	via dendritic
b.	via synaptic
c.	electrically
d.	presynaptically
	4.	"The most common form of communication between neurons is received and transmitted by means of ___________________."
a.	neurotransmitters.
b.	action potentials.
c.	synaptic clefts.
d.	axons.
	5.	________________ have three components: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
a.	Neurotransmitters
b.	Glial cells
c.	Synaptic
d.	Neurons

	6.	Neurons consist of three types:
a.	sensory neurons, motor neurons, and glial neurons.
b.	brain neurons, body neurons, and support neurons.
c.	interneurons, communication neurons, and support neurons.
d.	sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
	7.	A ________________ is a type of neuron that conveys information about the environment, such as light and sound, from sense organs to the brain.
a.	sensory neuron
b.	motor neuron
c.	interneuron
d.	synaptic neuron
	8.	A ________________ is a type of neuron whose function is to communicate information between neurons.
a.	sensory neuron
b.	motor neuron
c.	interneuron
d.	synaptic neuron
	9.	What type of neuron conveys information to muscles causing them to relax or contract?
a.	sensory neuron
b.	motor neuron
c.	interneuron
d.	synaptic neuron
10.	________________ is the main function of neuron.
a.	Communication
b.	Metabolism
c.	Elimination
d.	Transmission
11.	The _______________ is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.
a.	cell body
b.	myelin sheath
c.	axon
d.	synaptic gap
12.	The nucleus is located at the center of a ________________ and provides energy for the neuron to carry out its function.
a.	glial cell
b.	serotonin
c.	action potential
d.	neuron
13.	The neuron receives data first through the ________________.
a.	synaptic gap
b.	axon
c.	dendrites
d.	action potential
14.	The function of the myelin sheath is to
a.	slow the speed of transmission.
b.	enhance the speed of transmission.
c.	expose the axon to interference.
d.	protect the neuron from antibodies.
15.	The stimulus threshold is the ________________ level of stimulation required to activate a neuron.
a.	minimum
b.	maximum
c.	neutral
d.	committed
16.	Messages are gathered by the dendrites to the cell body and then transmitted along the axon in the form of a brief electrical impulse called
a.	a communication impulse.
b.	a nerve reaction.
c.	an action potential.
d.	a reflexive impulse.
17.	Dr. Steward in the video described the centerpiece of the neuron, called the ________________, as the place where the entire metabolic activity takes place.
a.	dendrite
b.	axon
c.	synaptic gap
d.	cell body
18.	______________ is a state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation.
a.	Action potential
b.	Resting potential
c.	Emotional potential
d.	Pain perception
19.	The space between neurons across which chemical messages pass is called the
a.	chemical receptor site.
b.	synaptic gap.
c.	axon-dendrite gap.
d.	neurotransmitter.
20.	A neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs, or if not adequately stimulated, no action potential occurs; this rule is referred to as
a.	transmission to transmission synape.
b.	tip-of-tongue.
c.	the all-or-none law.
d.	electrically charged particles.
21.	The video told the story of Dr. Susie Curtiss and her battle with a neurological disorder called dystonia. Dystonia is primarily associated with
a.	problems with hearing development.
b.	problems with sensory memory.
c.	difficulty in controlling motor functions and coordination.
d.	an immature breathing structure.
22.	A white, fatty substance that insulates one axon from adjoining axons and increases the speed of neural transmissions is called
a.	an axon.
b.	dendrites.
c.	myelin sheath.
d.	dopamine.

23.	In the video, Dr. Schweitzer explained that neurological disorders such as dystonia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease result in
a.	accidents or injuries.
b.	childhood trauma.
c.	malfunctions in neural transmission.
d.	nutritional deficiencies.
24.	Communication throughout the ______________ system occurs via neurons, which are specialized cells that receive and transmit information.
a.	nervous
b.	central nervous
c.	autonomic
d.	somatic
25.	Endorphins have similar effects to opiates because they
a.	can cause personality change.
b.	can cause cellular damage.
c.	reduce the perception of pain and often produce a state of euphoria.
d.	increase the perception of pain.
26.	Dr. Schweitzer points out in the video that ________________ is one of the most common neurological illnesses and affects approximately one person in 50 over the age of 50.
a.	depression
b.	dystonia
c.	multiple sclerosis
d.	Parkinson's disease
27.	Dr. Susie Curtiss experienced a postsurgical complication as a result of the brain's ability to heal itself, a phenomenon called
a.	neural balancing.
b.	plasticity.
c.	the neurotransmitter effect.
d.	electromagnetic equilibrium.
Essay Questions
28.	Describe how the all-or-none law applies to the action potential of neurons.
29.	Describe what happens if brain communication becomes disrupted.

Lesson 5	Sensation and Perception
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Sensation is the process of detecting _________________, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure.
a.	physical stimuli
b.	psychic stimuli
c.	thoughts
d.	sensations
	2.	Sensation is first received in the
a.	muscles.
b.	brain.
c.	sense receptors.
d.	nerves.
	3.	________________ is a process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a signal that can be processed by the nervous system.
a.	Sensation
b.	Transduction
c.	Perception
d.	Selective attention
	4.	Sensation refers to the detection and basic sensory experience of environmental stimuli, while ___________________ refers to our integration, organization, and interpretation of sensory data to meaningful information.
a.	perception
b.	selective attention
c.	sense receptors
d.	recoding phenomenon
	5.	In the video, Dr. Bagrash informed us that the transforming, or recoding, of information from the language of the physical world into the language of the nervous system is called
a.	recoding phenomenon.
b.	transduction.
c.	sensory reorganization.
d.	the physical-neural connection.
	6.	As explained in the video, ________________ are specialized nerve cells that allow us to extract information from the environment.
a.	neurons
b.	glial cells
c.	sensory receptors
d.	transduction nerves
	7.	Weber's law is the principle that the size of the ________________ will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus.
a.	figure-ground reversal
b.	top-down processing
c.	just noticeable difference
d.	perceptual set
	8.	________________ refers to the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected, for example, one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water or the tick of a watch at 20 feet.
a.	Figure-ground reversal
b.	Perceptual set
c.	Absolute threshold
d.	Sensory receptors
	9.	The just noticeable difference is also called
a.	difference threshold.
b.	top-down processing.
c.	transduction.
d.	sensation.
10.	You live within a few blocks of a busy freeway, and after the first week or so you become unaware of the constant hum. We could say this is an example of
a.	selective attention.
b.	sensory deprivation.
c.	auditory blending.
d.	sensory adaptation.

11.	Olfactory receptor cells respond to
a.	vibrations in the air.
b.	wavelengths of light.
c.	chemical molecules in the air.
d.	chemical molecules in the mouth.
12.	In the video, when food critic Kelly von Hemert inhaled odor molecules, they stimulated her
a.	olfactory receptors.
b.	nasal cavity.
c.	taste buds.
d.	neural pathways.
13.	The process of sensory adaptation includes the gradual ________________ in sensitivity to a constant stimulus.
a.	increase
b.	decrease
c.	leveling off
d.	equalizing
14.	The receptor cells for smell and taste respond to
a.	the electromagnetic spectrum.
b.	neural stimulation in the same way as other sensory receptors.
c.	chemical stimulation.
d.	airborne, water-based chemicals.
15.	The __________________ is the opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light.
a.	pupil
b.	hammer
c.	optic nerve
d.	glial cell

16.	The __________________ is that thick bundle of axons that carries information from the back of the eye to the brain.
a.	pupil
b.	hammer
c.	optic nerve
d.	glial cell
17.	We could say that _________________ is a process of detecting airborne chemical molecules through the use of olfactory receptor cells.
a.	sense of hearing
b.	sense of smell
c.	sense of taste
d.	sense of vision
18.	___________________ are the specialized sensory receptors that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth.
a.	Hair cells
b.	Semicircular canals
c.	Taste buds
d.	Optic nerves
19.	Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge and expectations in forming perceptions is called
a.	bottom-up processing.
b.	top-down processing.
c.	perceptual set.
d.	perceptual constancy.
20.	In the video, a Christmas tree was used to help explain the concept of
a.	bottom-up processing.
b.	top-down processing.
c.	visual discrimination.
d.	the Gestalt principle of organization.

21.	As illustrated in the video, a computer could be used to stimulate various sensations; this process is called
a.	virtual reality.
b.	figure-ground.
c.	the computer-generated sensory input model.
d.	fourth-dimension production.
22.	__________________ processing emphasizes the importance of the raw sensory data in detecting perception, whereas _________________ processing emphasizes the importance of the observer's cognitive processes in arriving at meaningful perceptions.
a.	Top-down; bottom-up
b.	Bottom-up; top-down
c.	Figure-ground; top-down
d.	Visual discrimination; sensory reorganization
23.	The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory information in a way that is meaningful is called
a.	hearing.
b.	sensation.
c.	perception.
d.	top-down processing.
24.	As we interact with our environment, many of our perceptions are shaped by ________________, which is also referred to as conceptually driven processing.
a.	hearing
b.	sensation
c.	perception
d.	top-down processing
25.	As you walk down a street, the shape, size, and location of everything around you keeps changing, yet you experience your surroundings as stable. This stability is called 
a.	figure-ground.
b.	binocular cues.
c.	perceptual constancy.
d.	perceptual set.

26.	The tendency to perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input promotes a stable view of the world and is called
a.	perceptual law of similarity.
b.	figure-ground.
c.	binocular cues.
d.	perceptual constancy.
27.	According to the laws of perceptual grouping, we tend to group elements together to arrive at the __________________ of forms, shapes, and figures.
a.	sensation
b.	perceptional grouping
c.	perceptual constancies
d.	depth perception
28.	Which sense lets you know if you are moving?
a.	equilibrium
b.	kinesthesis
c.	olfaction
d.	somatic nervous system
29.	The ability to perceive the distance of an object as well as the three-dimensional characteristics of an object is called
a.	depth perception.
b.	perceptional grouping.
c.	top-down processing.
d.	sensory receptor.
30.	________________ refers to the perceptual principle that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.
a.	Perceptual constancy
b.	Equilibrium
c.	Figure and ground
d.	Middle ear

31.	_________________ explain(s) how perceptions become organized, and includes the principles of similarity, closure, good continuation, and proximity.
a.	Weber's law
b.	Gestalt principles
c.	Parallax
d.	Absolute threshold
32.	In the video, the narrator explained that the German word _________________ roughly translated, means unified whole, form, or shape.
a.	Prägnanz
b.	Gestalt
c.	Müller
d.	Duncker
33.	Our ________________ usually lead us to reasonably accurate conclusions. If they didn't, we would soon develop new ones so that the world would make sense to us.
a.	sensory receptors
b.	perceptual sets
c.	perceptual illusions
d.	sensory receptors
34.	When viewed on the horizon, the moon appears considerably larger than when it is viewed higher in the sky. This is an example of ________________.
a.	perceptual illusion
b.	perceptual set
c.	perceptual grouping
d.	perceptual constancies
Essay Questions
35.	As discussed in the video, please explain the difference between sensation and perception.
36.	As discussed in the video, please explain how sometimes a single image can be seen in two different ways, and name the phenomenon.
37.	Explain how it is often very difficult to distinguish between what we sense and what we perceive.

Lesson 6	Consciousness
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	"The personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the environment," according to the textbook, is the definition of
a.	sleep.
b.	consciousness.
c.	wakefulness.
d.	alpha state.
	2.	"Consciousness is like a stream or a river; it is continuous and cannot be divided or broken down into component parts." This description of consciousness is attributed to
a.	Sigmund Freud.
b.	Wilhelm Wundt.
c.	William James.
d.	Michael Stevenson.
	3.	According to the textbook, the study of ________________ takes into account the role of psychological, physiological, social, and cultural influences.
a.	sociology
b.	cellular structures
c.	computers
d.	consciousness
	4.	Circadian rhythms as described in the video not only are responsible for when you go to sleep and when you wake but they also affect
a.	stress from the day.
b.	your mental alertness.
c.	your appetite.
d.	perception of pain.
	5.	In the video, Margaret White explained that we spend approximately 5 percent of our sleep in
a.	stage 1.
b.	stage 2.
c.	stage 3.
d.	stage 4.
	6.	In the video, psychologist Michael Stevenson explained that when a person is asleep, he or she is
a.	in a comatose state.
b.	unable to sense the external environment.
c.	in an altered state of consciousness.
d.	in a circadian rhythm.
	7.	Alpha, theta, and delta are the early stages of
a.	circadian rhythm.
b.	jet lag.
c.	sleep.
d.	wakefulness.
	8.	Divided into four stages, this type of sleep, known as _______________, is also called quiet sleep.
a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	alpha-induced sleep
d.	electroencephalograph sleep
	9.	One sleep technique was illustrated in the video by Ray Casillas, who used what familiar thing to help him sleep?
a.	a radio
b.	a book
c.	a fan
d.	a candle
10.	In the video, Ray and his family did many things to help them sleep, including
a.	using calming routines and familiar objects.
b.	watching television.
c.	drinking something just before going to bed.
d.	securing the home so that everyone feels safe and protected.
11.	During NREM sleep, dreams are usually nonexistent, with most dreams occurring during REM period. REM means
a.	remember.
b.	revolving member.
c.	resistant eye molecule.
d.	rapid eye movement.
12.	The stage of sleep accompanied by considerable physical arousal is known as
a.	alpha stage.
b.	REM stage.
c.	theta stage.
d.	delta stage.
13.	Over the lifespan, from fetus to super senior (60+ years), our REM and NREM sleep tends on the average to
a.	increase.
b.	decrease.
c.	remain stable.
d.	vary.
14.	The most common sleep complaint as reported in the video is
a.	daytime tiredness.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	insomnia.
d.	sleepwalking.
15.	Most of the common major sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, and night terrors, as well as narcolepsy. While narcolepsy is considered a sleep disorder, it actually does occur during the
a.	middle of the night.
b.	day.
c.	early morning.
d.	night.
16.	A little known and recently identified sleep disorder seems to mostly occur in men over 60 and involves acting out one's dreams which can cause harm to the dreamer and/or the sleep partner. It is called
a.	alpha sleep.
b.	REM sleep behavior disorder.
c.	NREM sleep behavior disorder.
d.	theta sleep.

17.	In regard to dreams, Freud proposed that there were narratives which expressed fulfillment of the individual's unfulfilled hopes and expectations; the _________________ theory, however, maintains that dream stories are the result of automatic activation of brain-stem circuits.
a.	activation-synthesis
b.	restoration
c.	hypnosis
d.	active NREM
18.	The textbook authors maintain that ________________ explanation of dreams does not view dreams as automatic, meaningless reactions to brain activity. Instead, they report that "the meaning is to be found not by decoding the dream symbols, but by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images."
a.	Freudian interpretation
b.	activation-synthesis
c.	posthypnotic theory
d.	latent-content analysis
19.	Freud proposed that dreams have two components: the ______________ content, or the actual dream images, and the _______________ content, or the symbolic, hidden meaning of the dream.
a.	manifest; latent
b.	latent; manifest
c.	hypnotic; posthypnotic
d.	posthypnotic; hypnotic
20.	One interesting theory regarding hypnosis regards the hypnotic effect as resulting from the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the participant is aware. This theory is called
a.	posthypnotic effect.
b.	neodissociation theory.
c.	dream control.
d.	hypermnesia.

21.	________________ can be defined as a unique state of consciousness in which a person responds to suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.
a.	Sleep disorders
b.	Hypnosis
c.	Unconsciousness
d.	Posthypnotic amnesia
22.	Characteristics of the ________________ include increased responsiveness to suggestions, vivid images, and fantasies, and a willingness to accept distortions of logic or reality.
a.	activation state
b.	hypnotic state
c.	posthypnotic state
d.	unconscious state
23.	Common to all forms of meditation is the goal of
a.	controlling attention.
b.	developing concentration by focusing awareness.
c.	opening up awareness.
d.	spiritual development.
24.	When we think of the phrases "induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness," we are probably thinking of
a.	hypnosis.
b.	early evening sleep.
c.	late evening sleep.
d.	meditation.
25.	Psychoactive drugs alter consciousness by changing arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception. The four broad categories of psychoactive drugs are
a.	depressants, barbiturates, opiates, and stimulants.
b.	psychedelics, stimulants, opiates, and depressants.
c.	stimulants, tranquilizers, opiates, and psychedelics.
d.	depressants, opiates, psychedelics, and amphetamines.

Essay Questions
26.	Describe what William James might have meant when he described consciousness as a "stream of thought."
27.	Describe how bright light affects the body.
28.	Describe the common properties of the following psychoactive drugs: depressants, opiates, stimulants, and psychedelics.

Lesson 7	Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Broadly defined, learning is
a.	any permanent change in behavior.
b.	a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
c.	the acquisition of knowledge.
d.	a relatively enduring change in the amount of knowledge acquired.
	2.	Classical and operant conditioning are different in that
a.	consequences are only involved in operant conditioning.
b.	reflexive responses are involved in classical conditioning.
c.	more complex responses are found in operant rather than classical conditioning.
d.	all of the above statements are true.
	3.	After three radiation treatment visits, Peter experiences nausea whenever he walks by the building in which the treatment center is located. The building has become a(n) ________________, according to classical conditioning theorists.
a.	unconditioned response
b.	conditioned stimulus
c.	unconditioned stimulus
d.	conditioned response
	4.	For classical conditioning to be most effective and long lasting, the conditioned stimulus should
a.	immediately follow the unconditioned response.
b.	follow the unconditioned stimulus.
c.	follow the conditioned response.
d.	precede the unconditioned stimulus.
	5.	Conditioning that depends on the consequences of behavior is _________________ conditioning.
a.	classical
b.	operant
c.	higher-order
d.	latent
	6.	At the end of the day, you get home from work, go in the kitchen, and open a can of food with the electric can opener. Your dog comes running, anticipating food. This is an example of
a.	biological drift.
b.	aversive conditioning.
c.	classical conditioning.
d.	operant conditioning.
	7.	Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning a(n) __________________ between two stimuli.
a.	reflexive response
b.	association
c.	reinforcement
d.	extinction
	8.	After conditioning, we tend to respond to stimuli resembling one or more involved from the original conditioning event. This tendency is called
a.	unconditioned stimulus.
b.	extinction.
c.	spontaneous recovery.
d.	stimulus generalization.
	9.	We say that stimulus generalization occurs when a learned response occurs to __________________ stimuli as well.
a.	similar
b.	different
c.	exactly the same
d. 	neutral
10.	If Pavlov's ringing bell was repeatedly presented without the food and if the dog ceased to salivate, the conditioned response was 
a.	punished.
b.	extinguished.
c.	distinguished.
d.	observed.

11.	Classical conditioning informs us that in order to extinguish a learned, conditioned response, we must
a.	repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
b.	present the unconditioned stimulus alone.
c.	frequently present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus.
d.	present the conditioned stimulus alone once.
12.	If your dog starts to salivate (drool) whenever you shake a box of doggie treats, it may eventually also salivate to the shaking of a box of crackers. We could then say that _________________ has occurred.
a.	extinction
b.	stimulus generalization
c.	operant conditioning
d.	stimulus discrimination
13.	We could say that ___________________ is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response.
a.	continuous reinforcement
b.	negative reinforcement
c.	extinction
d.	operant conditioning
14.	Martin Seligman has proposed that humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of selective objects or situations that once may have posed a threat to our ancestors, such as ______________, but not other objects such as _________________.
a.	electrical outlets; snakes
b.	stairs; electrical outlets
c.	snakes and spiders; stairs
d.	flowers; crocodiles
15.	Robert Rescorla demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in _______________ conditioning, claiming that what is learned is not just automatic association but the relationships between events.
a.	operant
b.	latent
c.	social
d.	classical
16.	According to Dr. Rescorla, pairing events may not be enough for classical conditioning to occur, since he maintains that the conditioned stimulus must ________________ signal that the unconditioned stimulus will follow.
a.	alternatively
b.	never
c.	reliably
d.	perhaps
17.	In the video, you learned that Harvard psychologist B. F. Skinner became famous for defining the principles of
a.	classical conditioning.
b.	learning from positive reinforcement.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	findings that control all animal behavior.
18.	________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.
a.	Classical conditioning
b.	Operant conditioning
c.	Latent learning
d.	Observational learning
19.	According to Dr. Skinner and the operant conditioning theorists, consequences control
a.	behavior.
b.	free will.
c.	knowledge.
d.	instincts.
20.	In the video, you learned that positive or negative reinforcement increases the probability we will repeat a behavior. In ________________, we want to have the reinforcer repeated; however, in ________________, we want to avoid application of the reinforcer.
a.	negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
b.	positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
c.	positive reinforcement; neutral reinforcement
d.	neutral reinforcement; negative reinforcement
21.	In the video, the Marine Corps drill instructors used yelling to engender the unconditioned response of
a.	attention.
b.	terror.
c.	resistance.
d.	fear.
22.	In the video, B. F. Skinner acknowledged that although ______________ works to control behavior, he much preferred the use of positive reinforcement to control behavior.
a.	punishment
b.	negative reinforcement
c.	partial reinforcement
d.	unconditioned response
23.	Punishment does not always work to control behavior because 
a.	it does not teach a proper response.
b.	it may produce undesired responses, such as fear.
c.	it reinforces an increase in behavior.
d.	a and b are true.
24.	Dr. Skinner identified two types of aversive events also known as punishment: punishment by application and punishment by _______________.
a.	gift
b.	court action
c.	removal
d.	the parent
25.	Punishment by application is when we present a punishment following a response; however, punishment by removal occurs when privileges, possessions or something desired is _______________.
a.	presented
b.	withdrawn or taken away
c.	rewarded
d.	delayed for a short period

26.	In the video, the professor's behavior was __________________ by his students to the point where he was lecturing facing the blackboard and talking over his shoulder.
a.	observed
b.	punished
c.	extinguished
d.	shaped
27.	Shaping involves reinforcing successively ___________________ approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is displayed.
a.	inconsistent
b.	further
c.	consistent
d.	closer
28.	A researcher wants to train his cat to eat snacks from his hand, so he reinforces incrementally closer approximations of the goal behavior. The researcher reinforces his cat by making approving noises for eating from the cat dish while he is physically close, then for licking the food held out to the cat, then for taking bites out of the food, and finally he gives the cat tiny pieces that can be swallowed all at once. The cat now can eat snacks from the researcher's hand. The researcher has used a process called
a.	extinction.
b.	generalization.
c.	insight learning.
d.	shaping.
29.	Shaping is most likely to be used when 
a.	the desired response has a low probability of occurring spontaneously.
b.	the desired response has a high probability of occurring spontaneously.
c.	reinforcers are scarce, and there is a need to use them sparingly.
d.	using a continuous schedule of reinforcement would be undesirable.
30.	Continuous reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which ________________ occurrence of a response is reinforced; alternatively, partial reinforcement occurs when reinforcement is present _________________.
a.	every; sometimes
b.	sometimes an; every time
c.	usually an; every time
d.	no; simultaneously
31.	Partial reinforcement is ________________ resistant to extinction than is the use of continuous reinforcement.
a.	more
b.	less
c.	somewhat less
d.	somewhat more
32.	Which of the following scientists developed the operant conditioning model of learning?
a.	B. F. Skinner
b.	E. L. Thorndike
c.	R. A. Rescorla
d.	Ivan Pavlov
33.	Which of the following researchers was the first to experimentally study animal learning behavior and document how active behaviors are influenced by their consequences?
a.	E. L. Thorndike
b.	B. F. Skinner
c.	R. A. Rescorla
d.	Edward C. Tolman
Matching Exercises
Match the individuals listed below with their corresponding contributions described in Questions 34 through 37.
a.	John B. Watson			c.	Ivan Pavlov
b.	John Garcia				d.	Robert Rescorla
___________ 34.	First described classical conditioning.
___________ 35.	Experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.
___________ 36.	Founded behaviorism.
___________ 37.	Demonstrated the learning of taste aversions.
Essay Questions
38.	Describe the role of cognition in classical conditioning.
39.	Describe the operant conditioning process of shaping.
40.	Discuss the effects of punishment on behavior.
41.	Explain the difference between partial and continuous reinforcement.

