By the late 15th century, Europe was recovering from which of the crises of the late Middle Ages? great loss of population breakdown of the church political chaos * both a and c The Late Middle Ages were a time of feudalistic renewal * period of creative breakup time of abrupt decline and fall none of the above Why did the nobility decline in the Late Middle Ages? the inefficiency of representative bodies such as Parliament * the Hundred Years' War the increased prestige of the church the rise of merchants in the towns In the late 15th century, taxation, war making, and law enforcement became the preserve of * monarchs semi-autonomous vassals local officials representative assemblies The Cortes was * a representative assembly in Spain an agency of the Spanish Inquisition the institution that oversaw Spanish revenues none of the above As the infantry and artillery became the backbone of 15th century armies, the mounted knight assumed a more important role as commander local militias were created for regional protection * mercenary soldiers were recruited governments instituted national drafts In order to obtain needed revenue, monarchs taxed the church taxed the nobility * borrowed money from the rich nobles both b and c The cornerstones of French nation-building in the 15th century were * the collapse of the English Empire in France and the defeat of the duchy of Burgundy the collapse of the English Empire in France and the decline of the papal monarchy the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire and the death of Joan of Arc none of the above Jacques Coeur was important for his control of the French army during the Hundred Years' War theory of absolute rule by the king * expansion of French trade and industry quiet diplomacy in ridding France of the English The defeat of Charles the Bold in 1477 resulted in the dissolution of the Burgundian empire ended the constant intrigue against the French king permitted various nobles to control southern France * both a and b Spain unified when the following monarchs married: Ferdinand and Blanche of Castile Philip II and Johanna * Ferdinand and Isabella Henry of Navarre and Catherine of Aragon The Mesta was a Spanish mercenary army * an economic regulation organization an economic alliance of cities and towns the doctrinal office of the Inquisition Torquemada became famous for his defeat of the Moors at Granada * administration of the Inquisition administration of Ferdinand's government arguments at the Council of Ferrara-Florence Following the Hundred Years' War, England * fought a civil war fell prey to religious wars became a bastion of stability and good rule both a and b At the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Richard III defeated the Lancastrian forces arrayed against him * the Tudor dynasty was established Henry V defeated the French none of the above The Court of Star Chamber was created without the approval of Parliament * enabled the king to act quickly and decisively against his opponents was used by Richard III to eliminate his young nephews both a and b The Golden Bull resulted in the * election of the Holy Roman Emperor by members of the German nobility condemnation of the French king by the pope reconciliation between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor establishment of the Dominican Order of friars Which of the following were striking exceptions to the steady development of centralized nation-states in the late 15th century? * Germany and Italy Spain and France France and Germany France and Italy In Germany during the 15th century, * the rights of the princes were balanced against the power of the emperor the emperor maintained an authoritarian state cities were not represented in the diet political unity was achieved The Holy Roman Emperor was chosen by the pope a representative assembly * seven electors from the nobility none of the above Lorenzo the Magnificent was the leader of Venice * Florence Genoa Milan Humanists were advocates of a liberal arts program of study orators and poets champions of the teachings of Aristotle * both a and b Petrarch, Dante and Boccaccio were political leaders of Florence humanists literary figures * both b and c One of the most popular classical figures during the Renaissance was * Plato Aristotle Caesar Scipio Africanus Machiavelli hoped that the French would restore political order in Italy the pope would actively promote a worldly order of Christians * an Italian ruler would emerge from the Medici family the Spanish would remove the French from Italy A special technique that was developed by artists during the Renaissance was drafting * chiaroscuro linear perspective both b and c The father of Renaissance painting and an admirer of Saint Francis of Assisi was Donatello * Giotto Leonardo Michelangelo A new artistic style which developed after the High Renaissance in the 16th and 17th centuries was * Mannerism Helladic Impressionism Neo-classical Slavery during the Renaissance had all but disappeared in Europe was reduced from earlier levels in the ancient world * flourished as extravagantly as art and culture was revived after having died out as a result of the labor shortage caused by the Black Death For Europe, the late 15th and 16th centuries were a period of strict conformity to established theological creed * unprecedented territorial expansion close connection between the northern humanists and the church both a and c What items of trade increased tremendously in importance during the Age of Reformation? * gold, slaves and spices gold, wool and spices gold, pottery and wool spices, wool and cloth Portuguese exploration of the African coast was inspired and supported by Bartholomew Diaz * Prince Henry the Navigator Ferdinand and Isabella Magellan The influx of spices and precious metals into Europe strengthened European economies contributed to an increase in wages * caused a gradual inflation of prices both b and c The Aztec leader was Cortes Atahualpa Quetzalcoatl * Montezuma The conqueror of the Incas was Cortes Diaz Cisneros * none of the above The major components in the colonial economy of Latin America were * agriculture, mining and shipping agriculture, mining and craft design agriculture, internal trade, mercantilism all of the above Encomienda was the right of exploration right to establish boundaries in the name of a monarch * right to the labor of a number of Indians for a particular period of time land grant given by the king The Northern Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance in that it promoted Humanism the northern Humanists were less willing to unite for lay audiences * the northern Humanists came from more diverse backgrounds and were more devoted to religious reforms the printing press was later in coming to the north The Reuchlin affair inspired unity for the German Humanists involved the suppression of Jewish writings received the support of the German Humanists in the name of academic freedom * all of the above Thomas More was executed for his opposition to Henry VIII's divorce objections to Henry VIII's use of the title, "Defender of the Peace" repudiation of the Act of Supremacy * both a and c Who invented printing with moveable type? Ulrich Zwingli Thomas Linacre William Grocyn * none of the above