Lesson 8	Learning: Observational and Cognitive Approaches
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The concept of reliable signals was developed by Dr. Rescorla and proposes that for learning to occur in classical conditioning, the _________________ must be a reliable signal in that it consistently predicts the presentation of the __________________.
a.	conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
b.	unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
c.	conditioned response; unconditioned response
d.	unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
	2.	Suppose one severe winter in Russia, Dr. Pavlov's laboratory roof collapsed, and the dogs conditioned to the reliable signal that footsteps mean food, now hear for three to four days additional footsteps of workers making roof repairs who did not bring food. After four days of unreliable signals, would the dogs stop salivating at the sound of footsteps? Dr. Rescorla would say
a.	yes.
b.	no.
c.	that it depends on the number of footsteps made by the roof repair workers.
d.	that it depends on the rate of the dogs actively processing information about the reliability of the signals.
	3.	B. F. Skinner, who ignored the "black box" of mental activity, stated that conditioning did not need to invoke cognitive factors; however, other learning researchers state that learning includes both changes in outward behavior and
a.	a role model.
b.	acquisition of knowledge.
c.	a pet dog.
d.	self-control.
	4.	As discussed in the video, Edward Tolman proposed that ___________________ played an crucial role in operant conditioning.
a.	weight loss
b.	acquisition of knowledge
c.	cognition
d.	self-control
	5.	As discussed in the video, ____________________ helps us transfer learning from one environment to another, as in the case of the dancer who must be able to perform the same dance on stages of different sizes at different times.
a.	classical conditioning
b.	modeling
c.	discovery learning
d.	cognitive mapping
	6.	A cognitive map could be described as
a.	an experimenter's maze.
b.	a problem-solving schema.
c.	a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.
d.	an example of a mentor.
	7.	When our behavior reflects learning that occurred at some time prior to the action, we call the learning
a.	latent learning.
b.	observational learning.
c.	classical conditioning.
d.	operant conditioning.
	8.	Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a later time, is called
a.	observational learning.
b.	insight learning.
c.	latent learning.
d.	operant conditioning.
	9.	Which of the following theorists researched the concepts of latent learning and cognitive maps?
a.	Albert Bandura
b.	Edward Tolman
c.	Ivan Pavlov
d.	John Garcia

10.	Martin Seligman demonstrated that exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior or
a.	trial and error.
b.	learned helplessness.
c.	discovery learning.
d.	instinctive drift.
11.	Martin Seligman explained the passive behavior of dogs who were placed in a shuttlebox with one side electrified as
a.	learned helplessness.
b.	instinctive drift.
c.	imitation learning.
d.	sleep inertia.
12.	________________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to natural behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
a.	Sleep inertia
b.	Modeling
c.	Instinctive drift
d.	Learned helplessness
13.	A psychology student has studied operant conditioning, and for his class project he decided to train a chicken to play baseball. Actually the chicken learned to peck on a button that would activate a swinging bat, but instead of heading off for first base, the chicken chased the ball just as if it were a bug. Faced with these results, the student explained that the behavior of the chicken was an example of
a.	modeling.
b.	instinctive drift.
c.	insight.
d.	classical conditioning.
14.	Animal and bird trainers report that nonreinforced behaviors by their trainees reflect an apparently innate response called
a.	modeling.
b.	instinctive drift.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	observational learning.
15.	The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can be strong enough to keep some animals and fowl from engaging in learned behaviors that would result in reinforcement. We call this predisposition
a.	observational learning.
b.	nurture.
c.	instinctive drift.
d.	learned helplessness.
16.	Learning that occurs through observing the action of others is called
a.	discovery learning.
b.	behavior modification.
c.	learned helplessness.
d.	observational learning.
17.	The cornerstone of observational learning is that it occurs
a.	indirectly.
b.	infrequently.
c.	directly.
d.	aggressively.
18.	Sometimes, learning by modeling is called
a.	classical learning.
b.	observational learning.
c.	cognitive learning.
d.	discovery learning.
19.	Albert Bandura, in the video, describes observational learning as a process whereby people acquire attitudes, values, and new ways of thinking and behaving by __________________ the actions of others.
a.	ignoring
b.	observing
c.	cognating on
d.	controlling

20.	In the video in referring to his research with the Bobo doll and children, Bandura notes that we use our __________________ to help us choose which behaviors we will model.
a.	cognitive abilities
b.	emotive capacities
c.	latent learning
d.	expectations
21.	In the video, it was explained that four processes interact which form the foundation for observational learning and imitation to occur. These processes are
a.	exposure time, aggression, getting into fights, and motivation.
b.	pay attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation.
c.	cognition, memory, emotion, and motivation.
d.	attention, emotion, cognition, and motivation.
22.	In the video, Albert Bandura proposes that three factors increase the possibility of imitation. They are
a.	prestige, attractiveness, and power.
b.	exposure time, prestige, and power.
c.	cognition, power, and aggressiveness.
d.	learned helplessness, latent learning, and motivation.
23.	The textbook authors report that at a preserve in central Indonesia, free-ranging orangutans imitated the behavior of both humans and other orangutans, but especially ________________ models, rather than _________________ models.
a.	low-status and dominant; high-status
b.	high-status and dominant; low-status
c.	low-status; middle dominant
d.	high-status; middle-status
24.	Attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation are the processes required for
a.	classical conditioning.
b.	operant conditioning.
c.	insight learning.
d.	imitation.

25.	The textbook tells us that cognitive processes are involved in both major learning theories in that __________________ conditioning involves the learning of the relationship between events, whereas ___________________ conditioning involves the cognitive expectancy that a consequence will follow a behavior.
a.	operant; classical
b.	classical; operant
c.	observational; cognitive
d.	cognitive; observational
26.	Learning that involves higher mental processes, such as understanding, knowing, anticipating, and remembering uses, is termed
a.	only operant conditioning.
b.	only classical conditioning.
c.	cognitive learning.
d.	emotional states.
27.	In the video, Carlos provided a positive ___________________ for other students in the dance class.
a.	role model
b.	emotional factor
c.	hands-on teacher
d.	instinctive drift
28.	According to your textbook, ____________________ is a successful strategy you can use to realize your important and long-term goals.
a.	reading comic books
b.	long naps
c.	observing good role models
d.	severe mind control
29.	According to your textbook, Walter Mischel found that children who observed others choosing a delayed reinforcer over an immediate reinforcer were more likely to choose the delayed reinforcer themselves. Mischel's research addresses the importance of good __________________ for children (and adults).
a.	comic books
b.	role models
c.	discipline
d.	study periods
Essay Questions
30.	Explain and give an example of a cognitive map.
31.	Explain the concept of latent learning.
32.	Define observational learning.

Lesson 9	Memory
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	__________________ refers to the active mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.
a.	Retrieval cue
b.	Amnesia
c.	Free recall
d.	Memory
	2.	In this video, picking up something at the store, going to a doctor's office, taking medications, and taking children to a specific place were used as examples of
a.	a memory trace.
b.	prospective memory.
c.	long-term memory.
d.	performance memory.
	3.	The process of recovering information from memory is known as
a.	retrieval.
b.	exercise.
c.	encoding.
d.	interference.
	4.	The three basic memory processes are encoding, storage, and
a.	retrieval.
b.	exercise.
c.	interference.
d.	free call.
	5.	In this video, Professor James McGaugh used the example of an explosive going off on a battlefield to explain how information is __________________ into memory.
a.	retrieved
b.	encoded
c.	stored
d.	organized

	6.	The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a brief period of time is known as
a.	retrieval.
b.	long-term memory.
c.	short-term memory.
d.	sensory memory.
	7.	Problem solving, remembering, and imagining all take place in
a.	short-term memory.
b.	cognitive memory.
c.	long-term memory.
d.	sensory memory.
	8.	An important function of __________________ is to store information briefly so that our stream of perceptions of the world can be experienced.
a.	short-term memory
b.	cognitive memory
c.	long-term memory
d.	sensory memory
	9.	Long-term items are stored for two minutes or more, while short-term/working memory can store items for
a.	one second.
b.	30 seconds.
c.	one-half second.
d.	15 seconds.
10.	Most American when called up at events such as sports gatherings can recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Where has this information been stored?
a.	in encoded memory
b.	in procedural memory
c.	in short-term memory
d.	in long-term memory

11.	The stage of memory that registers information as it is occurring and holds it for the briefest amount of time is called
a.	encoded memory.
b.	procedural memory.
c.	sensory memory.
d.	short-term memory.
12.	Your friend calls and at the end of the conversation, she gives you a new phone number, but you don't have a pen/pencil and paper to write it down. You repeat the phone number over and over. This is an example of
a.	elaborative rehearsal.
b.	forced recall.
c.	motivated learning.
d.	maintenance rehearsal.
13.	In the video, Duana Welch used the example of repeating the telephone number for the pizza parlor as an example of
a.	elaborative rehearsal.
b.	forced recall.
c.	motivated learning.
d.	maintenance rehearsal.
14.	When we mentally connect new information items with those stored in memory, we are practicing
a.	deep processing.
b.	motivated remembering.
c.	maintenance rehearsal.
d.	elaborative rehearsal.
15.	The serial position effect is the tendency to recall items at the _______________ of a list and at the _________________ of the list more clearly than those located in the __________________.
a.	end; middle; beginning
b.	beginning; middle; end
c.	beginning; end; middle
d.	middle; end; beginning

16.	A retrieval cue is a clue, prompt, or hint that can help
a.	induce motivated forgetting.
b.	trigger forced recall.
c.	initiate decay theory.
d.	trigger recall of a stored memory.
17.	The recency effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the ________________ of a list.
a.	beginning
b.	center
c.	end
d.	margin
18.	The primacy effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the ________________ of a list.
a.	beginning
b.	center
c.	end
d.	back
19.	Recall of items stored in long-term memory can be more quickly brought to mind by
a.	motivated forgetting.
b.	retrieval cues.
c.	retroactive recall.
d.	proactive recall.
20.	Procedural, episodic, and semantic information are stored in
a.	sensory memory.
b.	short-term, working memory.
c.	long-term memory.
d.	a and b.
21.	Remembering how to ride a bicycle is an example of a long-term memory item, specifically
a.	episodic memory.
b.	short-term memory.
c.	procedural information.
d.	semantic information.
22.	Information such as when, where, and who was present when we first met our spouses, is stored in long-term memory called
a.	episodic memory.
b.	procedural memory.
c.	semantic information.
d.	motivated recall.
23.	Most students can easily recite the names and locations of all the buildings on their campuses in which they have classes as well as the dates of their finals. This is called
a.	episodic memory.
b.	procedural memory.
c.	semantic memory.
d.	short-term memory.
24.	Retrieval is more likely to be successful when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the encoding conditions; this memory phenomenon is called
a.	interference theory.
b.	procedural memory.
c.	source confusion.
d.	encoding specificity principle.
25.	The video depicted Dr. Bjork proposing that significant or highly emotional episodes, such as the Challenger explosion, the birth of a baby, and weddings, often create a type of memory called
a.	flashbulb memory.
b.	episodic memory.
c.	emotional memory.
d.	events memory.
26.	We can say that _________________ memory involves the recall of very vivid, rare, and significant events.
a.	episodic memory
b.	procedural memory
c.	flashbulb memory
d.	sensory memory

27.	Research on the ________________ principle indicates that when students study in the same room in which they are to be tested, their test scores are higher.
a.	tip-of-the-tongue
b.	encoding specificity
c.	sensory memory
d.	clustering
28.	On the first day at Julie's new job, she was introduced to many new co-workers, when she ran into them later at the copy room, she was embarrassed to find that she could not remember any of their names. Although she is normally good at remembering names, the stress of the first day on the new job probably caused Julie's
a.	encoding failure.
b.	interference.
c.	motivated forgetting.
d.	decay.
29.	Often information stored in our long-term memory fades over time due to lack of use; we call this
a.	encoding failure.
b.	interference.
c.	motivated forgetting.
d.	decay.
30.	Often one memory competes with another very similar memory and causes us to forget; we call this
a.	encoding failure.
b.	interference theory.
c.	motivated forgetting.
d.	decay theory.
31.	When a memory is unpleasant or disturbing, we often try ________________ to suppress it; however, when an event has been extremely traumatic, we may __________________ repress it. This theory is the basis of motivated forgetting; in other words, we forget because we are motivated to do so.
a.	consciously; unconsciously
b.	unconsciously; consciously
c.	not; try to
d.	consciously; consciously
Matching Exercises
Match the following individuals with their theories and/or contributions to the study of memory in Questions 32 through 36.
a.	Hermann Ebbinghaus				d.	Karl Lashley
b.	Richard F. Thompson				e.	Elizabeth F. Loftus
c.	George Sperling				
__________ 32.	Conducted extensive research on memory distortions in eyewitness testimony.
__________ 33.	Attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories.
__________ 34.	Plotted the first forgetting curve.
__________ 35.	Identified the duration of visual sensory memory.
__________ 36.	Conducted extensive research on neurobiological foundations of learning and memory.
Essay Questions
37.	Explain the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
38.	Explain how the phenomenon of mood congruence might affect what a depressed person remembers.
39.	Explain the encoding specificity principle and it effect on retrieval.

Lesson 10	Language and Cognition
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Thinking involves manipulating two forms of mental representations: mental images and
a.	concepts.
b.	memories.
c.	manipulation of ideas.
d.	strategies.
	2.	Concepts fall into a minimum of two mental categories formed differently: a _______________ concept is formed by learning the rules or features that define it; whereas, a _______________ concept is formed as a result of everyday experience.
a.	natural; formal
b.	formal; natural
c.	memory; natural
d.	formal; memory
	3.	While formal concepts refer to specific, clear-cut rules, natural concepts tend to have fuzzy boundaries, so that when we work with natural concepts, we use _______________ to determine whether an object can be classified within a particular concept.
a.	memories
b.	mental representations
c.	prototypes
d.	ideas
	4.	The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way is called
a.	concept.
b.	thinking.
c.	functional fixedness.
d.	linguistic relativity.

	5.	Mental set is defined as the tendency to persist in ________________ with solutions the "same old way."
a.	solving problems
b.	remembering events
c.	overestimate the commonality of an event
d.	overestimate the uniqueness of an event
	6.	________________ prevents us from seeing the full range of ways in which an object can be used, such as the edge of a dime as a screwdriver in an emergency.
a.	Mental set
b.	Formal concept
c.	Functional fixedness 
d.	Intuition
	7.	The textbook provides an example of ________________ when one of its authors, Don Hockenbury (Mr. Fixit), tried to fix a toilet with a plunger, a method that had worked in the past, rather than checking with a "Fix-it Yourself" manual for more efficient solutions.
a.	functional fixedness
b.	mental set
c.	a concept
d.	thinking
	8.	Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is the definition for ________________.
a.	a heuristic
b.	confirmation bias
c.	intuition
d.	language
	9.	In the video, Professor Bates explained that babies at birth can hear every sound used by
a.	any natural language.
b.	any animal that communicates.
c.	people who only speak slowly to them.
d.	people who use their native language.

10.	The video reported that there are more than six thousand known _____________.
a.	beliefs
b.	concepts
c.	languages
d.	insights
11.	In the video, you saw Kanzi, a thirteen-year-old bonobo, communicate with researchers by using 
a.	a computer.
b.	sign language.
c.	claps and yells.
d.	a symbol board.
12.	One of the ways language can affect our thoughts is by influencing what we _______________.
a.	remember
b.	overestimate
c.	underestimate
d.	eat
13.	Social perception is another way language can affect our _______________.
a.	thoughts
b.	eating habits
c.	sleep patterns
d.	exercise
14.	Gender bias has an effect on our ______________ and therefore our thoughts.
a.	memory
b.	eating habits
c.	sleep patterns
d.	language
15.	In the video, Professor Bates explained that dolphins ______________ simple questions and follow instruction.
a.	understand and answer
b.	use fallacy of positive instances to answer
c.	use reasoning to answer
d.	use the linguistic relativity hypothesis
16.	Many psychologists caution against jumping to the conclusion that animals can ________________ language or possess self-awareness because such conclusions are far from proven.
a.	think 
b.	understand
c.	emote through
d.	think and understand
17.	Which of the following interfere with our ability to perceive and accept contradictory information?
a.	belief-bias effect
b.	confirmation bias
c.	fallacy of positive instances
d.	overestimation effect
e.	all of the above
Matching Exercises
Match the following terms and concepts with the correct definition in Questions 18 
through 22.
a.	concepts				d.	thinking
b.	mental images				e.	prototype
c.	cognition				
__________ 18.	A mental category of objects or ideas based on the properties they share.
__________ 19.	Mental representations of objects or events that are not physically present
__________ 20.	Mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
__________ 21.	Manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions.
__________ 22.	Most typical instance of a particular concept.


Match the following terms and concepts with their definitions in Questions 23 
through 26.
a.	trial and error		c.	heuristics
b.	algorithms		d.	insight
__________ 23.	The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved
__________ 24.	A general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.
__________ 25.	A specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution.
__________ 26.	A problem-solving technique that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.
Match the following concepts with their corresponding definitions in Questions 27 
through 30.
a.	overestimation effect				c.	confirmation bias
b.	fallacy of positive instances			d.	belief-bias effect
___________ 27.	The tendency to accept only information conforms with an existing belief.
___________ 28.	The tendency to overestimate the rarity of an event in an effort to confirm a belief.
___________ 29.	The tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms an existing belief.
___________ 30.	The tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs.
Essay Questions
31.	List the major characteristics of language.
32.	Describe and discuss the two types of categories that Paul Sailer had difficulty naming after his brain surgery.
33.	In the video, Professor Firstenberg used a particular example to describe algorithms. Explain the relationship of the example to the concept of algorithms.
34.	Identify and define the two types of reasoning that were introduced in the video by Professor Mio.

Lesson 11	Intelligence
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The use of mental concepts, problem solving, and decision making are all mental aspects of what we commonly call
a.	intelligence.
b.	cognition.
c.	mental sets.
d.	mental abilities and skills.
	2.	Several definitions of intelligence are presented in the video, including defining intelligence as one's ability to solve problems and to
a.	have good verbal skills.
b.	do well in school.
c.	succeed in life.
d.	think rationally.
	3.	The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment is called
a.	psychopathology.
b.	emotional reaction.
c.	intelligence.
d.	aptitude test.
	4.	Intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a measure derived by comparing an individual's score to that of others in
a.	the same age group.
b.	different age groups.
c.	a bell-shaped curve.
d.	the same testing situation.
	5.	The video informed us that in the early 1900's, IQ tests were designed and used as a way of
a.	determining mental retardation.
b.	screening immigrant populations.
c.	determining entrance into colleges and universities.
d.	deciding what branch of service a person would be assigned.
	6.	Intelligence quotient is a measurement of _____________, in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group.
a.	aptitudes
b.	intelligence
c.	validity
d.	reliability
	7.	The observation that brighter children performed like older children led to the concept of
a.	age-dependent testing.
b.	age bias.
c.	mental age.
d.	chronological age.
	8.	The _______________ test (first published in 1916 for American use) was for many years the method used in schools to measure intelligence.
a.	WAIS
b.	Multiple Intelligence
c.	triarchic theory of intelligence
d.	Stanford-Binet
	9.	Examinations that offer an assessment of a person's ability to benefit from training or education are known as _____________ tests.
a.	standardized 
b.	aptitude 
c.	intelligence
d.	achievement
10.	_____________ tests are tests designed to measure the level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment, whereas _____________ tests assess a person's ability.
a.	Achievement; aptitude
b.	Aptitude; achievement
c.	Intelligence; achievement
d.	Achievement; intelligence

11.	If a test accurately measures what it has proposed to measure, the test is _________________, whereas if a test produces consistent results when administered repeatedly under similar conditions, the test has ________________.
a.	valid; reliability
b.	reliable; validity
c.	creative; standardization
d.	standard; creativity
12.	The administration of a test to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms is the process called
a.	standardization.
b.	experimentation of norms.
c.	process of testing aptitude.
d.	process of replication.
13.	_________________ is the notion that a common factor is at the core of different mental abilities.
a.	Aptitude testing
b.	General intelligence
c.	Achievement
d.	Intelligence
14.	General intelligence sometimes is referred to as the
a.	g factor.
b.	g string.
c.	g scale.
d.	g note.
15.	The _______________ of intelligence emphasizes both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to social and cultural environments.
a.	multiple intelligence theory
b.	WASC theory
c.	triarchic theory
d.	humanistic theory

16.	The three forms of intelligence under the triarchic theory are analytic intelligence, ________________ intelligence, and practical intelligence.
a.	adaptive
b.	creative
c.	pragmatic
d.	multiple
17.	In the video, psychologist ________________ explains that his triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on three critical areas: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
a.	Robert Sternberg
b.	Albert Binet
c.	Howard Gardner
d.	David Wechsler
18.	In the video, Dr. Díaz-Lefebvre gave several examples of Howard Gardner's concept of
a.	logical-mathematical intelligence.
b.	interpersonal intelligence.
c.	multiple intelligences.
d.	naturalistic intelligence.
19.	Gardner's eight separate intelligences are linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, and 
a.	logical-mathematical intelligence.
b.	interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.
c.	naturalistic intelligence.
d.	a, b, and c.
20.	_____________ refers to the notion that intelligence is not a single, general mental capacity, but rather consists of a variety of different mental abilities.
a.	Logical-mathematical intelligence
b.	Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
c.	Multiple intelligences
d.	Naturalistic intelligence

21.	The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity is called
a.	heritability.
b.	normal distribution.
c.	inherited variation factor.
d.	genetic makeup.
22.	In the video, you learned that one of the main problems with early intelligence tests was that they were based on the notion that
a.	only certain ethnic children were intelligent.
b.	math was the most representative ability of intelligent people.
c.	men on the average are more intelligent than women.
d.	people are born with certain level of intelligence that rarely changes.
23.	In the video, Dr. Nancy Segal discussed that what determines a person's intelligence is often referred to as the
a.	nature question.
b.	nurture question.
c.	genetic theory of intelligence.
d.	nature vs. nurture question.
24.	Cross-cultural studies have been helpful in showing the effects of
a.	genetic factors that influence intelligence.
b.	education in developing countries.
c.	social discrimination on intelligence.
d.	early intelligence testing.
25.	A(n) ______________ is a concern a person might have that they will be evaluated negatively simply because of the culture or group to which they belong.
a.	mental implosion
b.	stereotypic threat
c.	intelligence
d.	environmental characteristic 

26.	Flashes of insight or inspiration can play a role in _____________, but usually after a great deal of work.
a.	environment
b.	rational thinking
c.	creativity
d.	emotionality
27.	We could say that a _______________ person is especially good at generating useful, original, and novel ideas.
a.	practical
b.	creative
c.	mentally set
d.	crystallized 
28.	Some ways in which ______________ can be enhanced include trying different approaches, reinforcing creative behavior, acquiring relevant knowledge, and focusing on problem finding.
a.	pragmatic thinking
b.	creativity
c.	functional fixedness
d.	mental set
Matching Exercises
Match the persons listed below with their corresponding contributions.
a.	David Wechsler			c.	Alfred Binet
b.	Robert Sternberg			d.	Howard Gardner
___________ 29.	Developed a series of tests in the early 1900's that became the basis for modern intelligence tests.
___________ 30.	Defined intelligence as the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
___________ 31.	His triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on three critical areas: analytic ability, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
___________ 32.	Designed the concept of multiple intelligence.

Essay Questions
33.	Explain the two major advantages the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) has over the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
34.	Discuss when, where, and why intelligence tests were first developed.
35.	Explain how culture can affect intelligence test results.
36.	In the video, Dr. Díaz-Lefebvre listed and gave examples of eight different types of multiple intelligences. List and give examples of at least four of these different types of intelligence.

Lesson 12	Motivation
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	In the video, the three general characteristics that psychologists normally associate with motivation were introduced. These characteristics are
a.	cognition, persistence, and activation.
b.	activation, persistence, and intensity.
c.	intention, persistence, and activation.
d.	activation, cognition, and intensity.
	2.	The word _______________ is frequently used when trying to understand or explain the behavior of others.
a.	motivation
b.	instinct
c.	homeostasis
d.	need
	3.	In the video, it was explained that the basic idea in a drive theory is that we have some unmet
a.	psychological needs.
b.	instinctual needs.
c.	biological needs.
d.	personal needs.
	4.	In the video, Professor Weiner used the examples of body temperature and hunger to explain the concept of
a.	homeostasis.
b.	drive theory.
c.	biological motivation.
d.	instinct-drive needs.
	5.	We can say that ________________ activates behavior to reestablish the balance of internal conditions.
a.	homeostasis
b.	drive
c.	biological needs
d.	instinct-drive needs
	6.	In the video, professor Don Hockenbury, one of the authors of your textbook, explained that a major drawback of _______________ was that many of our behaviors do not seem to be connected to any unmet biological need.
a.	homeostasis
b.	instinct theory
c.	biological motivation
d.	drive theory
	7.	_______________ theory of motivation is explained as engaging in behaviors because of genetic programming, whereas ______________ theory proposes that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals.
a.	Incentive; instinct
b.	Instinct; incentive
c.	Instinct; biological
d.	Homeostatic; instinct
	8.	Professor Weiner explained in the video that historically in the study of motivation, two contexts have been used; one context is a hungry animal and the other is 
a.	an angry or frustrated animal.
b.	a hungry person.
c.	a person working on a task.
d.	an animal that is not hungry.
	9.	The video explained that early psychologists attempted to explain motivation using _______________ theories.
a.	incentive
b.	motivation
c.	cognitive
d.	instinct
10.	According to instinct theories, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of ______________.
a.	genetic programming
b.	incentive programming
c.	self-actualization
d.	psychological programming

11.	In the video, Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation was introduced. This theory is called the
a.	self-actualization model.
b.	hierarchy of needs.
c.	safety to esteem ladder.
d.	human motivation chain model.
12.	Abraham Maslow's theory of self-actualization refers to the stage of
a.	peak experiences.
b.	a state of realism and acceptance.
c.	prestige and external accomplishment.
d.	achieving one's full potential.
13.	_______________ is the notion of the highest level of achievement of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which individuals make full use of their talents, abilities, and potential.
a.	Drive theory
b.	Instinct theory
c.	Self-actualization
d.	Biological motivation theory
14.	Professor Hockenbury explained in the video that one of the problems with Maslow's theory of motivation is that so few people
a.	understand this theory.
b.	achieve full self-actualization.
c.	get beyond their basic survival needs.
d.	have any interest in achieving their maximum potential.
15.	Your body uses energy for vital bodily functions even at rest; this rate is referred to as your
a.	set-point rate.
b.	basal metabolic rate.
c.	parasympathetic rate.
d.	energy balance rate.

16.	______________ is defined as a condition in which a person weighs 20 percent or more above his or her optimal body weight.
a.	Obesity
b.	Bulimia nervosa
c.	Anorexia nervosa
d.	Arousal
17.	Metabolism changes that occur because your body is trying to maintain its _______________ may explain many of the difficulties people encounter when trying to lose or gain weight.
a.	motivation
b.	set-point weight
c.	arousal point
d.	self-actualization
18.	_______________ is defined as the eating disorder in which an individual refuses to maintain normal body weight and is afraid of gaining weight, while ________________ is defined as the disorder in which a person engages in binge eating and then purges the food by self-induced vomiting, or by using laxatives or enemas.
a.	Bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa
b.	Anorexia nervosa; obesity
c.	Anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
d.	Obesity; bulimia nervosa
19.	Factors involved in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are cultural, _______________, social, and genetic.
a.	biological
b.	self-actualization
c.	set-point weight
d.	psychological
20.	_______________ is motivated behavior that is directed toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others.
a.	Achievement motivation
b.	Sensation seeking
c.	Arousal motivation
d.	Competence motivation
21.	_______________ is motivated behavior directed toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.
a.	Achievement motivation
b.	Sensation seeking
c.	Arousal motivation
d.	Competence motivation
22.	_______________ motivation is enrolling in a course to gain more control over your life, whereas ________________ motivation is trying to finish at the top of your class.
a.	Achievement; competence
b.	Competence; achievement
c.	Sensation-seeking; achievement
d.	Achievement; sensation-seeking
23.	______________ theory is the notion that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of this arousal, whereas _____________ theory is the notion that behavior is directed to experiences that produce high levels of arousal.
a.	Arousal; sensation-seeking
b.	Sensation-seeking; arousal
c.	Sensation-seeking; basal metabolic rate
d.	Basal metabolic rate; sensation-seeking
24.	_______________ theory helps explain curiosity and exploratory behavior, while _______________ theory attempts to explain activities involving physical or social risk.
a.	Sensation-seeking; arousal
b.	Arousal; sensation-seeking
c.	Sensation-seeking; basal metabolic rate
d.	Basal metabolic rate; sensation-seeking
25.	In the video, Albert Bandura explained the theory of _______________. The old adage, "You can if you think you can," is an example of this notion.
a.	anorexia nervosa
b.	bulimia nervosa
c.	self-efficacy
d.	motivational thinking

26.	In the video, Professor Bandura explained that there are four ways to build self-efficacy and of these the most powerful way is through
a.	belief in yourself.
b.	continuous effort.
c.	getting good social support.
d.	the mastering of experiences.
27.	Self-efficacy is the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced
a.	of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a situation.
b.	of his or her ability to outperform others.
c.	that he or she has reached his or her full potential.
d.	that he or she is self-controlled and self-motivated.
Essay Questions
28.	Define motivation and describe the three characteristics associated with motivation.
29.	Identify the stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, including a definition of self-actualization.
30.	Compare and contrast arousal and sensation-seeking behavior.

Lesson 13	Emotions
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	An emotion is a distinct psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a behavioral or expressive response, and
a.	facial expressions.
b.	physical arousal.
c.	classification of the feeling as positive or negative.
d.	an adaptive response.
	2.	_______________ could be described as the experience of different emotional states simultaneously or in rapid succession.
a.	Mixed emotions
b.	Display rules
c.	Happiness
d.	Facial feedback theory
	3.	In contrast to emotions, ______________ involve a milder emotional state that is more general and pervasive, lasting for a few hours or days.
a.	mixed emotions
b.	display rules
c.	moods
d.	happiness
	4.	According to the video, four basic components that interact to create emotion are physiological arousal, _______________, subjective experience, and the expression of that experience.
a.	cognitive appraisal
b.	display rules
c.	moods
d.	mixed emotions
	5.	To most psychologists as discussed in the video, the basic emotions are happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and ______________.
a.	moods
b.	surprise
c.	frustration
d.	fear
	6.	In the beginning of the video, psychologists identified newborns as showing evidence of what four emotions?
a.	fear, shyness, distress, and contentment.
b.	interest, surprise, shyness, and anger.
c.	interest, surprise, distress, and contentment.
d.	contentment, anger, fear, and distress.
	7.	In the video, psychologist Joseph Campos explained that emotions reflect the attempt  of the individual to deal with issues in the world, typically dealing with 
a.	living a satisfying life.
b.	learning how to survive.
c.	bonding with other people.
d.	problems in the world.
	8.	In the video, Dr. Peter Salovey explained that early research on emotions typically focused on the autonomic nervous system; however, modern research tends to emphasize the role of ______________ in creating emotions.
a.	the brain
b.	cognitive appraisal
c.	moods
d.	emotional intelligence
	9.	Because of its ______________, many courts will not allow a polygraph to be used in evidence.
a.	display rules
b.	facial feedback
c.	high error rate
d.	cognitive appraisal
10.	The _______________ might more accurately be called an "emotion detector" or "physiological arousal detector" in that it measures heart rate, blood pressure, and galvanic skin response.
a.	mixed emotion theory
b.	facial feedback theory
c.	happiness meter
d.	polygraph

11.	In the video, Dr. Paul Ekman expressed his view that 
a.	emotions create each of us.
b.	the face is the best window we have for knowing what someone is about to do next.
c.	our body language is a reflection of our feelings.
d.	emotions are not always what they appear to be.
12.	Dr. Ekman introduced us to the notion that expressing a specific emotion causes the subjective, physical experience of that emotion and is called
a.	facial feedback hypothesis.
b.	display rules.
c.	mixed emotion.
d.	two-dimensional classification.
13.	According to the facial feedback hypothesis
a.	facial expressions are display rules.
b.	we have rules of expression.
c.	expressing a specific emotion causes us to subjectively experience that emotion.
d.	emotions are not always what they appear to be.
14.	In the video, research psychologist Paul Ekman described how he needed to travel to New Guinea to find native peoples who had had no contact with the outside world and would not have ______________ emotional expressions.
a.	inherited
b.	observed Western
c.	modeled Western
d.	learned
15.	In the video, psychologist Linda Levine explained that the James-Lange theory of emotions was based on the belief that
a.	physiological reactions precede emotional reactions
b.	emotional reactions precede physiological reactions.
c.	emotions and the autonomic nervous system interact to create emotions.
d.	emotions do not always require any physiological event to occur.

16.	The theory that proposes that we don't tremble and run because we are afraid, but that we are afraid because we tremble and run is the ______________ theory of emotion.
a.	two-factor
b.	James-Lange
c.	Cannon-Bard
d.	facial feedback
17.	The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that the conscious experience of emotion and ______________ arousal are triggered at the same time; neither causes the other.
a.	emotional
b.	cognitive
c.	physiological 
d.	mood
18.	The ___________ theory of emotion is the notion that emotion is a result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal.
a.	two-dimensional classification
b.	James-Lange
c.	two-factor
d.	Cannon-Bard
19.	The video introduced the Schachter theory of emotions, which claims that the same state of physiological arousal could elicit different emotions and is sometimes called the two-factor theory or the 
a.	two-dimensional classification.
b.	James-Lange theory of emotion.
c.	jukebox theory of emotion.
d.	Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
20.	The theory that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation's effect on one's personal well-being is called the
a.	cognitive-mediational theory of emotion.
b.	situation driven theory of emotion.
c.	display rules.
d.	social-cultural theory of emotion.
21.	In his ________________ of emotion, Richard Lazarus emphasizes that the most important aspect of an emotional experience is our cognitive interpretation of the stimulus.
a.	cognitive-mediational theory
b.	expression anonymous
c.	facial feedback hypothesis
d.	social-cultural theory
22.	While Dr. Lazarus' cognitive-mediational theory of emotion emphasizes our interpretation or appraisal of a situation, emotional intelligence identifies four skills to help us ______________.
a.	manage emotions
b.	express emotions
c.	repress emotions
d.	enjoy emotions
23.	The social and cultural environment establishes and maintains ______________ rules that regulate the expression of emotions.
a.	cognitive
b.	emotional
c.	display
d.	mood
24.	According to the notion that the expression of emotion is strongly affected by culture, an American man who cried in public would be violating cultural _______________ rules.
a.	cognitive
b.	emotional
c.	mediational
d.	display
25.	According to an example in the textbook, in Japanese culture, an important _______________ rule is that you should not reveal negative emotions in the presence of an authority figure.
a.	display
b.	Cannon-Bard emotional
c.	James-Lange emotional
d.	mixed emotion

Essay Questions
26.	Explain the two-factor theory of emotion.
27.	List and describe the four basic emotions.
28. Discuss the effectiveness of the polygraph.
28.	    Discuss the cognitive-meditational theory of emotions.


Lesson 14	Infant and Child Development
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	In this video, developmental psychology is defined as the study of how people
a.	change mentally during their lifetime.
b.	adapt to mental, physical, and social change.
c.	change mentally and physically throughout their lifespan.
d.	go through changes and adapt to an ever-changing environment.
	2.	_________________ look at the ways in which people differ and show common patterns in their development and life stories because considerable variation exists among individuals.
a.	Health psychologists
b.	Cognitive psychologists
c.	Industrial psychologists
d.	Developmental psychologists
	3.	Developmental psychologists often conceptualize the lifespan in terms of basic __________________ of development.
a.	variations
b.	stages
c.	events
d.	signatures
	4.	The long, threadlike structure composed of DNA that contains a person's "genetic blueprint" is called a
a.	chromosome.
b.	gene.
c.	dominate gene.
d.	teratogen.
	5.	_____________ contains the chemical genetic code that directs the growth and development of many of each person's unique qualities.
a.	A gene
b.	A stage
c.	An attachment
d.	DNA
	6.	A ________ is the basic unit of heredity that directs the development of a particular characteristic.
a.	stage
b.	gene
c.	fetal period
d.	motor function
	7.	The three stages of prenatal development are germinal, embryonic, and ______________ periods.
a.	genetic
b.	fetal
c.	stage
d.	chromosome
	8.	The ________________ period is the period in which the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and develops into a cluster of cells called the embryo.
a.	germinal
b.	object permanence
c.	embryonic
d.	fetal
	9.	The ________________ period is the period of rapid growth and intensive cell differentiation when the organs and major systems of the body form.
a.	germinal
b.	object permanence
c.	embryonic
d.	fetal
10.	_________________ is the theory supporting the notion that an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically depends in part on the quality of attachment.
a.	Lifespan theory
b.	Attachment theory
c.	Stage theory
d.	Temperament theory

11.	________________ is the emotional bond that forms between an infant and his or her caregivers.
a.	Temperament
b.	Symbolic thought
c.	Attachment 
d.	Egocentrism
12.	As a general rule, when parents and/or caretakers are consistently warm, responsive, and sensitive to their infant's needs, the infant develops
a.	lifelong attachment to strangers.
b.	secure attachment to parents/caregivers.
c.	parental bonding.
d.	no need to fear strangers.
13.	______________ is defined as the inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way.
a.	Object permanence
b.	Symbolic thought
c.	Attachment
d.	Temperament
14.	Infants come into the world with different temperaments; most can be classified into one of three broad patterns:
a.	easy, average, and difficult.
b.	emotional, active, and passive.
c.	easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
d.	moody, insecure, and easy-to-soothe.
15.	Virtually all psychologists agree that individual differences in _______________ are the result of genetic and biological influences.
a.	temperament
b.	teratogens
c.	developmental psychology
d.	life stages

16.	The words that an infant or child understands but cannot yet speak are referred to as the infant's ________________.
a.	production vocabulary
b.	preoperational stage
c.	symbolic thoughts
d.	comprehension vocabulary
17.	The concept of ________________ is used by psychologist to refer to words that infants can both understand and speak.
a.	production vocabulary
b.	preoperational stage
c.	symbolic thoughts
d.	comprehension vocabulary
18.	__________________ vocabulary refers to the words that an infant or child understands and can speak, whereas ________________ vocabulary refers to the words that are understood by an infant or child.
a.	Comprehension; production
b.	Preoperational; formal operations
c.	Production; comprehension
d.	Preoperational; comprehension 
19.	Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the
a.	postformal operational stage.
b.	formal operational stage.
c.	operational behavior stage.
d.	adult postformal operational stage.
20.	The ________________ stage in Piaget's theory is the third stage of cognitive development that occurs between age seven and the beginning of adolescence.
a.	preoperational
b.	sensorimotor
c.	concrete operational
d.	formal operational 

21.	The ________________ stage in Piaget's theory is the stage beginning with adolescence, in which children have developed the ability to use and understand concepts such as mutual trust, loyalty, and empathy.
a.	preoperational 
b.	sensorimotor
c.	concrete operational
d.	formal operational
22.	The ________________ stage in Piaget's theory is the stage ending with the infant ability to acquire a new cognitive understanding, called object permanence.
a.	preoperational
b.	sensorimotor
c.	concrete operational
d.	formal operational
Matching Exercises
Match the following terms and concepts with the correct definitions in Questions 23 
through 26.
a.	object permanence			c.	egocentrism 
b.	symbolic thought			d.	information-processing model
___________ 23.	The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
___________ 24.	The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
___________ 25.	The view that cognitive development is a process that is continuous over the lifespan.
___________ 26.	The inability to take another person's perspective or point of view.

Match the following people with their corresponding contributions described in Questions 27 through 30.
a.	Mary Salter Ainsworth		c.	Noam Chomsky
b.	Jean Piaget				d.	Renée Baillargeon
___________ 27.	Devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment.
___________ 28.	Challenged beliefs about the age at which object permanence appears.
___________ 29.	Proposed that people have an innate understanding of basic principles of language.
___________ 30.	Proposed that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
Essay Questions
31.	Discuss the main differences between concrete operational and formal operational stages of development as presented in the video program.
32.	Compare and contrast the information-processing model of cognitive development to Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
33.	Explain attachment theory, and discuss its importance in child development.
34.	Describe object permanence, symbolic thought, and egocentrism.

Lesson 15	Adolescent and Adult Development
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Adolescence is characterized by
a.	the development of concrete thinking.
b.	negative relationships with parents.
c.	increases in the importance of friend and peer relationships.
d.	the development of generativity.
	2.	An increase in conflicts with one's parents during _______________ is commonplace regardless of culture or ethnic background.
a.	young adulthood
b.	middle age
c.	adolescence
d.	childhood
	3.	Formally defined, _________________ is that transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached.
a.	young adulthood
b.	middle age
c.	adolescence
d.	childhood
	4.	_______________ is a person's definition of the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide his or her behavior.
a.	Identity
b.	Stage
c.	Age
d.	Thought
	5.	According to your textbook, a fourteen-year-old who can say, "I have strong religious beliefs, love animals, and hope to become a veterinarian," has a clear
a.	identity.
b.	stage.
c.	age.
d.	thought development.
	6.	Your textbook explains that according to Erik Erikson, the task of the _______________ is to achieve an integrated identity.
a.	young adult
b.	middle aged
c.	adolescent
d.	child
	7.	According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, there are three distinct levels of _____________ development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
a.	cognitive reasoning
b.	moral reasoning
c.	emotional experiencing
d.	spiritual presence
	8.	According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning unfolds in age-related distinct levels. These levels are
a.	moral reasoning, ethics, and universal moral principles.
b.	preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
c.	premature morals, conventional morals, and universal morals.
d.	self-directed morals, other-directed morals, and social responsibility.
	9.	Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development is based on the
a.	ethics of good versus evil.
b.	ethics of care and responsibility.
c.	ethics of universal morality.
d.	ethics of individual rights and justice.
10.	Carol Gilligan suggested another model of moral development that is based on the ______________, and proposes that women approach moral matters differently than men.
a.	levels of moral reasoning
b.	ethics of individual rights and justice
c.	ethics of care and responsibility
d.	authoritarian style

11.	In the video, it was explained that Kohlberg's model of moral development is based on the _______________, which is a more common perspective for men.
a.	levels of moral reasoning
b.	ethics of individual rights and justice
c.	ethics of care and responsibility
d.	authoritarian style
12.	According to Erikson's theory of human development, each of the eight stages of life is associated with
a.	a particular psychosocial conflict.
b.	a "letting go" of the previous stage.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	maturity.
13.	Negative resolution of which of the following psychosocial conflicts can result in excessive self-preoccupation and the inability to form any meaningful relationship?
a.	ego integrity vs. despair
b.	generativity vs. stagnation
c.	adolescence vs. childhood
d.	intimacy vs. isolation
14.	Negative resolution of which of the following psychosocial conflicts can result in self-indulgence and a lack of any meaningful accomplishments?
a.	ego integrity vs. despair
b.	generativity vs. stagnation
c.	adolescence vs. childhood
d.	intimacy vs. isolation
15.	Negative resolution of which of the following psychosocial conflicts can result in regret, dissatisfaction, and disappointment about life?
a.	ego integrity vs. despair
b.	generativity vs. stagnation
c.	adolescence vs. childhood
d.	intimacy vs. isolation

16.	According to Erikson's theory of human development, the life stage that is characterized by the establishment of lasting and meaningful relationships is called
a.	young adulthood.
b.	middle age.
c.	adolescence.
d.	old age.
17.	During the later years of life, the majority of older adults,
a.	are no longer self-sufficient or mentally competent.
b.	have poor health, become inactive, and suffer from periods of depression.
c.	enjoy relatively good health, mental alertness, and self-sufficiency.
d.	undergo cognitive changes, physical limitations, and become inactive.
18.	The video illustrated the unfounded belief that all older adults are physically and mentally incompetent, which is called a(n)
a.	negative stereotype of aging.
b.	negative stereotype of adolescence.
c.	identity diffusion.
d.	identity stratification.
19.	The parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes is called
a.	authoritarian parenting.
b.	permissive parenting.
c.	authoritative parenting.
d.	responsibility and reciprocal care parenting.
20.	In the video, psychologist Rita Dudley-Grant explained that adults raising adolescents face the difficult task of trying to support their children's _______________ while still needing to protect them from some types of life experiences.
a.	negative stereotypes
b.	independence
c.	dependence
d.	counterdependence

21.	Which of the following is descriptive of parents who impose few rules or consistently fail to enforce rules?
a.	permissive parenting
b.	authoritarian parenting style
c.	authoritative parenting style
d.	democratic parenting style
22.	Psychologists have found a broad range of beneficial benefits associated with the __________________, regardless of socioeconomic or ethnic background.
a.	permissive parenting style
b.	authoritarian parenting style
c.	authoritative parenting style
d.	democratic parenting style
23.	After interviewing more than 200 terminally ill people, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed that the dying go through stages. These stages are
a.	denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
b.	initial difficulty, anger, and passive resignation.
c.	dependence, attention to external matters, and turning inward.
d.	denial, anger, depression, and attention to others.
24.	According to your textbook, those who are dying _________________ move through a set, predictable sequence of the Kübler-Ross stages.
a.	always
b.	do not
c.	sometimes
d.	rarely
Essay Questions
25.	In the video, you learned about the Kohlberg theory of adult development. Discuss the problem created by the fact that Kohlberg limited his research to males only. How do the ethics of individual rights and justice compare to the ethics of care and responsibility?
26.	List and explain Kohlberg's three levels of moral development.
27.	Describe the differences between authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting styles.
28.	As illustrated in the video with the case of 79-year-old Willie Hardeman, some of the common myths of old age are dispelled by the activity theory of aging. Identify the factors that can influence cognitive changes in late adulthood.

Lesson 16	Gender and Sexuality
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Although the word "sex" is often used to describe sexual behavior, the word also refers to
a.	biologically determined physical characteristics.
b.	attitudes and emotions.
c.	the direction of a person's erotic attraction.
d.	culturally designated traits.
	2.	Often confused with gender, ________________ refers to both physical characteristics and behavioral expressions.
a.	gender identity
b.	spatial skills
c.	sex
d.	schema
	3.	In the video, Professor Mark Stevens explained that our sense of identity as male or female is one of the greatest influences on how we
a.	define ourselves.
b.	use our brains.
c.	tell stories.
d.	choose our occupations.
	4.	________________ refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity.
a.	Sex
b.	Spatial skills
c.	Gender
d.	Gender identity disorder
	5.	Formally called transsexualism, when _________________ occurs in children, it is marked by an intense preoccupation with the play activities of the opposite sex.
a.	sex
b.	spatial skills
c.	gender
d.	gender identity disorder
	6.	Gender identity refers to
a.	behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits a culture assigns as masculine or feminine.
b.	the direction of a person's erotic attraction.
c.	a person's psychological sense of being male or female.
d.	the biological category of male or female.
	7.	Gender-role stereotypes are the beliefs people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behaviors of men and women. In general, the characteristics of males tend to be viewed as
a.	the same as females in most cultures.
b.	stronger and more active than those associated with females.
c.	less preferred by most cultures.
d.	more preferred by most cultures.
	8.	In the video you learned that in many aspects of behavior, men and women are
a.	very different.
b.	very similar.
c.	different depending on their upbringing.
d.	exactly the same in every way.
	9.	The beliefs people have about the typical characteristics and behaviors of each sex are referred to as
a.	gender-role stereotypes.
b.	gender identification.
c.	sexual orientation.
d.	spatial skills.
10.	The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of mental representation of masculinity and femininity is called
a.	gender schema theory.
b.	social learning theory.
c.	culture development theory.
d.	gender-role coding.

11.	According to the video, gender role stereotypes are prevalent in
a.	only some cultures.
b.	all collectivistic cultures.
c.	no individualistic culture.
d.	every culture.
12.	In the video, two major theories of how we develop our gender identification were introduced. These were the gender schema theory and the
a.	gender development theory.
b.	social learning theory.
c.	stereotype collection theory.
d.	cognitive-behavioral theory.
13.	According to sexual researchers William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the human sexual response is a four-stage cycle. These stages are
a.	excitement, anticipation, orgasm, and relaxation.
b.	biological arousal, preparation, release, and relaxation.
c.	excitement, biological preparedness, orgasm, and resolution.
d.	excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
14.	The direction of a person's emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes is called
a.	gender identity.
b.	sexual identity.
c.	sexual orientation.
d.	sex roles.
15.	__________________ refers to whether a person is sexually aroused by members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.
a.	Gender identity
b.	Sexual orientation
c.	Sexual identity
d.	Sex roles

16.	___________________ are any of several infectious diseases that are transmitted primarily through sexual contact.
a.	Sexual dysfunctions
b.	Premature ejaculations
c.	Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
d.	Sexual identities
17.	Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, pubic lice, herpes, and AIDS are common ___________________.
a.	sex roles
b.	sexual orientations
c.	sexual identities
d.	sexually transmitted diseases
18.	AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which is transmitted
a.	only by unprotected sex.
b.	by any physical contact with an infected person.
c.	through the exchange of infected bodily fluids.
d.	by sex with intravenous drug users.
19.	Which of the following describes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
a.	It attacks and weakens the immune system.
b.	It cannot be transmitted by injection drug use.
c.	It strengthens the immune system.
d.	It has decreased among women since the 1990's.
20.	For women, the most common sexual problems are low sexual desire and arousal problems. For men, the most common sexual problems are
a.	lack of availability of partners and hyperactive sexual desires.
b.	premature ejaculation and male orgasmic disorder.
c.	problems with maintaining erections and premature ejaculation.
d.	hyperactive sexual desires and arousal problems.

21.	Formerly called impotence, ___________________ is one of the most common sexual problems for men.
a.	vaginismus
b.	female orgasmic disorder
c.	male erectile disorder
d.	gender identity disorder
22.	In the video, the concept of gender stereotype was introduced by using the examples of 
a.	male and female pilots.
b.	a male first grade teacher and a female pilot.
c.	a male pilot and a female first grade teacher.
d.	how sex discrimination creates social problems.
23.	In the video, Captain Paul Kirch explained that in his experience,
a.	women pilots are often superior to male pilots.
b.	women pilots are treated differently than male pilots.
c.	there is no difference between male and female pilots.
d.	male pilots generally find decision making easier than do female pilots.
24.	In the video, Professor Judy Rosener discussed a study conducted at Stanford University where boy babies were placed in pink blankets and girl babies were placed in blue blankets. The result of this experiment suggested that
a.	all babies are always treated the same.
b.	gender identification problems can develop early in life.
c.	babies are treated differently depending on their perceived sex.
d.	early childhood experience affects sexual orientation.
25.	In the video, it was explained that _________________ are the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.
a.	schemas
b.	the stage of puberty
c.	gender roles
d.	gender flexibility

Essay Questions
26.	Describe how a person can become infected with AIDS.
27.	Define sexual dysfunction, and describe the most common types of sexual dysfunction for men and women.
28.	Describe the four stages of the human sexual response.


Lesson 17	Personality Theories
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Personality can be defined as an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of
a.	thinking, feeling, and behaving.
b.	cognitive development.
c.	self-development.
d.	behaving.
	2.	A _______________ is an attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique.
a.	social psychology theory
b.	cognitive theory
c.	personality theory
d.	memory theory
	3.	Psychoanalytic personality theory emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and the
a.	id, ego, and superego.
b.	role of sexual aggression.
c.	influence of childhood experience.
d.	needs of the whole person.
	4.	In psychoanalytical thinking, the id is the irrational, illogical, and impulsive dimension of personality, and the ego is the
a.	moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality.
b.	rational, mediating dimension of personality.
c.	part of the personality that is conscious.
d.	word psychoanalysts use to describe personality.
	5.	_________________ stresses the influence of the unconscious, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and early childhood experiences in forming personality.
a.	Psychoanalytic psychology
b.	Humanistic psychology
c.	Cognitive psychology
d.	Realistic psychology
	6.	In the psychoanalytic theory of personality, the _______________ is the completely unconscious, irrational component, while the _______________ is the partly conscious, rational component that regulates thoughts and behavior.
a.	ego; id
b.	id; ego
c.	id; superego
d.	superego; id
	7.	According to psychoanalytic theory of personality, _________________ are largely unconscious distortions of thought or perception of reality in an attempt to reduce anxiety.
a.	self-concept mechanisms
b.	humanistic mechanisms
c.	ego defense mechanisms
d.	cognitive schemas
	8.	________________ is the ego defense mechanism that completely excludes from consciousness anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, or impulses.
a.	Rationalization
b.	Projection
c.	Repression
d.	Displacement
	9.	_______________ is the ego defense mechanism which involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
a.	Rationalization
b.	Projection
c.	Repression
d.	Displacement
10.	________________ is the ego defense mechanism involving the justification of one's actions or feelings with socially acceptable explanations, rather than consciously acknowledging one's true motives or desires.
a.	Rationalization
b.	Projection
c.	Repression
d.	Displacement
11.	Sigmund Freud was one of the twentieth century's most influential thinkers and the founder of
a.	the description of personality differences.
b.	the field of psychology.
c.	psychoanalysis.
d.	the concept that behaviors are innate in origin.
12.	Criticisms of Freud's theory of personality in particular and the psychoanalytic perspective in general have focused on
a.	lack of testability.
b.	sexism.
c.	inadequacy of evidence.
d.	all of the above.
13.	Humanistic personality theory emphasizes the self and the
a.	need to demonstrate competence.
b.	fulfillment of a person's unique potential.
c.	basic drives that control behavior.
d.	influence of childhood experience.
14.	According to humanistic theories of personality, all human drives are secondary to the
a.	need to achieve.
b.	need for unconditional positive regard.
c.	need to develop a self-concept.
d.	actualizing tendency.
15.	In the video, psychologists introduced the concept of self-actualization, a fundamental principle of
a.	psychoanalysis.
b.	behaviorism.
c.	humanism.
d.	social cognition.

16.	In Carl Rogers' humanistic theory of personality, _______________ is the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others.
a.	reciprocal determinism
b.	personality
c.	conditional regard
d.	unconditional regard
17.	The sense that you will be valued and loved even if you do not conform to the expectations of others is called _______________, according to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory of personality.
a.	reciprocal determinism
b.	personality
c.	conditional regard
d.	unconditional regard
18.	In the video, you learned that ________________ refers to the degree to which you are subjectively convinced of your own capabilities and effectiveness.
a.	self-concept
b.	self-efficacy
c.	superego
d.	projection
19.	________________ refers to one's beliefs about his or her ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt.
a.	Personality
b.	Repression
c.	Self-efficacy
d.	Rationalization
20.	Which of the following models is in agreement with reciprocal determinism and explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and social factors?
a.	personality
b.	humanism
c.	biopsychosocial
d.	behaviorism

Matching Exercises
Match the following individuals with their corresponding contributions described in Questions 21 through 25.
a.	Albert Bandura			d.	Carl Rogers
b.	Sigmund Freud			e.	Abraham Maslow
c.	Carl Jung
___________ 21.	One of the founders of humanistic psychology who originated the ideas of the self-actualizing tendency and unconditional positive regard.
___________ 22.	Known for his social cognitive theory of personality and the concept of self-efficacy.
___________ 23.	Founder of psychoanalysis who emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior and early childhood experience.
___________ 24.	Stressed psychological harmony along with balance and introduced the collective unconscious and archetypes.
___________ 25.	One of the founders of humanistic psychology who emphasized the hierarchy of needs and the study of healthy personality development.
Essay Questions
26.	Discuss Sigmund Freud's view of personality.
27.	Review criticisms of Freud's psychoanalytic theories.
28.	Describe the role of self-concept according to the humanistic theory of personality.
29.	Describe the social cognitive theory of personality, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism.


Lesson 18	Personality Traits
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The trait approach to personality focuses
a.	on the similarities among people.
b.	behaviors you can observe.
c.	on describing individual differences.
d.	on only a limited number of characteristics.
	2.	Broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and few in number are called
a.	source traits.
b.	fundamental traits.
c.	surface traits.
d.	universal base traits.
	3.	_______________ are characteristics possessed by people in different degrees and tend to be relatively stable and endure over time.
a.	Possible selves
b.	Projective tests
c.	Building blocks
d.	Traits
	4.	________________ can easily be inferred from observable behavior.
a.	Traits
b.	Surface traits
c.	Source traits
d.	Possible selves
	5.	According to psychologist Raymond Cattell, there are 16 basic personality factors, and each factor represents
a.	a characteristic that all people share.
b.	a dimension that ranges between two extremes.
c.	a trait that can be compared to a specific personality type.
d.	a common surface trait.

	6.	Hans Eysenck believed that personality included just three dimensions: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and 
a.	submissive-dominant.
b.	relaxed-tense.
c.	conservative-liberal.
d.	psychoticism.
	7.	A person who is high on the dimension of _____________ would likely be quiet, solitary, reserved, and not eager to seek out new experiences.
a.	extraversion
b.	Sixteen Personality Factors
c.	introversion
d.	Thematic Apperception
	8.	Each factor represents a dimension that ranges between two extremes; ______________ is an attempt to identify all the essential source traits.
a.	extraversion
b.	the Sixteen Personality Factors theory
c.	introversion
d.	Thematic Apperception
	9.	The five-factor model of personality identifies five major source traits. They are neuroticism, ______________, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
a.	extraversion
b.	psychoticism
c.	introversion
d.	emotional stability
10.	Most trait researchers now believe that there are five basic personality dimensions called the Big Five, or the five-factor model. These five factors are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and 
a.	conscientiousness.
b.	introversion
c.	psychoticism.
d.	emotional stability.

11.	In the video, you learned that the five-factor model of personality describes what are essentially the key ______________ of personality.
a.	astrological tenets
b.	surface traits
c.	building blocks
d.	extraverts
12.	Personality differences among siblings are primarily the result of
a.	birth order.
b.	shared experiences.
c.	nonshared experiences.
d.	genetic differences.
13.	Behavioral genetics studies the effects of
a.	traits on personality.
b.	genes and heredity on behavior.
c.	behavior on genes.
d.	environmental factors.
14.	____________ is the method of comparing adopted individuals to their adoptive siblings, their adoptive parents, or their biological parents.
a.	Trait study
b.	Sixteen personality factors
c.	Behavioral genetics
d.	Normative factors
15.	A major advantage of the ________________ perspective is that it provides several methods that are helpful in defining what differences exist between individuals.
a.	trait
b.	behavioral genetics
c.	environmental
d.	reciprocal determinism

16.	The ________________ perspective does not explain personality, but only labels it; further, the theory doesn't explain how individual differences develop.
a.	behavioral genetics
b.	environmental determinants
c.	trait
d.	psychodynamic
17.	The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the California Personality Inventory, and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire are all examples of 
a.	tests used to measure mental competence.
b.	projective tests.
c.	tests that assess personal characteristics in normal populations.
d.	self-report inventories.
18.	Psychological tests are used to assess a person's abilities, interests, or
a.	mental competence.
b.	eye-hand coordination.
c.	personality.
d.	spatial abilities.
19.	The most widely used self-report inventory to assess both normal and disturbed populations is the
a.	Rorschach Inkblot Test.
b.	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
c.	California Personality Inventory (CPI).
d.	Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF).
20.	In this video, you were introduced to Cindy Chernow, a career consultant who counsels and gives lectures on how to find the right job for
a.	the most money.
b.	your personality and abilities.
c.	people who want to change careers.
d.	alumni of UCLA and other universities.

21.	The major strengths of ______________ are standardization and their use of established norms.
a.	projective tests
b.	astrological tests
c.	self-report inventories
d.	numerology inventories
22.	One important weakness of self-report inventories is that test-takers can ________________ an answer.
a.	duplicate
b.	tell the truth on
c.	fake
d.	overanswer
23.	Some psychologists believe that self-concept is not a singular mental self-image but a multifaceted system of related images. This is the basis of the notion of
a.	trait assessment.
b.	self-efficacy beliefs.
c.	personality change potential.
d.	possible selves.
24.	Which of the following is an aspect of self-concept that includes images that a person fears, hopes, or expects might occur?
a.	traits
b.	possible selves	
c.	personality change potential
d.	in dreams
25.	The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach Inkblot Test are examples of
a.	test used to measure mental competence.
b.	projective tests.
c.	tests that assess personal characteristics in normal populations.
d.	self-report inventories.

26.	Raymond Cattell developed the _______________ identifying source traits or personality factors, whereas Hans Eysenck developed the ________________ of personality that identifies the basic dimensions of personality.
a.	trait theory; astrological factors
b.	Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire; astrological factors
c.	California Personality Inventory; Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire
d.	Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire; trait theory
Essay Questions
27.	Describe the limitations of using the trait perspective to describe personality.
28.	Describe the difference between surface traits and source traits.
29.	Describe the influence of genetics and the environment on personality traits.
30.	List the two types of psychological tests and give examples of each.


Lesson 19	Social Cognition
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave
a.	in groups.
b.	in different cultures.
c.	in social situations.
d.	when they have to judge others.
	2.	Social cognition is the study of the mental processes people use
a.	when interacting with others.
b.	to discover the effects of situational factors on human behavior.
c.	to make sense out of their social environment.
d.	to control how they feel, think, and behave in social situations.
	3.	The study of _______________ includes such questions as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey an authority figures, and under what circumstances people will help a stranger.
a.	collectivistic cultures
b.	individualistic cultures
c.	social influence
d.	person perception
	4.	______________ refers to how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes.
a.	Social influence
b.	Social cognition
c.	Social norms
d.	Collectivistic culture
	5.	The conclusions you reach about other people are influenced by three key components: the characteristics of the individual you are attempting to size up, the situation in which the process occurs, and
a.	your own characteristics as a perceiver.
b.	the goals you have in mind.
c.	the emotions you are feeling at the time.
d.	how the other person reacts to other people.
	6.	In every situation, your behavior is governed by expectations for appropriate behavior. These "rules" are called
a.	social influence.
b.	situational behaviorism.
c.	social norms.
d.	social expectations.
	7.	In the video, you learned about person perception by watching
a.	several people at a party.
b.	James and Julie go on a blind date.
c.	psychologists discuss the importance of being open-minded when meeting people.
d.	a person going on a job interview.
	8.	The four principles of ________________ theory states that each component influences the conclusions you reach about other people.
a.	person perception
b.	attribution
c.	social norms
d.	social cognition
	9.	Psychologists refer to the cognitive schemas we form about the traits and behaviors of different types of people as
a.	social categorization.
b.	explicit personality theory.
c.	implicit personality theory.
d.	social schema theory.
10.	Social categorization theory refers to the mental process of categorizing people into groups
a.	depending on physical attractiveness.
b.	on the basis of their different qualities.
c.	depending on their assumptions about the relationships among the various types of people.
d.	on the basis of their shared characteristics.

11.	In the video, you learned that ______________ occurs when you have a limited amount of time and limited information about a person.
a.	social categorization
b.	social influence
c.	implicit personality theory
d.	person perception
12.	In the video, expert psychologists explained that _____________ is a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationship among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.
a.	social categorization
b.	social influence
c.	implicit personality theory
d.	person perception
13.	Researchers have found that while physical attractiveness is not correlated with intelligence, self-esteem, or mental health, attractive people do tend
a.	to need other people's approval more than unattractive people.
b.	to be less lonely, more popular, and less anxious in social situations.
c.	to be less aware of their looks than their plainer counterparts.
d.	to judge less attractive people as inferior.
14.	While most people associate ______________ with a range of desirable traits, researchers have found very little evidence to support such assumptions.
a.	perceptions of persons
b.	social influence
c.	social cognition
d.	physical attractiveness
15.	In the video, expert psychologists discussed the role physical attractiveness plays in person perception and that physical attractiveness is often associated with
a.	being self-centered or conceited.
b.	having money and status.
c.	many undesirable traits.
d.	many desirable traits.

16.	The tendency to attribute success to one's own behavior and blame failures on external circumstances is called
a.	the fundamental attribution error.
b.	blaming the victim.
c.	the success-failure hypothesis.
d.	the self-serving bias.
17.	In the video, psychologists explained that the process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior is called
a.	the behavioral cause hypothesis.
b.	attribution.
c.	stereotyping of others.
d.	the common explanatory theory.
18.	Some people have a strong need to believe that we get what we deserve and deserve what we get. Psychologists refer to this as the
a.	situational attribution belief.
b.	just-world hypothesis.
c.	fundamental blaming error.
d.	actor-observer discrepancy.
19.	Blaming the poor for their dire straits or the sick for bringing on their illness are examples of a common explanatory pattern called
a.	blaming the victim.
b.	the just-world hypothesis.
c.	person perception.
d.	social norms.
20.	The tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes is called the
a.	actor-observer discrepancy.
b.	self-serving discrepancy.
c.	social error phenomenon.
d.	external-internal excuse hypothesis.

21.	Common in individualistic cultures, the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is known as
a.	principles of person perception.
b.	the just-world hypothesis.
c.	social norms.
d.	fundamental attribution error.
22.	An interesting exception to the fundamental attribution error is the ______________, in which we tend to use external, situational factors to explain our own behavior.
a.	fundamental attribution error
b.	actor-observer discrepancy
c.	just-world hypothesis
d.	self-serving discrepancy
23.	Which of the following governs behavior in social situations and is a contributory factor to how you perceive a person?
a.	principles of person perception
b.	the just-world hypothesis
c.	social norms
d.	the fundamental attribution error
24.	Avoiding eye contact with strangers in a public elevator is an example of
a.	social cognition.
b.	the just-world hypothesis.
c.	social norms.
d.	self-serving bias.
25.	In _______________ cultures, the tendency is to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring external factors; whereas, in ________________ cultures, success is attributed to external, situational factors, ignoring the effects of internal, personal characteristics.
a.	collectivistic; individualistic
b.	collectivistic; eclectic
c.	eclectic; individualistic
d.	individualistic; collectivistic

26.	In _______________ cultures, the tendency exists to attribute success to situational factors, while blaming failure on personal factors.
a.	collectivistic
b.	individualistic
c.	eclectic
d.	astrological
Essay Questions
27.	Identify the four principles of person-perception.
28.	Describe the role that physical attractiveness plays in person perception.
29.	Describe how attributional biases in success can differ between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures.


Lesson 20	Attitudes
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	People tend to act in accordance with their attitudes when they feel strongly about an issue, anticipate a favorable outcome, and
a.	have a personal stake in the issue.
b.	know little about the subject.
c.	are told how to behave by authority figures.
d.	are able to avoid any social conflicts.
	2.	While many people think that _________________ controls behavior, social psychologists have consistently found that this is not a good predictor of future behavior.
a.	racism
b.	ethnocentrism
c.	contact theory
d.	attitude
	3.	Attitudes can be broken into cognitive, affective, and ________________ components.
a.	information source
b.	in-group
c.	behavioral
d.	prejudicial
	4.	In the video, you learned that attitudes
a.	cannot be changed.
b.	are genetic patterns of behavior.
c.	are dependent on a person's education level.
d.	can be changed by conscious effort.
	5.	Cognitive dissonance commonly occurs in situations in which you become uncomfortably aware that
a.	you made the wrong decision.
b.	your behavior and your attitude are the same.
c.	your behavior and your attitude are in conflict.
d.	you cannot change a situation or event.
	6.	Suppose a person had to choose between two job offers, each offer having some desirable and some not-so-desirable features, creating a state of _________________. The conflict is resolved by changing his or her thoughts and attitudes to be supportive of whatever job offer he or she decided upon accepting.
a.	in-group/out-group
b.	cognitive dissonance
c.	racism
d.	stereotypes
	7.	Attitude change as the result of ________________ is quite common in everyday life.
a.	in-group/out-group bias
b.	cognitive dissonance
c.	racism
d.	stereotypes
	8.	We could say that ________________ is an unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions; this situation is a common cause for changes in attitude.
a.	cognitive dissonance
b.	racism
c.	nonconscious racism
d.	group conflict
	9.	When confronted with evidence that contradicts a stereotype, people tend to
a.	adjust their viewpoints if the evidence is strong enough.
b.	view the evidence as valuable only if it is presented by an authority figure.
c.	discount the evidence in a variety of ways.
d.	create a new stereotype based on new information.
10.	Stereotyping appears to be a fairly normal and common way of categorizing others and can
a.	add to social stability by providing continuity of opinion between group members.
b.	be helpful in combating prejudice and racism.
c.	help us see people as they really are.
d.	easily be misused and cause numerous problems.

11.	In the video, psychologists explained that stereotypes
a.	are always inaccurate.
b.	can be either positive or negative.
c.	are "unnatural" phenomena that must be eliminated.
d.	are only used against minorities.
12.	Like other social categories, __________________ simplify social information so that we can sort out, process, and remember information about other people more easily.
a.	cognitive dissonances
b.	stereotypes
c.	jigsaw classroom techniques
d.	out-group biases
13.	In the video, how did Americans of Japanese descent react to their internment?
a.	They understood that internment was necessary because of the war effort.
b.	They were all hostile and wanted to escape.
c.	They felt that being in the camps was not bad, and sometimes was even fun.
d.	Their reactions ranged from resignation to anger.
14.	People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two very basic social categories:
a.	stereotypes and racism.
b.	in-groups and out-groups.
c.	indigenous populations and natural populations.
d.	collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures.
15.	"We succeeded because we worked hard; they succeeded because they lucked out," is a statement a person with ________________ might make.
a.	self-effacing bias
b.	in-group bias
c.	cognitive dissonance
d.	out-group bias

16.	Ethnocentric thinking contributes to the formation of negative stereotypes about
a.	people in groups to which you are not allowed to belong.
b.	other cultures whose customs differ from our own.
c.	gays and lesbians when they are competing for desired or scarce resources.
d.	people and individuals who are a threat to our self-esteem.
17.	Which of the following refers to the tendency to see people belonging to groups of which you are not a member as being similar to one another?
a.	in-group cognitive dissonance
b.	out-group dissonance
c.	out-group homogeneity effect
d.	group conflict
18.	The tendency to use our culture or ethnic group as the yardstick by which we judge other cultures or ethnic groups is called
a.	contact theory.
b.	in-group homogeneity effect.
c.	prejudice.
d.	ethnocentrism.
19.	In the Robbers Cave Experiment, psychologist Muzafer Sherif demonstrated that prejudice can be overcome
a.	if rival groups meet prior to any competition.
b.	when rival groups compete for the same prize.
c.	when rival groups cooperate to achieve a common goal.
d.	if rival groups are told how to behave by an authority figure.
20.	The assumption that negative stereotypes would naturally replace negative attitudes if groups meet is called
a.	nonconscious racism.
b.	ethnocentrism.
c.	contact theory.
d.	group conflict.

21.	In the _______________ experiment, psychologist Muzafer Sherif demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome.
a.	indigenous populations
b.	in-group bias
c.	stereotypic populations
d.	Robbers Cave
22.	The jigsaw classroom experiment, in which students in small, ethnically diverse groups were brought together to work on a mutual project, demonstrated
a.	that competition helps promote self-esteem.
b.	an increase in intergroup hostility when students were required to work together.
c.	a reduction in intergroup hostility when students worked together.
d.	no change in student behavior unless rewards were given.
23.	Which of the following can be reduced by cooperating to achieve a common goal, or by substituting interdependence for competition?
a.	group conflict
b.	group norms
c.	in-group bias
d.	ethnocentrism
24.	Using the ________________, social psychologist Elliot Aronson demonstrated how children brought together in ethnically diverse groups could benefit from cooperation and interdependence.
a.	self-esteem effect
b.	intergroup hostility effect
c.	jigsaw classroom technique
d.	ethnocentrism classroom technique
25.	A person who believes that prejudice and racism are wrong might nevertheless react in prejudicial ways because of
a.	social pressure to be racist.
b.	nonconscious racism.
c.	in-group bias.
d.	the out-group homogeneity effect.

26.	In the video, you learned that although society at large seemed to condone racism toward Americans of Japanese descent, there were many non-Japanese who felt that internment was
a.	unjust.
b.	completely justifiable.
c.	only fair.
d.	necessary because of the Pearl Harbor attack.
27.	Which of the following refers to a more subtle form of racism that some psychologists believe has replaced blatant racism?
a.	social pressure to be racist
b.	nonconscious racism
c.	cognitive dissonance
d.	out-group homogeneity effect
28.	Historically, some groups have suffered more than others from prejudice, especially ________________ and people of color.
a.	majority populations
b.	homogenous populations
c.	in-group populations
d.	indigenous populations
29.	In order to combat prejudice on an individual level, it is important that
a.	we openly discuss our prejudices with others.
b.	we behave in accordance with our beliefs.
c.	we accept that prejudice is a natural phenomenon.
d.	we make a concerted effort to see each person as he or she really is-a unique individual.
30.	In the video, an expert psychologist explained the three-step process for combating
a.	stereotyping.
b.	racism.
c.	prejudice.
d.	in-group conflicts.

31.	In the video, you learned that attitudes, including prejudicial attitudes,
a.	cannot be changed.
b.	are genetic patterns of behavior.
c.	depend on a person's education level.
d.	can be changed by conscious effort.

Essay Questions
32.	Define ethnocentrism, and explain the out-group homogeneity effect.
33.	Discuss the Sherif Robbers Cave research on combating group prejudice.
34.	Discuss the results of the jigsaw classroom technique.


Lesson 21	Group Influence
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The two basic reasons people conform to a larger group is the desire to be liked and accepted and
a.	the fear of rejection.
b.	the concern over being embarrassed.
c.	the desire to be right.
d.	the desire to be with people who behave in a like manner.
	2.	The results of psychologist Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity revealed that implicit, unspoken group pressure
a.	has little effect.
b.	will change the majority of people's opinion.
c.	is very influential if the group members have high status.
d.	can exert a strong influence.
	3.	In the video, the famous experiment by psychologist Solomon Asch demonstrated that in order to conform to others in a group, people may
a.	leave the group.
b.	not argue.
c.	give a wrong answer.
d.	rationalize their answer to a question.
	4.	________________ is not just acting as other people act; it is acting differently from the way you would act if you were alone.
a.	Conformity
b.	Obedience
c.	Social loafing
d.	Altruism
	5.	In the video, the classic experiment by psychologist Stanley Milgram involved painful electrical shocks that were delivered to a "learner" by a "teacher" (no shocks were actually delivered, but pretended) because they were ordered to do so by
a.	a policeman.
b.	a judge.
c.	a person who was going to pay them.
d.	an authority figure.
	6.	Stanley Milgram's experimental studies focused on ________________, which he described as "a ubiquitous and indispensable feature of social life."
a.	prosocial behavior
b.	obedience
c.	social influence
d.	personal responsibility
	7.	In the video, it was pointed out that there are two types of compliance:
a.	conformity and obedience.
b.	conformity and social influence.
c.	obedience and social influence.
d.	individuation and personal responsibility.
	8.	In his famous research project, Milgram found that several factors decreased the likelihood of destructive obedience: when walls or buffers separating the "teacher" from the "learner" were removed, close proximity of the "teacher" and "learner" during the experiment, and if the "teacher" observed other "teachers"
a.	complying with orders.
b.	refusing to continue with orders.
c.	were free to choose the shock level.
d.	b and c
	9.	In this video, you learned that in many cases people behave differently when they are
a.	alone.
b.	with someone they know well.
c.	part of a group.
d.	being observed.
10.	When you are uncertain or doubt your own judgment, you may look to a group as a source of accurate information. Social psychology defines this behavior as
a.	conformity.
b.	normative social influence.
c.	informational social influence.
d.	prejudice.

11.	The study of the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior is called
a.	diffusion of responsibility.
b.	social categorization.
c.	informational social influence.
d.	social influence.
12.	Which of the following is one of the primary reasons why people sometimes find themselves conforming to larger groups?
a.	social loafing
b.	normative social influence
c.	informational social influence
d.	social influence
13.	The bystander effect is the phenomenon where bystanders-those who witness an emergency situation-do not intervene. They fail to intervene because of
a.	diffusion of responsibility.
b.	feeling foolish by intervening when no intervention is needed (as in the boy who cried wolf).
c.	feeling that intervening is too much trouble.
d.	all of the above.
14.	When diffusion of responsibility occurs, such as in an emergency, the reason people have reported their failure to take action is that such bystanders
a.	blame the victim
b.	operate on the self-serving bias
c.	come from an individualistic culture
d.	believe someone else will call for help
15.	In the video, Floyd Cochran showed us that we can change if we are willing to _______________ for our behavior and our beliefs.
a.	take personal responsibility
b.	follow rule of reciprocity
c.	seek individuation
d.	avoid diffusion of responsibility

16.	People are most likely to help others if they notice a situation in which help is needed, feel some sense of responsibility, and
a.	helping does not violate any social norm.
b.	anticipate that the helping behavior will be recognized and rewarded.
c.	they know how to deal with the situation.
d.	other people are present.
17.	The "feel good, do good" effect refers to the phenomenon in which people
a.	who feel good help others to avoid feeling guilty.
b.	who feel good are less likely to help others.
c.	who feel good are more likely to help others.
d.	only engage in prosocial behavior that makes them feel good.
18.	Everyday life is full with little acts of _____________, such as opening a door for a stranger, helping a stranded driver change a tire, or taking out the trash for a sick neighbor.
a.	acceptance
b.	altruism
c.	obedience
d.	social loafing
19.	Deindividuation is the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person
a.	is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.
b.	is interacting with an out-group.
c.	has a diminished sense of self and low self-esteem.
d.	is part of a group whose rules control his or her behavior.
20.	Social loafing is reduced or eliminated when the group is composed of people we know, we are members of a highly valued group, and
a.	we are getting substantial rewards for our efforts.
b.	we are unable to "hide" or our work effort is seen by everyone.
c.	the task is something we normally do and is not unique.
d.	the task is meaningful and unique.

21.	In the video, an expert psychologist defined conformity as the tendency to change one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to
a.	new learned beliefs.
b.	real group pressure.
c.	imagined group pressure.
d.	real or imagined group pressure.
22.	The power of ________________ can be defended against by taking your time, listing all the reasons why not to do something, and learning to trust your gut feelings.
a.	social facilitation
b.	obedience
c.	social cognition
d.	persuasion
Matching Exercises
Match the following concepts with their corresponding definitions in Questions 23 
through 26.
a.	the rule of reciprocity			c.	low-balling
b.	that's not all				d.	foot-in-the-door
__________ 23.	The simple but powerful social norm in which you feel obligated or pressured to return a favor when someone has given you something or has performed a favor for you.
__________ 24.	A technique by which a persuader gets you to make a commitment by deliberately understating the cost of a product.
__________ 25.	A technique by which a persuader gets you to make a commitment by making a small initial request you are likely to agree to.
__________ 26.	A technique by which, before you can accept or reject an offer, the persuader appears to throw in something extra to make the deal even more attractive by appearing to have just done you a favor.
Essay Questions
27.	Describe the results of Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity.
28.	Identify the factors that Milgram found that decrease obedience.

Lesson 22	Stress, Health, and Coping
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The study of stress is a key topic in one of the most rapidly growing specialty areas in psychology called
a.	health psychology.
b.	biological psychology.
c.	psychoneuroimmunology.
d.	social-behavioral psychology.
	2.	Stress can be dangerous to your health and is usually caused by
a.	major life events.
b.	daily hassles and conflicts.
c.	social and cultural factors.
d.	all of the above.
	3.	According to the _________________ model, health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
a.	biopsychosocial
b.	fight/flight
c.	daily hassles
d.	social support
	4.	A rapidly growing specialty area called _________________ studies how psychological factors influence health and illness.
a.	fight/flight
b.	daily hassles
c.	health psychology
d.	major life event
	5.	People in the lowest socioeconomic levels of society tend to have
a.	fewer daily hassles.
b.	nonchronic, long-term stress.
c.	the highest levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.
d.	adequate resources to deal with negative life events.

	6.	Virtually any event or situation can be a ________________ if you question your ability to deal with it effectively.
a.	stressor
b.	major life event
c	conflict
d.	psychological process
	7.	Some psychologists propose that as a predictor of physical illness and symptoms, the stress derived from _______________ is more accurate that the number of major life changes a person experiences.
a.	stressor
b.	major life event
c.	daily hassles
d.	fight/flight reactions
	8.	The most stressful type of conflict-induced stress comes from
a.	approach-approach conflicts.
b.	approach-avoidance conflicts.
c.	avoidance-avoidance conflicts.
d.	avoidance conflicts that cannot be easily resolved.
9.	According to psychologists, there are three types of stress-inducing conflicts, approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and
a.	avoidance-approach.
b.	avoidance-avoidance.
c.	fight-flight.
d.	avoidance-avoidance.
10.	Any kind of immediate threat to your well-being is a stress-producing experience that triggers multiple bodily changes. This rapidly occurring reaction is called
a.	the fight-or-flight response.
b.	general adaptation syndrome.
c.	a stress reaction.
d.	biological stress phenomenon.

11.	The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are
a.	wear-and-tear stage, adjustment stage, and acceptance stage.
b.	alarm stage, adjustment stage, and resistance stage.	
c.	alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage.
d.	resistance stage, exhaustion stage, and acceptance stage.
12.	In the video, expert psychologists explained that stress can
a.	cause people to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes.
b.	make people unable to act in a civil manner.
c.	interfere with cognitive abilities.
d.	cause mental illnesses.
13.	Researchers have found that negative life events have the greatest adverse effects on health, especially when they
a.	involve the loss of a spouse.
b.	are combined with other physical illnesses.
c.	happen just after a positive life event.
d.	are unexpected and uncontrollable.
14.	Researchers have discovered that stress can decrease immune system functioning, which may
a.	produce the fight-or-flight response.
b.	affect cognitive functioning.
c.	heighten susceptibility to health problems.
d.	make infectious agents less effective.
15.	A person who is inclined to believe that no amount of personal effort will improve a situation is using
a.	a defeatist explanatory style.
b.	an optimistic explanatory style.
c.	a pessimistic explanatory style.
d.	an objective explanatory style.

16.	In the video, people with an optimistic approach, according to Seligman, tend to look on the bright side of things, look at the silver lining in the cloud, and consequently, have a better chance of
a.	keeping stress under control so that it doesn't overwhelm them.
b.	always having everything work out to their satisfaction.
c.	jeopardizing their chances for success.
d.	inflicting more stress on themselves.
17.	People who use a(n) ________________ style tend to experience more stress than people who are confident and have a generally positive outlook on life.
a.	defeatist explanatory
b.	optimistic explanatory
c.	pessimistic explanatory
d.	objective explanatory
18.	Social support can make a stressful situation seem less threatening, promote positive moods and emotions, and
a.	can become chaotic.
b.	lower blood cholesterol levels.
c.	enhance self-esteem.
d.	adversely affect immune system functioning.
19.	_______________ friends and family can make a situation seem less threatening, promote positive emotions, and enhance self-esteem.
a.	Flight-or-fight response of
b.	Social support of
c.	Daily hassles caused by
d.	Avoidance/approach attitude of
20.	Psychological research has consistently shown that having a sense of control over a stressful situation
a.	reduces the impact of stressors.
b.	is not as important as explanatory style in controlling stress.
c.	heighten susceptibility to health problems
d.	is not as important as having a strong social support.

21.	When individuals shift their attention away from a stressor and toward other activities, they are engaging in the _______________ strategy called escape-avoidance.
a.	problem-focused coping
b.	emotion-focused coping
c.	dream-focused coping
d.	esteem-focused coping
22.	Rationally analyzing a problem, trying to identify possible solutions, and then attempting to implement a solution is an example of
a.	problem-focused coping.
b.	emotion-focused coping.
c.	dream-focused coping.
d.	approach/approach conflict strategy.
Essay Questions
23.	Describe the biopsychosocial model of health psychology.
24.	Identify the three basic forms of conflict.
25.	Describe how the immune system is affected by stress.


Lesson 23	Understanding Psychological Disorders, Part One
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders is called
a.	abnormal psychology.
b.	scientific psychology.
c.	psychopathology.
d.	psychogenesis.
	2.	A psychological disorder can also accurately be called
a.	a mental illness.
b.	a mental disorder.
c.	insanity.
d.	abnormal behavior.
	3.	In the video, psychological disorders were defined as a pattern of behavioral symptoms that causes significant personal distress and/or
a.	causes interpersonal problems.
b.	impairs one's ability to function in one or more areas in life.
c.	impairs a person's ability to distinguish reality.
d.	causes a person to be unable to work.
	4.	The name for the book published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that lists the exact criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis of a mental disorder is
a.	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
b.	American Psychiatric Association Diagnosis Manual.
c.	Manual of Mental Disorders for Mental-Health Professionals.
d.	APA Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders.
	5.	In the video, you learned that studies on the prevalence of psychological disorders indicate that nearly one in two people will experience symptoms of a psychological disorder
a.	during their lifetime.
b.	that will require hospitalization.
c.	that will cause them problems at work.
d.	that will cause major relationship problems.
	6.	In the video, you discovered that support groups can be a very effective way to provide
a.	help so that people can overcome their illnesses.
b.	support, encouragement, and education.
c.	new clients for therapists.
d.	education and medications for those in need.
	7.	_______________ describes maladaptive behavior and significant disruptions in a person's activities, moods, and thought processes.
a.	Obsession
b.	Anxiety disorder
c.	Compulsion
d.	Social phobia
	8.	A person with _______________ fears having a panic attack in a public place from which it might be difficult to escape or get help.
a.	obsession
b.	agoraphobia
c.	fear
d.	mood disorder
	9.	Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension is the main feature of
a.	anxiety.
b.	people who are tense.
c.	panic anxiety.
d.	generalized anxiety disorder.
10.	A person who is suffering from frequent and unexpected sudden episodes of extreme anxiety is said to be suffering from
a.	panic disorder.
b.	generalized anxiety disorder.
c.	panic attacks.
d.	phobias.

11.	In contrast to an ongoing sense of apprehension, uneasiness, and distress, what form of anxiety occurs suddenly and rapidly escalates in intensity?
a.	compulsion
b.	obsession
c.	obsessive-compulsive disorder
d.	panic attack
12.	In the general population, mild phobias are commonplace. To be diagnosed as having a psychological disorder, a person's phobia must
a.	be irrational and cause them to feel ashamed.
b.	be a fear of something unusual or typical.
c.	significantly interfere with daily life.
d.	cause panic attacks.
13.	A person who fears having a panic attack in a public place from which it might be difficult to escape or get help has
a.	claustrophobia, or fear of closed spaces.
b.	aphephobia, or fear of being touched by another person.
c.	agoraphobia, or fear of the marketplace.
d.	phobophobia, or fear of acquiring a phobia.
14.	A long-lasting anxiety disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma is called
a.	agoraphobia.
b.	posttrauma anxiety.
c.	posttraumatic stress disorder.
d.	trauma-induced panic disorder.
15.	Originally, ________________ was primarily associated with direct experiences
of military combat.
a.	agoraphobia
b.	anxiety
c.	posttraumatic stress disorder
d.	specific phobia

16.	Repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or mental images that cause anxiety and distress are called
a.	obsessions.
b.	anxiety disorder.
c.	compulsion.
d.	social phobia.
17.	Which of the following involves the need to engage in certain behaviors a specific number of times or to count to a certain number before performing some action or task?
a.	obsessions
b.	anxiety disorder
c.	compulsion
d.	social phobia
18.	________________ is an anxiety disorder in which a person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts and behaviors.
a.	Panic disorder
b.	Panic attack
c.	Specific phobia
d.	Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Matching Exercises
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions in Questions 19 through 21.
a.	psychological disorder		c.	specific phobia
b.	psychopathology
___________ 19.	The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of mental or psychological disorders.
___________ 20.	A pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairing the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life.
___________ 21.	People with this order are terrified of a particular (usually insignificant or harmless) object or situation and go to great lengths to avoid that object or situation


Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions in Questions 22 through 25.
a.	generalized anxiety disorder		c.	obsessive-compulsive disorder
b.	common phobias			d.	obsession
___________ 22.	In the general population, these are extremely common and tend to affect more women than men.
___________ 23.	People with this disorder worry excessively, are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive.
___________ 24.	Nagging uncertainty about accomplishing simple tasks, such as not shutting off appliances or locking a door with a strong urge to check and make sure you actually did it.
___________ 25.	In all cases, people with this disorder feel that something terrible will happen if what they feel they must do does not get done.
Essay Questions
26.	Compare and contrast normal anxiety with pathological anxiety.
27.	Define obsession and compulsion and give an example of each.
28.	Explain phobias.
29.	Discuss some of the myths about psychological disorders.


Lesson 24	Understanding Psychological Disorders, Part Two
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	In the video, you learned that major depression and bipolar disorders are categorized as
a.	anxiety disorders.
b.	personality disorders.
c.	mood disorders.
d.	forms of abnormal behavior.
	2.	Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness are typical of the emotional symptoms of
a.	major depression.
b.	bipolar disorder.
c.	personality disorder.
d.	psychopathic disorder.
	3.	Along with a general loss of energy and motivation, people suffering from depression also
a.	typically gain weight.
b.	have disruptions in eating and sexual interests.
c.	become impulsive.
d.	spend increased time in nondreaming sleep.
	4.	A mood disorder involving chronic, low-grade feelings of depression that produces person discomfort but does not stop a person from functioning in daily life is called
a.	double depression.
b.	bipolar disorder.
c.	cyclothymic disorder.
d.	dysthymic disorder.

	5.	In the video, psychologist William Lombardo explained that persistent feelings of sadness or despair without realistic reasons for those feelings is a characteristic of
a.	all mood disorders.
b.	bipolar disorder.
c.	schizophrenia.
d.	depression.
	6.	A form of depression that occurs when there is the least amount of sunlight is called
a.	seasonal affective disorder.
b.	dysthymic depression.
c.	ultraviolet or chromatic depression.
d.	agitated depression.
	7.	_______________ is a mood disorder that typically occurs during periods when there is the low sunlight for a period of time.
a.	Dysthymic depression
b.	Ultraviolet or chromatic depression
c.	Seasonal affective disorder
d.	Schizophrenia
	8.	Seasonal affective disorder refers to a depression that typically occurs during the _______________ months, when there is the lowest amount of sunlight.
a.	fall
b.	winter
c.	spring
d.	a and b
	9.	Formerly called manic depression, ______________ involves periods of incapacitating depression, alternating with periods of extreme excitement and euphoria.
a.	cyclothymic disorder
b.	euphoria-depression disorder
c.	bipolar disorder
d.	major mood disorder

10.	Which of the following is a psychological disorder characterized by periods of extreme depression alternating with periods of extreme excitement?
a.	mood disorders
b.	schizophrenia
c.	delusion
d.	bipolar disorder
11.	In the video, you learned that _______________ differs from major depression in that it involves abnormal moods on both ends of the emotional spectrum.
a.	bipolar disorder
b.	borderline personality
c.	dissociative amnesia
d.	cyclothymic disorder
12.	The most common factors contributing to the development of mood disorders are genetic predisposition, _______________, and traumatic or stressful events.
a.	accidents
b.	biochemical factors
c.	schizophrenia
d.	anxiety disorders
13.	People with ______________ are often perceived as being extremely moody, unpredictable, and inconsistent.
a.	mood disorders
b.	hallucinations
c.	delusion
d.	cyclothymic disorder
14.	Which of the following disorders is characterized by many of the symptoms of depression, does not significantly impair daily functions, and lasts for a long period of time?
a.	hallucination
b.	schizophrenia
c.	dysthymic disorder
d.	mania

15.	A person who has a pattern of inflexible, maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that last over time has
a.	an antisocial personality.
b.	a personality disorder.
c.	a borderline personality.
d.	a paranoid personality disorder.
16.	People who cannot remember who they are or wander aimlessly suffer from
a.	a dissociative disorder.
b.	a paranoid personality disorder.
c.	identity confusion and extensive amnesia.
d.	identity crisis with dissociative awareness.
17.	Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and ________________ impair the ability to function.
a.	personal identity
b.	paranoia
c.	antisocial identity
d.	delusions
18.	In the video, Robert Fernandez explained that he has suffered for many years from
a.	depression and hallucinations.
b.	schizophrenia.
c.	periods of extreme anxiety.
d.	phobias that have made it difficult for him to go out in public.
19.	People suffering from schizophrenia often have delusions, hallucinations, and
a.	disruptions in sleep and eating patterns.
b.	the presence of two or more distinct personalities.
c.	severely disorganized thought processes, speech, and behavior.
d.	greatly increased emotional expressiveness.

20.	Which of the following is an extremely complex disorder in which there is enormous individual variability in the onset, symptoms, duration, and length of recovery?
a.	mood disorders
b.	seasonal affective disorder
c.	schizophrenia
d.	bipolar disorder
21.	Researchers have found that about half of the people with schizophrenia
a.	were raised in a dysfunctional family environment.
b.	have a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
c.	show some type of brain structure abnormality.
d.	had mothers who had a viral infection during pregnancy.
22.	In the video, you learned that schizophrenia is a complex disorder and that the causes of this disorder appear to be
a.	mostly related to a person's upbringing.
b.	a function of past traumatic experiences.
c.	equally complex.
d.	a complete mystery to science.
23.	The majority of people who commit suicide are
a.	women.
b.	adolescents.
c.	people over 65.
d.	young and middle-aged adults.
24.	Guidelines for helping prevent ______________ include: don't minimize the person's suicidal intentions, let the person talk about his/her feelings, help identify solutions, ask the person to delay taking any action and encourage the person to seek professional help.
a.	amnesia
b.	suicide
c.	bipolar disorder
d.	schizophrenia

Essay Questions
25.	Describe major depression.
26.	Describe seasonal affective disorder.
27.	Discuss the prevalence of bipolar disorder.
28.	Discuss the controversy surrounding dissociative identity disorder.
29.	Describe the evidence that points to the involvement of genetic factors and brain abnormalities in the development of schizophrenia.


Lesson 25	Therapies
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	In the video, psychotherapy is described as
a.	the process used to treat mentally ill people.
b.	more of an art than a science.
c.	techniques used to treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems.
d.	a field that is being replaced by physicians prescribing drugs.
	2.	A therapist who uses _______________ might integrate insight-oriented techniques with specific behavioral techniques to help someone overcome a psychological problem.
a.	family therapy
b.	psychoanalysis
c.	eclecticism
d.	cognitive therapies
	3.	Which of the following involves the treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding and elicit change?
a.	biological therapies
b.	surgical therapies
c.	psychotherapy
d.	hypnotism
	4.	According to Freudian psychoanalysis, early unresolved childhood experiences
a.	can influence a person's thoughts and behavior later in life.
b.	are unimportant.
c.	can be easily uncovered using the technique of free association.
d.	can be discovered in the manifest content of dreams.
	5.	When a patient in psychoanalysis unconsciously responds to the therapist as though the therapist is a significant person in the patient's life, this is called
a.	interpretation.
b.	manifest or latent content.
c.	transference.
d.	a Freudian slip.
	6.	Freud's famous technique, in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, mental images, and feelings as they come to mind, is known as
a.	counterconditioning.
b.	biomedical therapy.
c.	rational-emotive therapy.
d.	free association.
	7.	In client-centered therapy, the therapist must accept, value, and care for the client regardless of what his or her problems are. Carl Rogers called this quality
a.	conditional acceptance.
b.	unconditional positive regard.
c.	humanism.
d.	empathic understanding.
	8.	In the video, Lynda explained that one of the main reasons she wanted to see a therapist was that
a.	she suffers from panic attacks.
b.	she has many phobias.
c.	she is going through a difficult time in her life.
d.	she needs medications to help her sleep.
	9.	In the video, you learned that a humanistic approach emphasizes ________________ and each person's unique potential as a human being.
a.	self-awareness
b.	early childhood
c.	reinforcement schedules
d.	belief systems
10.	In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapists focus on
a.	uncovering resistance by using operant and classical conditioning.
b.	current behaviors rather than past experiences.
c.	using learning techniques to resolve conflicts.
d.	problems which can be resolved by nondirective techniques.

11.	Which of the following refers to the learning of a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response?
a.	reflexive learning
b.	counterconditioning
c.	observational learning
d.	insight
12.	In the video, you learned that psychotherapy is the use of psychological techniques to treat emotional, _______________, and interpersonal problems.
a.	spiritual
b.	physical
c.	behavioral
d.	career
13.	The key premise of rational-emotive therapy is that people's difficulties are caused by
a.	unresolved early childhood experiences.
b.	many reasons, so it is best to concentrate on changing behaviors.
c.	unexpressed emotions and thoughts.
d.	faulty expectations and irrational thinking.
14.	Which of the following is a therapy developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck that focuses on unrealistic beliefs and distorted thinking?
a.	behavioral therapy
b.	humanistic therapy
c.	family therapy
d.	cognitive therapy
15.	"People are not disturbed by things but rather by their view of things," is a statement reflected in
a.	humanistic therapy.
b.	behavioristic therapy.
c.	rational-emotive therapy.
d.	psychodynamic therapy.

16.	While there are many factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy, the most important are the factors associated with the
a.	therapeutic relationship.
b.	therapist characteristics.
c.	client characteristics.
d.	external circumstances.
17.	In the video, psychologists explained that exploring childhood issues and discussing dreams is a common technique used in the
a.	behavioral approach to therapy.
b.	humanistic approach to therapy.
c.	psychodynamic approach to therapy.
d.	cognitive approach to therapy.
18.	The therapeutic effect of antipsychotic medications has
a.	dramatically decreased the number of people hospitalized for mental disorders.
b.	reduced the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
c.	the common side effect of tardive dyskinesia (facial tics and grimaces).
d.	been proven effective in treating the symptoms of both depression and anxiety.
19.	The best known _______________ are in a class called benzodiazepines, which include the trade name drugs Valium and Xanax.
a.	antianxiety medications
b.	antihistamines
c.	antipsychotics
d.	anticonvulsives
20.	Electroconvulsive therapy is
a.	a time-consuming and complex treatment for depression.
b.	a very effective treatment for severe depression.
c.	much less effective than antidepressant drugs.
d.	a well-understood treatment for severe depression.
21.	Most people with psychological symptoms
a.	are helped by a professional therapist.
b.	experience one or more periods of spontaneous remission.
c.	do not seek help from mental health professionals.
d.	do not need to seek help unless they become hospitalized.
Essay Questions
22.	Compare and contrast cognitive therapy and rational-emotive therapy.
23.	Discuss the general effectiveness of psychotherapy.
24.	Describe the four factors of all effective therapies.
25.	Describe some of the common misconceptions about psychotherapy.

Lesson 26	Making Psychology Part of Your Life
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	As you study the development of the science of psychology from its early history to the present day, you will most likely agree with which of the following statements?
a.	From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.
b.	Early psychologists disagreed about which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study about as much as current psychologists.
c.	Virtually all of the early psychologists were trained as medical doctors.
d.	The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the seventeenth century.
	2.	Which approach to psychology expanded its study of unconsciousness to include such issues as how early life experiences and unconscious influences would affect human development, personality, and even psychotherapeutic techniques?
a.	structuralism
b.	behaviorism
c.	cognitive
d.	psychoanalysis
	3.	Who would have been most likely to say: "Your behavior results from unconscious motivation, not motivation in your consciousness"?
a.	William James
b.	John B. Watson
c.	Sigmund Freud
d.	G. Stanley Hall
	4.	We can say that the scientific method is a set of assumptions, attitudes, and _________________ that guide researchers.
a.	theories
b.	procedures
c.	policies
d.	concepts

	5.	A hypothesis could be described as a(n)
a.	conclusion of your research.
b.	tentative statement of the relationship between two or more variables.
c.	research design.
d.	operational definition.
	6.	The correlational research method seeks to
a.	establish a cause-and-effect relation.
b.	establish ethical guidelines.
c.	examine how strongly two variables are related to one another.
d.	a, b, and c.
	7.	The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called
a.	biological psychology.
b.	clinical psychology.
c.	cognitive physiology.
d.	psychopharmacology.
	8.	While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the
a.	somatic nervous system.
b.	cerebrospinal fluid.
c.	spinal reflexes.
d.	autonomic nervous system.
	9.	Dr. Susan Curtiss, in the video for Lesson 3, advised us that it has been learned that the brain is capable of a substantial rewiring process called
a.	cell regeneration.
b.	a neural pathway.
c.	structural plasticity.
d.	circulation.

10.	______________ are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
a.	Axons
b.	Dendrites
c.	Neurons
d.	Nerves
11.	________________ have three components: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
a.	Neurotransmitters
b.	Glial cells
c.	Synaptic
d.	Neurons
12.	In the video for Lesson 4, Dr. Schweitzer explained that neurological disorders such as dystonia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease result in
a.	accidents or injuries.
b.	childhood trauma.
c.	malfunctions in neural transmission.
d.	nutritional deficiencies.
13.	Sensation refers to the detection and basic sensory experience of environmental stimuli, while ___________________ refers to our integration, organization, and interpretation of sensory data to meaningful information.
a.	perception
b.	selective attention
c.	sense receptors
d.	recoding phenomenon
14.	As explained in the video for Lesson 5, ________________ are specialized nerve cells that allow us to extract information from the environment.
a.	neurons
b.	glial cells
c.	sensory receptors
d.	transduction nerves

15.	Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge and expectations in forming perceptions is called
a.	bottom-up processing.
b.	top-down processing.
c.	perceptual set.
d.	perceptual constancy.
16.	"The personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the environment," according to the textbook, is the definition of
a.	sleep.
b.	consciousness.
c.	wakefulness.
d.	alpha state.
17.	In the video for Lesson 6, psychologist Michael Stevenson explained that when a person is asleep, he or she is
a.	in a comatose state.
b.	unable to sense the external environment.
c.	in an altered state of consciousness.
d.	in a circadian rhythm.
18.	Most of the common major sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, and night terrors, as well as narcolepsy. While narcolepsy is considered a sleep disorder, it actually does occur during the
a.	middle of the night.
b.	day.
c.	early morning.
d.	night.
19.	Broadly defined, learning is
a.	any permanent change in behavior.
b.	a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
c.	the acquisition of knowledge.
d.	a relatively enduring change in the amount of knowledge acquired.

20.	Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning a(n) __________________ between two stimuli.
a.	reflexive response
b.	association
c.	reinforcement
d.	extinction
21.	Martin Seligman has proposed that humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of selective objects or situations that once may have posed a threat to our ancestors, such as ______________, but not other objects such as _________________.
a.	electrical outlets; snakes
b.	stairs; electrical outlets
c.	snakes and spiders; stairs
d.	flowers; crocodiles
22.	The concept of reliable signals was developed by Dr. Rescorla and proposes that for learning to occur in classical conditioning, the _________________ must be a reliable signal in that it consistently predicts the presentation of the __________________.
a.	conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
b.	unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
c.	conditioned response; unconditioned response
d.	unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
23.	Animal and bird trainers report that nonreinforced behaviors by their trainees reflect an apparently innate response called
a.	modeling.
b.	instinctive drift.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	observational learning.
24.	The textbook tells us that cognitive processes are involved in both major learning theories in that __________________ conditioning involves the learning of the relationship between events, whereas ___________________ conditioning involves the cognitive expectancy that a consequence will follow a behavior.
a.	operant; classical
b.	classical; operant
c.	observational; cognitive
d.	cognitive; observational
25.	__________________ refers to the active mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.
a.	Retrieval cue
b.	Amnesia
c.	Free recall
d.	Memory
26.	The three basic memory processes are encoding, storage, and
a.	retrieval.
b.	exercise.
c.	interference.
d.	free call.
27.	In the video for Lesson 9, Duana Welch used the example of repeating the telephone number for the pizza parlor as an example of
a.	elaborative rehearsal.
b.	forced recall.
c.	motivated learning.
d.	maintenance rehearsal.
28.	Thinking involves manipulating two forms of mental representations: mental images and
a.	concepts.
b.	memories.
c.	manipulation of ideas.
d.	strategies.
29.	Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is the definition for ________________.
a.	a heuristic
b.	confirmation bias
c.	intuition
d.	language

30.	One of the ways language can affect our thoughts is by influencing what we _______________.
a.	remember
b.	overestimate
c.	underestimate
d.	eat
31.	The use of mental concepts, problem solving, and decision making are all mental aspects of what we commonly call
a.	intelligence.
b.	cognition.
c.	mental sets.
d.	mental abilities and skills.
32.	The _______________ test (first published in 1916 for American use) was for many years the method used in schools to measure intelligence.
a.	WAIS
b.	Multiple Intelligence
c.	triarchic theory of intelligence
d.	Stanford-Binet
33.	In the video for Lesson 11, you learned that one of the main problems with early intelligence tests was that they were based on the notion that
a.	only certain ethnic children were intelligent.
b.	math was the most representative ability of intelligent people.
c.	men on the average are more intelligent than women.
d.	people are born with certain level of intelligence that rarely changes.
34.	In the video for Lesson 12, the three general characteristics that psychologists normally associate with motivation were introduced. These characteristics are
a.	cognition, persistence, and activation.
b.	activation, persistence, and intensity.
c.	intention, persistence, and activation.
d.	activation, cognition, and intensity.

35.	In the video for Lesson 12, Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation was introduced. This theory is called the
a.	self-actualization model.
b.	hierarchy of needs.
c.	safety to esteem ladder.
d.	human motivation chain model.
36.	________________ theory is the notion that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of this arousal, whereas _______________ theory is the notion that behavior is directed to experiences that produce high levels of arousal.
a.	Arousal; sensation-seeking
b.	Sensation-seeking; arousal
c.	Sensation-seeking; basal metabolic rate
d.	Basal metabolic rate; sensation-seeking
37.	An emotion is a distinct psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a behavioral or expressive response, and
a.	facial expressions.
b.	physical arousal.
c.	classification of the feeling as positive or negative.
d.	an adaptive response.
38.	According to the video for Lesson 13, four basic components that interact to create emotion are physiological arousal, _______________, subjective experience, and the expression of that experience.
a.	cognitive appraisal
b.	display rules
c.	moods
d.	mixed emotions
39.	According to an example in the textbook, in Japanese culture, an important _________________ rule is that you should not reveal negative emotions in the presence of an authority figure.
a.	display
b.	Cannon-Bard emotional
c.	James-Lange emotional
d.	mixed emotion

40.	In the video for Lesson 14, developmental psychology is defined as the study of how people
a.	change mentally during their lifetime.
b.	adapt to mental, physical, and social change.
c.	change mentally and physically throughout their lifespan.
d.	go through changes and adapt to an ever-changing environment.
41.	Infants come into the world with different temperaments; most can be classified into one of three broad patterns:
a.	easy, average, and difficult.
b.	emotional, active, and passive.
c.	easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
d.	moody, insecure, and easy-to-soothe.
42.	Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the
a.	postformal operational stage.
b.	formal operational stage.
c.	operational behavior stage.
d.	adult postformal operational stage.
43.	Adolescence is characterized by
a.	the development of concrete thinking.
b.	negative relationships with parents.
c.	increases in the importance of friend and peer relationships.
d.	the development of generativity.
44.	Your textbook explains that according to Erik Erikson, the task of the ______________ is to achieve an integrated identity.
a.	young adult
b.	middle aged
c.	adolescent
d.	child

45.	According to Erikson's theory of human development, the life stage that is characterized by the establishment of lasting and meaningful relationships is called
a.	young adulthood.
b.	middle age.
c.	adolescence.
d.	old age.
46.	Although the word "sex" is often used to describe sexual behavior, the word also refers to
a.	biologically determined physical characteristics.
b.	attitudes and emotions.
c.	the direction of a person's erotic attraction.
d.	culturally designated traits.
47.	In the video for Lesson 16, Professor Mark Stevens explained that our sense of identity as male or female is one of the greatest influences on how we
a.	define ourselves.
b.	use our brains.
c.	tell stories.
d.	choose our occupations.
48.	In the video for Lesson 16, two major theories of how we develop our gender identification were introduced. These were the gender schema theory and the
a.	gender development theory.
b.	social learning theory.
c.	stereotype collection theory.
d.	cognitive-behavioral theory.
49.	Personality can be defined as an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of
a.	thinking, feeling, and behaving.
b.	cognitive development.
c.	self-development.
d.	behaving.

50.	In psychoanalytical thinking, the id is the irrational, illogical, and impulsive dimension of personality, and the ego is the
a.	moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality.
b.	rational, mediating dimension of personality.
c.	part of the personality that is conscious.
d.	word psychoanalysts use to describe personality.
51.	Humanistic personality theory emphasizes the self and the
a.	need to demonstrate competence.
b.	fulfillment of a person's unique potential.
c.	basic drives that control behavior.
d.	influence of childhood experience.
52.	The trait approach to personality focuses
a.	on the similarities among people.
b.	behaviors you can observe.
c.	on describing individual differences.
d.	on only a limited number of characteristics.
53.	According to psychologist Raymond Cattell, there are 16 basic personality factors, and each factor represents
a.	a characteristic that all people share.
b.	a dimension that ranges between two extremes.
c.	a trait that can be compared to a specific personality type.
d.	a common surface trait.
54.	Psychological tests are used to assess a person's abilities, interests, or
a.	mental competence.
b.	eye-hand coordination.
c.	personality.
d.	spatial abilities.
55.	Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave
a.	in groups.
b.	in different cultures.
c.	in social situations.
d.	when they have to judge others.
56.	______________ refers to how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes.
a.	Social influence
b.	Social cognition
c.	Social norms
d.	Collectivistic culture
57.	The tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes is called the
a.	actor-observer discrepancy.
b.	self-serving discrepancy.
c.	social error phenomenon.
d.	external-internal excuse hypothesis.
58.	People tend to act in accordance with their attitudes when they feel strongly about an issue, anticipate a favorable outcome, and
a.	have a personal stake in the issue.
b.	know little about the subject.
c.	are told how to behave by authority figures.
d.	are able to avoid any social conflicts.
59.	In the video for Lesson 20, psychologists explained that stereotypes
a.	are always inaccurate.
b.	can be either positive or negative.
c.	are "unnatural" phenomena that must be eliminated.
d.	are only used against minorities.
60.	The tendency to use our culture or ethnic group as the yardstick by which we judge other cultures or ethnic groups is called
a.	contact theory.
b.	in-group homogeneity effect.
c.	prejudice.
d.	ethnocentrism.

61.	The two basic reasons people conform to a larger group is the desire to be liked and accepted and
a.	the fear of rejection.
b.	the concern over being embarrassed.
c.	the desire to be right.
d.	the desire to be with people who behave in a like manner.
62.	Stanley Milgram's experimental studies focused on _______________, which he described as "a ubiquitous and indispensable feature of social life."
a.	prosocial behavior
b.	obedience
c.	social influence
d.	personal responsibility
63.	In the video for Lesson 21, an expert psychologist defined conformity as the tendency to change one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to
a.	new learned beliefs.
b.	real group pressure.
c.	imagined group pressure.
d.	real or imagined group pressure.
64.	The study of stress is a key topic in one of the most rapidly growing specialty areas in psychology called
a.	health psychology.
b.	biological psychology.
c.	psychoneuroimmunology.
d.	social-behavioral psychology.
65.	Virtually any event or situation can be a ________________ if you question your ability to deal with it effectively.
a.	stressor
b.	major life event
c	conflict
d.	psychological process

66.	In the video for Lesson 22, people with an optimistic approach, according to Seligman, tend to look on the bright side of things, look at the silver lining in the cloud, and consequently, have a better chance of
a.	keeping stress under control so that it doesn't overwhelm them.
b.	always having everything work out to their satisfaction.
c.	jeopardizing their chances for success.
d.	inflicting more stress on themselves.
67.	The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders is called
a.	abnormal psychology.
b.	scientific psychology.
c.	psychopathology.
d.	psychogenesis.
68.	In the video for Lesson 22, you learned that studies on the prevalence of psychological disorders indicate that nearly one in two people will experience symptoms of a psychological disorder
a.	during their lifetime.
b.	that will require hospitalization.
c.	that will cause them problems at work.
d.	that will cause major relationship problems.
69.	_______________ is an anxiety disorder in which a person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts and behaviors.
a.	Panic disorder
b.	Panic attack
c.	Specific phobia
d.	Obsessive-compulsive disorder
70.	In the video for Lesson 24, you learned that major depression and bipolar disorders are categorized as
a.	anxiety disorders.
b.	personality disorders.
c.	mood disorders.
d.	forms of abnormal behavior.

71.	In the video, psychologist William Lombardo explained that persistent feelings of sadness or despair without realistic reasons for those feelings is a characteristic of
a.	all mood disorders.
b.	bipolar disorder.
c.	schizophrenia.
d.	depression.
72.	In the video for Lesson 24, you learned that schizophrenia is a complex disorder and that the causes of this disorder appear to be
a.	mostly related to a person's upbringing.
b.	a function of past traumatic experiences.
c.	equally complex.
d.	a complete mystery to science.
73.	In the video for Lesson 25, psychotherapy is described as
a.	the process used to treat mentally ill people.
b.	more of an art than a science.
c.	techniques used to treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems.
d.	a field that is being replaced by physicians prescribing drugs.
74.	A therapist who uses ________________ might integrate insight-oriented techniques with specific behavioral techniques to help someone overcome a psychological problem.
a.	family therapy
b.	psychoanalysis
c.	eclecticism
d.	cognitive therapies
75.	Most people with psychological symptoms
a.	are helped by a professional therapist.
b.	experience one or more periods of spontaneous remission.
c.	do not seek help from mental health professionals.
d.	do not need to seek help unless they become hospitalized.


Answer Key
Pages in the Hockenbury textbook, Psychology, second edition, where the related information can be found, are listed in parentheses along with appropriate reference to video programs.
Lesson 1	Why Study Psychology?
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 2; page 4)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 3)
	3.	b (Objective 3; page 4)
	4.	d (Objective 3; page 7)
	5.	a (Objective 5; page 9)
	6.	c (Objective 5; page 10)
	7.	d (Objective 5; page 9)
	8.	a (Objective 3; page 8)
	9.	c (Objective 1; video program)
10.	b (Objective 5; pages 7-9)
11.	d (Objective 5; pages 9-11)
12.	c (Objective 5; page 8)
13.	c (Objective 6; page 10)
14.	a (Objective 6; page 11)
15.	b (Objective 6; page 11)
16.	d (Objective 8; page 12)
17.	a (Objective 8; page 12)
18.	b (Objective 8; page 13)
19.	c (Objective 9; page 13)
20.	b (Objective 4; video program)
21.	c (Objective 4; pages 14-15)
22.	a (Objective 5; pages 14-15; video program)
23.	a (Objective 1; page 3; video program)
24.	c (Objective 6; pages 10-11; video program)
25.	d (Objective 4; pages 10-15; video program)
26.	a (Objective 4; page 15)
27.	c (Objective 6; page 14)
28.	d (Objective 7; page 15; video program)
29.	c (Objective 6; page 14)
30.	a (Objective 1; page 3; video program)
31.	c (Objective 5; page 9)
32.	a (Objective 2; pages 5-6)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
33.	Throughout history, many great philosophers have been concerned with the same issues that psychologist now study. For example, Aristotle wrote extensively about such topics as dreaming and memory. Physiology, the biological study of living organisms, contributed greatly to the emergence of psychology as a distinct science. (Objective 2; pages 3-4)
34.	How human senses function-vision and hearing, for example-became the foundation for the scientific research of psychology and human behavior. (Objective 2, pages 3-4)
35.	Evolutionary psychology refers to the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena. This psychological perspective grew out of a renewed interest in the work of English naturalist Charles Darwin and the concept of natural selection. (Objective 9; page 13)

Lesson 2	Research Methods in Psychology
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 1; page 16)
	2.	a (Objective 1; page 16)
	3.	b (Objective 2; page 18)
	4.	b (Objective 2; page 18)
	5.	b (Objective 2; pages 16-21)
	6.	d (Objective 2; video program)
	7.	b (Objective 3; page 18)
	8.	b (Objective 3; page 18)
	9.	c (Objective 3; page 16)
10.	a (Objective 3; page 18)
11.	c (Objective 4; page 21)
12.	c (Objective 4; pages 21-24)
13.	c (Objective 4; pages 21-27)
14.	a (Objective 5; pages 21-24)
15.	c (Objective 5; pages 21-22)
16.	c (Objective 5; pages 22-23)
17.	c (Objective 5; video program)
18.	c (Objective 6; page 25)
19.	c (Objective 6; page 25)
20.	a (Objective 6; page 25)
21.	a (Objective 7; pages 25-27)
22.	d (Objective 7; video program)
23.	d (Objective 8; page A-2)
Matching Exercises
24.	b (Objective 5; page 8)
25.	c (Objective 4; page 8)
26.	a (Objective 8; page 13)
27.	d (Objective 8; page 7)
28.	b (Objective 8; page 8)
29.	a (Objective 8; page 4)
30.	d (Objective 8; page 6)
31.	c (Objective 8; page 7)
True/False
32.	T (Objective 3; video program)
33.	F (Objective 3; video program)
34.	F (Objective 8; video program)
35.	T (Objective 9; video program)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
36.	Naturalistic is a descriptive research method that involves systematically observing and recording behaviors in their natural setting; it tends to be more accurate than studies that are artificially stage or manipulated. The disadvantage is that many behaviors cannot be studied using this method. (Objective 5; pages 21-22)
37.	The scientific method essentially involves four steps: (1) formulate a question that can be tested (hypothesis); (2) design a study and collect data; (3) analyze the data and draw conclusions; and (4) report the results. (Objective 2; page 18)
38.	Correlation refers to the relationship between two factors. Cause and effect refers to one specific factor producing a change in another factor. (Objectives 6 and 7; pages 25-27)
39.	If a research finding is statistically significant, it means that these results are not very likely to have occurred by chance. (Objective 11; page 19)

Lesson 3	The Nervous System
Multiple-Choice Questions 
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 41)
	2.	b (Objective 1; page 41)
	3.	a (Objective 2; pages 53-55)
	4.	c (Objective 2; page 53)
	5.	b (Objective 2; page 55)
	6.	b (Objective 2; page 55)
	7.	c (Objective 3; page 53)
	8.	d (Objective 3; page 53)
	9.	a (Objective 3; page 54)
10.	b (Objective 3; page 54)
11.	a (Objective 4; pages 54-55)
12.	d (Objective 4; page 55)
13.	b (Objective 5; page 64; video program)
14.	d (Objective 5; page 65)
15.	b (Objective 6; page 69)
16.	a (Objective 6; page 72)
17.	c (Objective 7; page 62)
18.	c (Objective 7; page 63; video program)
19.	b (Objective 8; page 77; video program)
20.	a (Objective 8; page 77; video program)
21.	c (Objective 9; page 62)
22.	c (Objective 9; page 81; video program)
23.	a (Objective 9; page 57)
24.	b (Objective 10; page 58)
25.	b (Objective 10; page 58)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	The peripheral nervous system controls sensory information and muscle movement and regulates body functions, such as heartbeat, digestion, blood pressure, and breathing. (Objective 3; pages 54-55)
27.	The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres and acts as a communication link between the two hemispheres. (Objective 8; page 68)
28.	Biological psychology is the study of the relationship between biological activity and behavior. Psychologists are concerned with human biology because ultimately all behavior and mental processes can be traced back to some biological event. (Objective l; pages 40-41)
29.	Guy's mother's dedication was one of the primary reasons why Guy progressed as well as he did. An enriched environment is critical to give the maximum opportunity for any child to do his or her best; it is especially important for someone who faced the many obstacles that confronted Guy Gabelich. (Objective 1; video program)

Lesson 4	The Neuron and Neural Transmission
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 41-43)
	2.	d (Objective 1; pages 41-43)
	3.	c (Objective 1; pages 41-43)
	4.	a (Objective 1; pages 46-47)
	5.	d (Objective 1; page 42)
	6.	d (Objective 2; page 42)
	7.	a (Objective 2; page 42)
	8.	c (Objective 2; page 42)
	9.	b (Objective 2; page 42)
10.	a (Objective 3; page 44)
11.	a (Objective 3; page 42)
12.	d (Objective 3; page 43)
13.	c (Objective 4; page 42)
14.	b (Objective 4; pages 43-44)
15.	a (Objective 4; page 44)
16.	c (Objective 5; page 44)
17.	d (Objective 5; page 44)
18.	b (Objective 5; page 44)
19.	b (Objective 6; page 46)
20.	c (Objective 6; page 46)
21.	c (Objective 7; video program)
22.	c (Objective 7; page 43; video program)
23.	c (Objective 7; page 42)
24.	a (Objective 7; page 44)
25.	c (Objective 8; page 50)
26.	d (Objective 8; page 49; video program)
27.	b (Objective 8; page 81; video program)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
28.	There is no such thing as a partially stimulated neuron. Either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs, or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and no action potential occurs. (Objective 6; page 46)
29.	The example in the video of the story of Dr. Susie Curtiss, faulty neural transmission and communication will deprive us of our ability to live a normal life, to experience sensation or perception due to the all or nothing action potential principle. (Objective 8; video program)

Lesson 5	Sensation and Perception
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; pages 88-89)
	2.	c (Objective 1; pages 88-89)
	3.	b (Objective 1; pages 88-89)
	4.	a (Objective 1; pages 88-89)
	5.	b (Objective 1; pages 88-89; video program)
	6.	c (Objective 2; page 89; video program)
	7.	c (Objective 2; page 90)
	8.	c (Objective 2; page 90)
	9.	a (Objective 2; page 90)
10.	d (Objective 3; page 90)
11.	c (Objective 3; page 106)
12.	a (Objective 3; page 106; video program)
13.	b (Objective 3; page 90; video program)
14.	c (Objective 4; pages 90, 105)
15.	a (Objective 4; page 93)
16.	c (Objective 4; page 93)
17.	b (Objective 4; page 105)
18.	c (Objective 4; page 107)
19.	b (Objective 5; page 111)
20.	a (Objective 5; page 111; video program)
21.	a (Objective 5; video program)
22.	b (Objective 5; page 111)
23.	c (Objective 5; page 111)
24.	d (Objective 6; page 111)
25.	c (Objective 6; page 120)
26.	d (Objective 6; pages 120-121)
27.	c (Objective 7; pages 115-116)
28.	b (Objective 8; page 110)
29.	a (Objective 8; page 116)
30.	c (Objective 8; pages 113-115)
31.	b (Objective 9; page 113)
32.	b (Objective 9; page 113; video program)
33.	b (Objective 10; pages 123-125; video program)
34.	a (Objective 10; page 123; video program)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
35.	Although sensation and perception are overlapping processes, sensation refers to the detection and basic sensory stimuli of environmental stimuli, perception refers to our integration, organization and interpretation of such sensory information. (Objectives 1 and 5; pages 88-89 and 111; video program)
36.	A single image can be seen in two different ways due to the figure-ground relationship, which states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out (the figure) and its less distinct background (the ground). (Objective 9; pages 113-115; video program)
37.	Our perceptual system operates in an economical way to promote stable and consistent forms to help us deal with the world and perceive it accurately. In other words, we innately detect, that is sense environmental stimuli and then use our perceptual urge to organize such stimuli according to several laws: similarity, closure, good continuation, and proximity. (Objective 10; page 115)

Lesson 6	Consciousness
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 1; pages 132-133)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 133)
	3.	d (Objective 1; page 134)
	4.	b (Objective 2; page 134; video program)
	5.	a (Objective 2; video program)
	6.	c (Objective 2; video program)
	7.	c (Objective 2; page 142)
	8.	a (Objective 2; pages 141-142)
	9.	c (Objective 3; video program)
10.	a (Objective 3; video program)
11.	b (Objective 4; page 141)
12.	b (Objective 4; page 145)
13.	c (Objective 5; pages 147-150; video program)
14.	c (Objective 5; video program)
15.	b (Objective 5; page 150)
16.	b (Objective 6; page 150)
17.	a (Objective 6; pages 156-157)
18.	b (Objective 6 ; page 156)
19.	a (Objective 7; page 156)
20.	b (Objective 7; page 161)
21.	b (Objective 7; page 158)
22.	b (Objective 8; page 158)
23.	a (Objective 8; page 163)
24.	d (Objective 9; page 163)
25.	b (Objective 9; page 165)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	William James's "stream of thought" refers to the idea that consciousness is not chopped up in bits and pieces, but rather continuously flows and is unified and unbroken, much like a stream or river. (Objective 1; page 133)
27.	Bright light is the most important cure affecting circadian rhythms (biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour period). (Objective 2; pages 134-138)
28.	Depressants inhibit brain activity, opiates relieve pain and produce euphoria, stimulants excite, or stimulate brain activity and psychedelic drugs distort perceptions. (Objective 9; pages 165-174)

Lesson 7	Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning	
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 1; page 180)
	2.	d (Objective 1; pages 181 and 197)
	3.	b (Objective 1; pages 181-183)
	4.	d (Objective 1; pages 181-183)
	5.	b (Objective 1; page 197; video program)
	6.	c (Objective 2; pages 181-182)
	7.	b (Objective 2; page 182)
	8.	d (Objective 2; page 184)
	9.	a (Objective 3; page 184; video program)
10.	b (Objective 3; page 185; video program)
11.	a (Objective 3; page 185; video program)
12.	b (Objective 3; page 184; video program)
13.	c (Objective 3; page 185; video program)
14.	c (Objective 4; page 194)
15.	d (Objective 4; page 191)
16.	c (Objective 4; pages 191-192)
17.	c (Objective 5; page 197; video program)
18.	b (Objective 5; page 197; video program)
19.	a (Objective 5; page 197; video program)
20.	b (Objective 6; page 198; video program)
21.	d (Objective 6; page 212; video program)
22.	a (Objective 7; video program)
23.	d (Objective 7; video program)
24.	c (Objective 7; page 200)
25.	b (Objective 7; page 200)
26.	d (Objective 8; pages 202-203; video program)
27.	d (Objective 8; pages 202-203)
28.	d (Objective 8; pages 202-203)
29.	a (Objective 8; pages 202-203)
30.	a (Objective 9; pages 202-203)
31.	a (Objective 9; page 205)
32.	a (Objective 5; page 197)
33.	a (Objective 5; page 196)
34.	c (Objective 2; page 182)
35.	d (Objective 2; page 191)
36.	a (Objective 1; page 186)
37.	b (Objective 2; page 193)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
38.	Classical conditioning initially was considered the result of simple association; however, psychologists now believe that classical conditioning also involves mental processes such as thinking, anticipating, and deciding. (Objective 4; pages 191-192)
39.	Shaping involves reinforcing successively closer approximations of behavior until the correct behavior is displayed. (Objective 5; pages 203-204)
40.	Punishment does not always work to control behavior; it does not teach a proper or desired response and it may produce fear or hostility. (Objective 7; page 200)
41.	The difference between partial and continuous reinforcement is that the former involves reinforcement sometimes, while the later involves reinforcement continuously, each time the desired behavior occurs. (Objective 9; page 205)

Lesson 8	Learning: Observational and Cognitive Approaches
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 191)
	2.	a (Objective 1; page 191)
	3.	b (Objective 1; page 209)
	4.	c (Objective 1; pages 209-211; video program)
	5.	d (Objective 2; page 209; video program)
	6.	c (Objective 2; page 209; video program)
	7.	a (Objective 2; page 211)
	8.	c (Objective 2; pages 209-211)
	9.	b (Objective 3; pages 209-211)
10.	b (Objective 3; pages 210-211)
11.	a (Objective 3; pages 210-211)
12.	c (Objective 4; pages 212-213)
13.	b (Objective 4; pages 212-213)
14.	b (Objective 4; page 212)
15.	c (Objective 4; page 213)
16.	d (Objective 5; page 213; video program)
17.	a (Objective 5; page 213; video program)
18.	b (Objective 5; pages 213-215; video program)
19.	b (Objective 5; pages 213-215; video program)
20.	a (Objective 5; page 213; video program)
21.	b (Objective 6; page 214; video program)
22.	a (Objective 6; pages 214-215; video program)
23.	b (Objective 6; page 215; video program)
24.	d (Objective 6; page 214)
25.	b (Objective 7; pages 192, 211)
26.	c (Objective 7; page 211)
27.	a (Objective 8; video program)
28.	c (Objective 8; page 217; video program)
29.	b (Objective 8; page 217)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
30.	A cognitive map is a mental representation of a familiar layout. If you are going home and your normal route is blocked, you would use a cognitive map to come up with an alternate route. (Objective 2; pages 209-211)
31.	Latent learning is a term coined by Tolman to describe learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until an appropriate reinforcer is introduced. (Objective 2; pages 209-211)
32.	Observational learning is learning by observing the actions of others. The training of pilots, nurses, electricians and police officers routinely involves watching experienced professionals correctly perform a task, then imitating it. (Objective 5; pages 213-215)

Lesson 9	Memory
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	d (Objective 1; page 223)
	2.	b (Objective 1; video program)
	3.	a (Objective 1; page 223, 234; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 1; pages 223, 233-235; video program)
	5.	b (Objective 1; page 223; video program)
	6.	d (Objective 2; pages 223-224)
	7.	a (Objective 2; pages 223-224)
	8.	d (Objective 2; pages 223-224)
	9.	b (Objective 3; page 224)
10.	d (Objective 3; page 224)
11.	c (Objective 3; page 224)
12.	d. (Objective 4; pages 227-228)
13.	d (Objective 4; pages 227-228; video program)
14.	d (Objective 4; pages 229-230)
15.	c (Objective 5; page 235)
16.	d (Objective 5; page 234; video program)
17.	c (Objective 5; page 235)
18.	a (Objective 5; page 235)
19.	b (Objective 5; page 234)
20.	c (Objective 6; pages 230-231)
21.	c (Objective 6; page 230; video program)
22.	a (Objective 6; pages 230-231; video program)
23.	c (Objective 6; page 231)
24.	d (Objective 7; page 236)
25.	a (Objective 7; pages 236-238; video program)
26.	c (Objective 7; pages 236-238; video program)
27.	b (Objective 7; page 236)
28.	a (Objective 8; pages 245-246)
29.	d (Objective 8; pages 247, 250; video program)
30.	b (Objective 8; page 246)
31.	a (Objective 8; pages 246-247)
Matching Exercises
32.	e (Objective 8; pages 241-243)
33.	d (Objective 1; pages 251-252)
34.	a (Objective 8; page 245)
35.	c (Objective 2; pages 225-226)
36.	b (Objective 9; pages 251-252)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
37.	Maintenance rehearsal is repeating information to extend its duration in short-term, or working, memory and elaborative rehearsal is focusing on the meaning of information as a method to transfer it to long-term memory. (Objective 4; pages 226-230)
38.	Mood congruence refers to the idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories of a similar mood. Therefore, a depressed person is most likely to remember depressing type memories. (Objective 5; page 237)
39.	The encoding specificity principle states that when the conditions of retrieval are similar to the conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to occur. (Objective 7; page 236)

Lesson 10	Language and Cognition
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 265)
	2.	b (Objective 2; page 267)
	3.	c (Objective 2; pages 267-268)
	4.	c (Objective 3; pages 272-273)
	5.	a (Objective 3; pages 273-274)
	6.	c (Objective 3; pages 272-273)
	7.	b (Objective 4; pages 271-273)
	8.	c (Objective 5; page 273)
	9.	a (Objective 7; pages 278-279; video program)
10.	c (Objective 7; video program)
11.	d (Objective 8; page 282; video program)
12.	a (Objective 8; page 280; video program)
13.	a (Objective 8; page 280)
14.	d (Objective 8; pages 280-281)
15.	a (Objective 9; page 282; video program)
16.	d (Objective 9; page 283)
17.	e (Objective 6; page 277)
Matching Exercises
18.	a (Objective 1; page 266)
19.	b (Objective 1; page 265)
20.	c (Objective 1; page 265)
21.	d (Objective 1; page 265; video program)
22.	e (Objective 2; page 268)
23.	d (Objective 4; pages 271-272)
24.	c (Objective 4; page 271; video program)
25.	b (Objective 4; page 270; video program)
26.	a (Objective 4; pages 269-270)
27.	d (Objective 6; page 277)
28.	a (Objective 6; page 277)
29.	c (Objective 6; page 277)
30.	b (Objective 6; page 277)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
31.	Shared symbols, syntax, generative (creative), and displacement. (Objective 7; page 279)
32.	Categories of animal and plants and the reason for this brain restructuring. (Objective 2; page 267; video program)
33.	 "An engineer calculating the size of the beam to hold up a roof," and his/her process of calculation. (Objective 4; page 270; video program)
34.	The definition of analogical reasoning and heuristics. (Objective 4; video program)

Lesson 11	Intelligence
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; pages 283-284; video program)
	2.	c (Objective 1; video program)
	3.	c (Objective 1; page 283; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 2; pages 284-285)
	5.	b (Objective 2; page 285; video program)
	6.	b (Objective 2; pages 284-285)
	7.	c (Objective 3; pages 284-285)
	8.	d (Objective 3; pages 284-285)
	9.	b (Objective 4; page 287)
10.	a (Objective 4; page 287)
11.	a (Objective 5; pages 288-289)
12.	a (Objective 5; page 288)
13.	b (Objective 6; page 289)
14.	a (Objective 6; page 289)
15.	c (Objective 7; pages 291-292)
16.	b (Objective 7; page 291; video program)
17.	a (Objective 7; pages 291-292; video program)
18.	c (Objective 8; pages 290-291; video program)
19.	d (Objective 8; pages 290-291; video program)
20.	c (Objective 8; pages 290-291)
21.	a (Objective 9; pages 292-294)
22.	d (Objective 9; page 285; video program)
23.	d (Objective 9; pages 292-293; video program)
24.	c (Objective 10; pages 297-298)
25.	b (Objective 10; pages 298-299)
26.	c (Objective 11; pages 300-301)
27.	b (Objective 11; pages 300-301; video program)
28.	b (Objective 11; pages 300-301)

Matching Exercises
29.	c (Objective 2; page 28; video program)
30.	a (Objective 1; page 285; video program)
31.	b (Objective 7; pages 291-292; video program)
32.	d (Objective 8; pages 290-291; video program)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
33.	Faced with the need by new legislation to educate children from a variety of backgrounds, the French government commissioned psychologist Alfred Binet to develop a procedure to identify children who might require special help. (Objective 2; pages 284-287; video program)
34.	The two advantages of the WAIS are that it was specifically designed for adults and that the test provides for scores on several subtests measuring different abilities. (Objective 3; pages 284-285; video program)
35.	Home environment, socioeconomic background, educational opportunities and social discrimination. (Objective 10; pages 295-299; video program)
36.	Naturalistic intelligence, discern flora and fauna; interpersonal intelligence, understands others; intrapersonal, in tune with his/her own feelings and motives; logical-mathematical, abstract thinker; musical, has a sense of pitch, timbre, and rhythm; spatial intelligence, can see shapes and forms in mind's eye; kinesthetic intelligence, in touch with own body movements; and linguistic, understanding of language. (Objective 8; pages 290-291; video program)

Lesson 12	Motivation
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 1; page 306; video program)
	2.	a (Objective 1; page 306)
	3.	c (Objective 2; page 308; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 2; page 308; video program)
	5.	b (Objective 2; page 308)
	6.	d (Objective 2; pages 308-309; video program)
	7.	b (Objective 3; pages 307, 309)
	8.	c (Objective 3; pages 307-309; video program)
	9.	d (Objective 3; pages 307-308; video program)
10.	a (Objective 3; pages 307-308)
11.	b (Objective 4; pages 309-310; video program)
12.	d (Objective 4; pages 309-310; video program)
13.	c (Objective 4; pages 309-310; video program)
14.	b (Objective 4; page 310; video program)
15.	b (Objective 5; page 314)
16.	a (Objective 5; pages 316-317)
17.	b (Objective 5; page 315)
18.	c (Objective 6; pages 317-318)
19.	d (Objective 6; page 318)
20.	a (Objective 7; page 321)
21.	d (Objective 7; page 321)
22.	b (Objective 7; page 321)
23.	a (Objective 8; pages 319-320)
24.	b (Objective 8; pages 319-320)
25.	c (Objective 9; pages 322-323; video program)
26.	d (Objective 9; page 323; video program)
27.	a (Objective 9; page 323; video program)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
28.	Motivation refers to the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior; further, the three characteristics commonly associated with motivation are activation, persistence, and intensity. (Objective 1; pages 306-307)
29.	Maslow's hierarchy of needs starts with the basic needs (physiological and safety), then psychological needs (belonging and self-esteem), and ends with self-actualization. (Objective 4; page 309)
30.	People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal; however, when too high, we seek to decrease arousal by finding less-stimulating environments. On the other hand, when arousal is too low, we seek activities to increase it. Sensation-seeking behavior increases arousal and usually involves risky or exciting activities. (Objective 8; pages 318-320)

Lesson 13	Emotions
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Objective 1; page 324)
	2.	a (Objective 1; page 325)
	3.	c (Objective 1; page 324
	4.	a (Objective 2; page 324; video program)
	5.	d (Objective 2; page 325
	6.	c (Objective 3; video program)
	7.	d (Objective 3; video program)
	8.	a (Objective 3; video program)
	9.	c (Objective 4; page 329)
10.	d (Objective 4; page 329)
11.	b (Objective 5; pages 330-331; video program)
12.	a (Objective 5; pages 332-334; video program)
13.	c (Objective 5; pages 332-334; video program)
14.	d (Objective 5; pages 330-331; video program)
15.	a (Objective 6; pages 332-334; video program)
16.	b (Objective 6; pages 332-334; video program)
17.	c (Objective 7; pages 332-334; video program)
18.	c (Objective 7; page 335; video program)
19.	c (Objective 7; page 335; video program)
20.	a (Objective 8; page 336)
21.	a (Objective 8; page 336)
22.	a (Objective 8; video program)
23.	c (Objective 9; page 331)
24.	d (Objective 9; page 331)
25.	a (Objective 9; page 331)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	The two-factor theory of emotion states that emotion is a result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label we attach to explain the aroused state. (Objective 7; pages 334-335)
27.	It is generally accepted that the basic emotions are anger, happiness, sadness, and fear. (Objective 2; page 325)
28.	Polygraphs, or lie detectors, have repeatedly been shown to be very inaccurate. The main problem is that lying does not create the same physiological pattern in all people. Also, some people can lie without experiencing any physiological responses. (Objective 4; page 329)
29.	The cognitive-mediational theory of emotion emphasizes that the most important aspect of an emotional experience is our cognitive interpretation or appraisal of the significance to our personal lives of the emotion-causing stimulus. (Objective 8; page 336)

Lesson 14	Infant and Child Development
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 344-345, video program)
	2.	d (Objective 1; page 345)
	3.	b (Objective 1; page 345)
	4.	a (Objective 2; pages 346-347)
	5.	d (Objective 2; pages 346-347)
	6.	b (Objective 2; pages 346-347)
	7.	b (Objective 3; pages 348-349)
	8.	a (Objective 3; page 348)
	9.	c (Objective 3; page 348)
10.	b (Objective 4; pages 352-353; video program)
11.	c (Objective 4; pages 352-353; video program)
12.	b (Objective 4; page 354; video program)
13.	d (Objective 5; page 352)
14.	c (Objective 5; page 352)
15.	a (Objective 5; page 352)
16.	d (Objective 6; page 357)
17.	a (Objective 6; page 357)
18.	c (Objective 6; page 357)
19.	b (Objective 7; page 358; video program)
20.	c (Objective 7; page 358; video program)
21.	d (Objective 7; page 361; video program)
22.	b (Objective 7; page 359; video program)
Matching Exercises
23.	a (Objective 8; page 359; video program)
24.	b (Objective 8; pages 359-360; video program)
25.	d (Objective 9; page 363)
26.	c (Objective 8; page 360; video program)
27.	a (Objective 4; pages 354-355)
28.	d (Objective 8; pages 362-363; video program)
29.	c (Objective 6; page 356)
30.	b (Objective 8; pages 359-361; video program)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
31.	During the concrete operational stage, a child's ability to think logically is limited to tangible objects or events, while the formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to think logically when dealing with abstract concepts or hypothetical situations. (Objective 7; page 361; video program)
32.	Piaget proposed that each child moves through four distinct stages of cognitive development within a defined age, while the information-processing model focuses on the development of mental process as a continuous (not stage) change that occurs over the lifespan. (Objective 9; pages 358 and 363; video program)
33.	Attachment theory promotes the view that an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically depends in part on the quality of the attachment. The quality of attachment during infancy is associated with a variety of long-term effects. (Objective 4; pages 352-354; video program)
34.	Object permanence is the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen. Symbolic thought is the ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world. Egocentrism refers to the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view. (Objective 8; pages 359-360; video program)

Lesson 15	Adolescent and Adult Development
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 364-365; video program)
	2.	c (Objective 1; pages 364-365; video program)
	3.	c (Objective 1; pages 364-365)
	4.	a (Objective 2; pages 366-367)
	5.	a (Objective 2; pages 366-367)
	6.	c (Objective 2; page 367)
	7.	b (Objective 3; page 368; video program)
	8.	b (Objective 3; page 368; video program)
	9.	d (Objective 4; page 368; video program)
10.	c (Objective 4; page 370; video program)
11.	b (Objective 4; page 370; video program)
12.	a (Objective 5; pages 366-367)
13.	d (Objective 5; pages 366-367)
14.	b (Objective 5; pages 366-367)
15.	a (Objective 5; pages 366-367)
16.	a (Objective 5; pages 366-367)
17.	c (Objective 6; page 376; video program)
18.	a (Objective 6; page 376; video program)
19.	c (Objective 7; pages 379-380; video program)
20.	b (Objective 7; pages 379-380; video program)
21.	a (Objective 7; pages 379-380; video program)
22.	c (Objective 7; pages 379-380; video program)
23.	a (Objective 8; page 378)
24.	b (Objective 8; page 378)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
25.	A major problem with Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that he researched mostly males, and his questions often put females in a subordinate role. His conclusions may not reflect the moral reasoning of both males and females. (Objective 3; page 370; video program)
26.	According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning can be divided into three levels: preconventional (guided by external circumstances), conventional (conformity to social roles and rules), and postconventional (guided by internalized principles protecting the rights of all members of society). (Objective 3; pages 368-369; video program)
27.	Authoritarian parenting style refers to parenting in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their child's needs or wishes. Permissive parenting style is that in which parents are not demanding; however, authoritative parenting style is that in which parents set standards, but are also responsive to their child's needs and wishes. (Objective 7; pages 379-380)
28.	The activity theory of aging is the psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life. Research has found that it is possible to minimize declines in mental abilities in old age by staying active and engaged in a variety of mental activities. (Objective 6; page 376; video program)

Lesson 16	Gender and Sexuality
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 387)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 387)
	3.	a (Objective 2; page 387; video program)
	4.	c (Objective 2; page 387; video program)
	5.	d (Objective 2; page 419)
	6.	c (Objective 3; page 387; video program)
	7.	b (Objective 3; pages 388-390; video program)
	8.	b (Objective 3; pages 388-390;video program)
	9.	a (Objective 3; pages 388-390)
10.	a (Objective 4; pages 395-397; video program)
11.	d (Objective 4; pages 395-396; video program)
12.	b (Objective 4; pages 395-396; video program)
13.	d (Objective 5; pages 399-400)
14.	c (Objective 6; pages 404-405)
15.	b (Objective 3; pages 404-405)
16.	c (Objective 7; pages 419-420)
17.	d (Objective 7; pages 419-420)
18.	c (Objective 8; pages 420-421)
19.	a (Objective 8; pages 420-421)
20.	c (Objective 9; pages 416-417)
21.	c (Objective 9; pages 416-417)
22.	b (Objective 3; pages 388-390; video program)
23.	c (Objective 3; pages 388-390; video program)
24.	c (Objective 4; pages 395-396; video program)
25.	c (Objective 4; page 387; video program)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	AIDS is a disease caused by the exchange of bodily fluids (semen, blood, or blood products) containing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks and weakens the immune system. (Objective 8; pages 420-421)
27.	Sexual dysfunctions are consistent disturbances in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that cause psychological distress. (Objective 9; pages 416-417)
28.	Stage one, excitement; stage two, plateau; stage three, orgasm; and stage four, resolution. (Objective 5; pages 399-400)

Lesson 17	Personality Theories
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 429; video program)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 429; video program)
	3.	a (Objective 2; pages 433-434; video program)
	4.	b (Objective 2; page 433)
	5.	a (Objective 2; page 430; video program)
	6.	b (Objective 2; pages 433-434)
	7.	c (Objective 3; pages 434-436)
	8.	c (Objective 3; page 435)
	9.	d (Objective 3; page 435)
10.	a (Objective 3; page 436)
11.	c (Objective 4; pages 442-444; video program)
12.	d (Objective 4; pages 445-446; video program)
13.	b (Objective 5; pages 444-447; video program)
14.	d (Objective 5; pages 444-447; video program)
15.	c (Objective 5; pages 444-447; video program)
16.	c (Objective 6; pages 447-448; video program)
17.	d (Objective 6; pages 447-448; video program)
18.	b (Objective 7; pages 450-451)
19.	c (Objective 7; pages 450-451)
20.	c (Objective 7; page 450)
Matching Exercises
21.	d (Objective 6; pages 445-447)
22.	a (Objective 7; pages 450-451)
23.	b (Objective 1; pages 430-438)
24.	c (Objective 1; pages 439-440)
25.	e (Objective 1; page 445)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	Freud viewed personality as the result of a constant interplay between the influence of the unconscious, sexual and aggressive instincts, and repressed memories of early childhood experiences. (Objective 2; pages 432-434; video program)
27.	Three of the most important criticisms of Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective are inadequacy of evidence, lack of testability, and sexism; in addition, the theory relies on data derived from a small number of patients. (Objective 4; pages 442-444)
28.	Self-concept is defined as a set of perceptions and beliefs that a person has about himself or herself; further, people are motivated to act in accordance with that self-concept. (Objective 5; pages 444-447)
29.	The social cognitive theory of personality stresses conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences. Self-efficacy refers to the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a situation, while reciprocal determinism proposes that human functioning and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and social factors. (Objective 7; pages 449-451)

Lesson 18	Personality Traits
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 453-454)
	2.	a (Objective 1; pages 453-454)
	3.	d (Objective 1; pages 453-454)
	4.	b (Objective 1; pages 453-454)
	5.	b (Objective 2; pages 454-456; video program)
	6.	d (Objective 2; pages 454-456)
	7.	c (Objective 2; pages 454-455)
	8.	b (Objective 2; page 455)
	9.	a (Objective 3; pages 456-457; video program)
10.	a (Objective 3; pages 456-457; video program)
11.	c (Objective 3; pages 456-457; video program)
12.	c (Objective 4; pages 458-460)
13.	b (Objective 4; pages 458-460)
14.	c (Objective 4; pages 458-460)
15.	a (Objective 5; pages 461-462)
16.	c (Objective 5; pages 46l-462)
17.	d (Objective 6; pages 465-466; video program)
18.	c (Objective 6; page 464; video program)
19.	b (Objective 6; page 465; video program)
20.	b (Objective 7; page 465; video program)
21.	c (Objective 7; page 465; video program)
22.	c (Objective 7; page 465; video program)
23.	d (Objective 8; pages 468-469)
24.	b (Objective 6; pages 468-469)
25.	b (Objective 8; page 464)
26.	d (Objective 2; page 471)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
27.	The trait factor does not explain personality, but only labels it; trait theorists don't attempt to explain why or how individual differences develop, nor do they address concepts such as motivation, unconscious mental processes or how beliefs can affect personality. (Objective 5; pages 461-462)
28.	Surface traits are personality characteristics that can easily be inferred by observation, such as being cheerful; source traits are the broad, basic traits that tend to be universal and relatively few in number. (Objective 1; pages 453-454)
29.	Research indicates that environmental factors are at least equal to the influence of genetics on the development of personality traits. (Objective 4; pages 459-460)
30.	The two types of psychological tests are self-report inventory, such as the California Personality Inventory, and projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test. (Objective 6; pages 464-465)

Lesson 19	Social Cognition
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; page 474)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 474)
	3.	c (Objective 1; page 474)
	4.	b (Objective 1; page 474)
	5.	a (Objective 2; page 475)
	6.	c (Objective 2; page 475)
	7.	b (Objective 2; video program)
	8.	a (Objective 2; pages 475-476; video program)
	9.	c (Objective 3; pages 477-478)
10.	d (Objective 3; pages 476-477; video program)
11.	a (Objective 3; pages 476-477; video program)
12.	c (Objective 3; page 477; video program)
13.	b (Objective 4; pages 478-479; video program)
14.	d (Objective 4; pages 478-479; video program)
15.	d (Objective 4; pages 478-479; video program)
16.	d (Objective 5; pages 479-481; video program)
17.	b (Objective 5; page 479; video program)
18.	b (Objective 6; page 479)
19.	a (Objective 6; page 479)
20.	a (Objective 7; page 480; video program)
21.	d (Objective 7; pages 479-480; video program)
22.	b (Objective 7; page 480)
23.	c (Objective 8; page 475)
24.	c (Objective 8; pages 474-475)
25.	d (Objective 9; page 481)
26.	a (Objective 9; page 481)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
27.	The four principles of person perception are: (1) your reactions to others are determined by your perception of them, (2) your goals determine the amount and kind of information you collect about others, (3) you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act, and (4) your self-perception influences how you perceive others. (Objective 2; pages 475-476)
28.	Physical attractiveness is associated with a range of desirable traits, although researchers have found that actually very few personality differences exist between attractive people and less attractive people. (Objective 4; page 478)
29.	In collectivistic cultures, the tendency is to attribute success to external, situational factors, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal characteristics. In individualistic cultures, the situation is reversed. (Objective 9; page 481)

Lesson 20	Attitudes
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; page 483)
	2.	d (Objective 1; page 482)
	3.	c (Objective 1; pages 482-483)
	4	d (Objective 1; video program)
	5.	c (Objective 2; pages 484-485; video program)
	6.	b (Objective 2; pages 484-485)
	7.	b (Objective 2; pages 484-485)
	8.	a (Objective 2; pages 484-485)
	9.	c (Objective 3; page 487)
10.	d (Objective 3; page 486; video program)
11.	b (Objective 3; video program)
12.	b (Objective 3; page 486)
13.	d (Objective 4; video program)
14.	b (Objective 4; pages 487-488)
15.	b (Objective 4; page 488)
16.	b (Objective 5; page 488)
17.	c (Objective 5; page 488)
18.	d (Objective 5; page 488)
19.	c (Objective 6; pages 489-490)
20.	c (Objective 6; page 489)
21.	d (Objective 6; pages 489-490)
22.	c (Objective 7; page 490)
23.	a (Objective 7; page 490)
24.	c (Objective 7; page 490)
25.	b (Objective 8; page 491; video program)
26.	a (Objective 8; video program)
27.	b (Objective 8; page 491)
28.	d (Objective 8; page 485)
29.	d (Objective 9; page 491)
30.	c (Objective 9; page 491; video program)
31.	d (Objective 9; video program)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
32.	Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others. Ethnocentrism is related to the tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures. The out-group homogeneity effect is the tendency to see members of groups that you do not belong to as being very similar to one another. (Objective 5; page 488)
33.	The Robbers Cave Experiment is a classic series of studies conducted by psychologist Muzafer Sherif to investigate methods to combat prejudice at the group level. The experiment was conducted at Robbers Cave State Park, hence the name. In this study, boys were randomly assigned to two groups, and hostility and distrust quickly developed. To combat the prejudices that had developed, Sherif had to two groups work on several projects with a common goal. After a series of such joint efforts, the rivalry between the two groups diminished. (Objective 6; pages 489-490)
34.	The jigsaw classroom technique replaced competition with interdependence and cooperation. The children benefited from the results. They had higher self-esteem and a greater liking for other children, had less negative stereotypes, and reduced hostility toward children from other groups. (Objective 7; page 490)

Lesson 21	Group Influence
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 492-493; video program)
	2.	d (Objective 1; pages 492-493; video program)
	3.	c (Objective 1; pages 492-493; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 1; page 492; video program)
	5.	d (Objective 2; pages 494-498; video program)
	6.	b (Objective 2; page 498; video program) 
	7.	a (Objective 2; video program)
	8.	d (Objective 3; pages 498-499; video program)
	9.	c (Objective 4; pages 492-493; video program)
10.	c (Objective 4; page 493)
11.	d (Objective 4; pages 492-493)
12.	b (Objective 4; page 493)
13.	d (Objective 5; pages 505-507)
14.	d (Objective 5; page 506)
15.	a (Objective 5; video program)
16.	c (Objective 6; pages 504-505; video program)
17.	c (Objective 6; page 505)
18.	b (Objective 6; pages 503-504)
19.	a (Objective 7; pages 510-511)
20.	d (Objective 7; pages 508-509)
21.	d (Objective 7; page 492; video program)
22.	d (Objective 8; pages 512-513)
Matching Exercises
23.	a (Objective 8; page 512)
24.	c (Objective 8; page 512)
25.	d (Objective 8; page 512)
26.	b (Objective 8; page 512)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
27.	When group members announced the wrong answer (they had agreed to do so earlier, unknown to the research participant), there was a tendency for the test subject to conform to the group's opinion and select an answer that was obviously incorrect. (Objective 1; pages 492-493)
28.	Four conditions which decreased the likelihood of destructive obedience: (1) When buffers separating the "teacher" from the "learner" were removed; (2) when proximity between the two was increased, (3) when the "teacher" observed other teachers refusing to continue; or (4) they were free to choose the shock level. (Objective 3; pages 497-499)

Lesson 22	Stress, Health, and Coping
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	a (Objective 1; pages 518-519; video program)
	2.	d (Objective 1; pages 518-523; video program)
	3.	a (Objective 1; pages 518-519; video program)
	4.	c (Objective 1; pages 518-519; video program)
	5.	c (Objective 2; page 522)
	6.	a (Objective 2; pages 519-521; video program)
	7.	c (Objective 2; pages 519-521; video program)
	8.	b (Objective 3; page 521)
	9.	d (Objective 3; page 521)
10.	a (Objective 4; pages 524-526)
11.	c (Objective 4; pages 525-526)
12.	c (Objective 5; pages 526-528; video program)
13.	d (Objective 5; pages 530-532)
14.	c (Objective 5; pages 526-529)
15.	c (Objective 6; pages 532-537; video program)
16.	a (Objective 6; pages 532-537; video program)
17.	c (Objective 6; pages 532-537; video program)
18.	c (Objective 7; pages 536-537; video program)
19.	b (Objective 7; pages 536-537; video program)
20.	a (Objective 8; pages 531-532)
21.	b (Objective 8; pages 528-542)
22.	a (Objective 8; pages 528-542)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
23.	The biopsychosocial model of health psychology is based on the belief that biological, psychological, and social factors interact and influence health and illness. (Objective 1; pages 518-519)
24.	The three basic types of conflict are approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance. (Objective 3; page 521)
25.	The immune system produces specialized white cells called lymphocytes that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells; stress can diminish immune system effectiveness, making us more susceptible to health problems. (Objective 6; pages 526-528)

Lesson 23	Understanding Psychological Disorders, Part One
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; page 551; video program)
	2.	b (Objective 1; page 553; video program)
	3.	b (Objective 1; page 553; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 2; pages 553-554; video program)
	5.	a (Objective 3; page 554; video program)
	6.	b (Objective 3; video program)
	7.	b (Objective 4; page 557; video program)
	8.	b (Objective 4; page 560)
	9.	d (Objective 5; page 557)
10.	a (Objective 5; page 558)
11.	d (Objective 5; page 558)
12.	c (Objective 6; page 559; video program)
13.	c (Objective 6; page 560; video program)
14.	c (Objective 7; pages 562-563)
15.	c (Objective 7; page 562)
16.	a (Objective 8; pages 563-564)
17.	c (Objective 8; page 564)
18.	d (Objective 9; pages 563-565)
Matching Exercises
19.	b (Objective 1; page 551)
20.	a (Objective 1; page 553)
21.	c (Objective 4; page 559)
22.	b (Objective 6; pages 559-562)
23.	a (Objective 5; page 557)
24.	d (Objective 8; pages 563-564)
25.	c (Objective 9; pages 563-565)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
26.	Normal anxiety is a familiar emotion characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry during times of conflict or crisis, whereas pathological anxiety is irrational, uncontrollable, and is disruptive to relationships and everyday activities. (Objective 4; page 557)
27.	Obsessions are repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or mental images, whereas a compulsion is a repetitive behavior that a person feels driven to perform. (Objective 9; pages 563-564)
28.	A phobia is an intense, irrational fear that is triggered by a specific object or event, such as snakes or closed spaces. (Objective 6; pages 559-561)
29.	Some of the myths surrounding psychological disorders include being labeled "crazy" carries all kinds of implications implying negative stereotypes; further, the entertainment industry provides a major source of misinformation about mental illness. (Objective 1; pages 551-552)

Lesson 24	Understanding Psychological Disorders, Part Two
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; pages 566-571; video program)
	2.	a (Objective 1; pages 566-567; video program)
	3.	b (Objective 2; pages 567-568; video program)
	4.	d (Objective 2; pages 568-569)
	5.	d (Objective 2; pages 567-568; video program)
	6.	a (Objective 3; page 569; video program)
	7.	c (Objective 3; page 569)
	8.	d (Objective 3; page 569)
	9.	c (Objective 4; pages 570-571; video program)
10.	d (Objective 4; pages 570-571; video program)
11.	a (Objective 4; pages 570-571; video program)
12.	b (Objective 5; pages 572-573)
13.	d (Objective 5; page 571)
14.	c (Objective 5; pages 568-569, 573)
15.	b (Objective 5; pages 574-575)
16.	a (Objective 7; pages 579-581)
17.	a (Objective 7; page 580)
18.	b (Objective 8; video program)
19.	c (Objective 8; pages 583-586; video program)
20.	c (Objective 8; page 587; video program)
21.	c (Objective 9; page 588; video program)
22.	c (Objective 9; page 587; video program)
23.	c (Objective 10; page 591)
24.	b (Objective 10; page 592)

Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
25.	Major depression is the most common form of mood disorder and is characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency and worthlessness. (Objective 1; pages 566-568)
26.	Seasonal affective disorder refers to a depression that typically occurs during the fall and winter months when there is the least amount of sunlight. (Objective 4; page 569; video program)
27.	Bipolar disorder is not nearly as common as major depression and affects about one percent of the adult population. (Objective 4; pages 570-571)
28.	Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is not considered by all mental health professionals as a genuine psychological disorder, but good acting on the part of the client. (Objective 7; pages 581-582)
29.	Studies of families, twins, and adopted individuals have firmly established that genetic factors play a significant role in many cases of schizophrenia; about half of the people with schizophrenia show some type of brain structure abnormality. (Objective 9; pages 587-588; video program)

Lesson 25	Therapies
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	c (Objective 1; page 599; video program)
	2.	c (Objective 1; page 628; video program)
	3.	c (Objective 1; page 599; video program)
	4.	a (Objective 2; pages 601-602)
	5.	c (Objective 2; page 602)
	6.	d (Objective 2; page 601)
	7.	b (Objective 3; pages 604-605)
	8.	c (Objective 3; video program)
	9.	a (Objective 3; pages 604-605; video program)
10.	b (Objective 4; page 607)
11.	b (Objective 4; pages 607-608)
12.	c (Objective 4; page 599; video program)
13.	d (Objective 5; pages 614-616)
14.	d (Objective 5; page 616; video program)
15.	c (Objective 5; page 615)
16.	a (Objective 7; page 627)
17.	c (Objective 7; video program)
18.	a (Objective 8; page 630)
19.	a (Objective 8; page 632)
20.	b (Objective 9; pages 635-637)
21.	c (Objective 6; pages 625-626)
Essay Questions
Answers should include the following:
22.	Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that psychological problems are caused by distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs, whereas rational-emotive therapy focuses on the client's irrational beliefs. (Objective 5; pages 614-618)
23.	Researchers consistently arrive at the same conclusion, that psychotherapy is significantly more effective than no treatment. (Objective 6; page 626)
24.	The four factors common to all effective therapy are: (1) the therapeutic relationship based on mutual respect and trust; (2) characteristics of the therapist as sensitive, warm, and responsive; (3) the characteristics of the client as motivated and actively involved; and (4) external circumstances of the client, in that he or she has a stable living situation and strong social support. (Objective 7; page 627)
25.	Common misunderstandings or misconceptions include the following: that it is the work of the client and his or her motivation that are of crucial importance, not the charisma of the therapist; change does not instantly occur because of a sudden insight or catharsis, change takes time and much effort; the therapist does not make decisions for the client, but rather the client is helped to make better choices. (Objective 9; pages 638-639)

Lesson 26	Making Psychology Part of Your Life
Multiple-Choice Questions
	1.	b (Lesson 1, Objective 2; page 4)
	2.	d (Lesson 1, Objective 3; page 7)
	3.	c (Lesson 1, Objective 5; page 10)
	4.	b (Lesson 2, Objective 2; pages 16-21)
	5.	b (Lesson 2, Objective 3; page 18)
	6.	a (Lesson 2, Objective 6; page 25)
	7.	a (Lesson 3, Objective 1; page 41)
	8.	d (Lesson 3, Objective 4; page 55)
	9.	c (Lesson 3, Objective 9; page 81; video program)
10.	c (Lesson 4, Objective 1; pages 41-43)
11.	d (Lesson 4, Objective 1; page 42)
12.	c (Lesson 4, Objective 7; page 42)
13.	a (Lesson 5, Objective 1; pages 88-89)
14.	c (Lesson 5, Objective 2; pages 89- 90; video program)
15.	b (Lesson 5, Objective 5; page 111)
16.	b (Lesson 6, Objective 1; pages 132-133)
17.	c (Lesson 6, Objective 2; video program)
18.	b (Lesson 6, Objective 5; page 150)
19.	b (Lesson 7, Objective 1; page 180)
20.	b (Lesson 7, Objective 2; page 182)
21.	c (Lesson 7, Objective 4; page 194)
22.	a (Lesson 8, Objective 1; page 191)
23.	b (Lesson 8, Objective 4; page 212)
24.	b (Lesson 8, Objective 7; pages 192, 211)
25.	d (Lesson 9, Objective 1; page 223)
26.	a (Lesson 9, Objective 1; pages 223, 233-235; video program)
27.	d (Lesson 9, Objective 4; pages 227-228; video program)
28.	a (Lesson 10, Objective 1; page 265)
29.	c (Lesson 10, Objective 5; page 273)
30.	a (Lesson 10, Objective 8; page 280; video program)
31.	a (Lesson 11, Objective 1; pages 283-284; video program)
32.	d (Lesson 11, Objective 3; pages 284-285)
33.	d (Lesson 11, Objective 9; page 285; video program)
34.	b (Lesson 12, Objective 1; page 306; video program)
35.	b (Lesson 12, Objective 4; pages 309-310; video program)
36.	a (Lesson 12, Objective 8; pages 319-320)
37.	b (Lesson 13, Objective 1; page 324)
38.	a (Lesson 13, Objective 2; page 324; video program)
39.	a (Lesson 13, Objective 9; page 331)
40.	c (Lesson 14, Objective 1; pages 344-345, video program)
41.	c (Lesson 14, Objective 5; page 352)
42.	b (Lesson 14, Objective 7; page 358; video program)
43.	c (Lesson 15, Objective 1; pages 364-365; video program)
44.	c (Lesson 15, Objective 2; page 367)
45.	a (Lesson 15, Objective 5; pages 366-367)
46.	a (Lesson 16, Objective 1; page 387)
47.	a (Lesson 16, Objective 2; page 387; video program)
48.	b (Lesson 16, Objective 4; pages 395-396; video program)
49.	a (Lesson 17, Objective 1; page 429; video program)
50.	b (Lesson 17, Objective 2; page 433)
51.	b (Lesson 17, Objective 5; pages 444-447; video program)
52.	c (Lesson 18, Objective 1; pages 453-454)
53.	b (Lesson 18, Objective 2; pages 454-456; video program)
54.	c (Lesson 18, Objective 6; page 464; video program)
55.	c (Lesson 19, Objective 1; page 474)
56.	b (Lesson 19, Objective 1; page 474)
57.	a (Lesson 19, Objective 7; page 480; video program)
58.	a (Lesson 20, Objective 1; page 483)
59.	b (Lesson 20, Objective 3; video program)
60.	b (Lesson 20, Objective 5; page 488)
61.	c (Lesson 21, Objective 1; pages 492-493; video program)
62.	b (Lesson 21, Objective 2; pages 494-498; video program)
63.	d (Lesson 21, Objective 7; page 492; video program)
64.	a (Lesson 22, Objective 1; pages 518-519; video program)
65.	a (Lesson 22, Objective 2; pages 519-521; video program)
66.	a (Lesson 22, Objective 6; pages 532-537; video program)
67.	c (Lesson 23, Objective 1; page 551; video program)
68.	a (Lesson 23, Objective 3; page 554; video program)
69.	d (Lesson 23, Objective 9; pages 563-565)
70.	c (Lesson 24, Objective 1; pages 566-571; video program)
71.	d (Lesson 24, Objective 2; pages 567-568; video program)
72.	c (Lesson 24, Objective 9; page 587; video program)
73.	c (Lesson 25, Objective 1; page 599; video program)
74.	c (Lesson 25, Objective 1; page 628; video program)
75.	c (Lesson 25, Objective 6; pages 625-626)

Lesson 1	Test Bank	1

Lesson 2	Test Bank	13

Lesson 3	Test Bank	19

Lesson 4	Test Bank	25

Lesson 5	Test Bank	31

Lesson 6	Test Bank	37

Lesson 7	Test Bank	45

Lesson 8	Test Bank	53

Lesson 9	Test Bank	59

Lesson 10	Test Bank	65

Lesson 11	Test Bank	71

Lesson 12	Test Bank	77

Lesson 13	Test Bank	83

Lesson 14	Test Bank	89

Lesson 15	Test Bank	95

Lesson 16	Test Bank	101

Lesson 17	Test Bank	107

Lesson 18	Test Bank	113

Lesson 19	Test Bank	119

Lesson 20	Test Bank	125

Lesson 21	Test Bank	131

Lesson 22	Test Bank	135

Lesson 23	Test Bank	141

Lesson 24	Test Bank	147

Lesson 25	Test Bank	151

Lesson 26	Test Bank	167

	Answer Key	197