The lord's sole occupation was
 trade
 * waging war
 running the manor
 all of the above

In peacetime, the favorite amusements of the nobility in the Middle Ages were
 * hunting and tournaments
 fishing and traveling
 tournaments and writing poetry
 none of the above

Dignity and status within the nobility were directly related to
 skill in combat
 * the exercise of authority over others
 one's cultural sophistication displayed at court
 both a and b

Which of the following factors forced the nobility into steep decline in the Late Middle Ages?
 population reduction
 changes in military tactics emphasizing the infantry
 alliance of wealthy towns with the king
 * all of the above

For the nobility, peace was considered to be
 a goal worth attaining because of the security it afforded
 * unnatural to their primary occupation
 an ideal to strive towards
 both b and c

The process of attaining knighthood
 * was as sacred to the nobility as clerical ordination
 was respected, but never evoked honor or social nobility
 brought with it few special privileges
 both b and c

Tournaments were designed to
 * keep men fit for war
 reduce violence among the common people
 satisfy the lust of the common people for martial entertainment
 both b and c

Courtly love poetry
 was overtly erotic and advocated carnal lust
 * was devoted to "pursuit" without physical sex
 resulted in church censorship
 sought to establish a common code of behavior for medieval society

The clergy of the Middle Ages were divided into two groups:
 cardinals and bishops
 parish priests and priests who served at the royal court
 * regular clergy and secular clergy
 none of the above

The regular clergy can best be described as
 priests
 Dominicans
 * monks and nuns
 bishops and archbishops

The duties of the secular clergy were to
 live according to an ascetic rule in cloisters
 raise money for charity to the poor
 conduct diplomacy with secular leaders
 * live and work directly among the laity of the world

The Carthusians, Cistercians and Praemonstratensians were all
 heretics who were persecuted by the church
 members of the "scholarly clergy"
 hermetic orders whose members lived independent of one another
 * none of the above

Beguines were
 religious orders for women
 the fees required of all those who entered convents and monasteries
 * lay satellite convents
 the daily tasks and duties of the regular clergy in France

What was the basic reason for the popularity and reverence of the clergy in the High Middle Ages?
 their study of the sciences and theology was admired
 the wealth of the church demanded respect
 * the church's role as mediator between God and men was revered
 both b and c

In the Late Middle Ages, the clergy were resented by townspeople because
 * they hated the special immunities and privileges which the clergy possessed
 they disliked the bickering and constant in fighting among clerical orders
 the monks abused their power of excommunication and interdict
 the church tried to dominate the affairs of the city

Excommunication and interdict
 * resulted in suspension of the church's sacraments
 could be imposed by popes and archbishops
 disallowed any communication with the affected secular ruler
 once imposed could not be lifted

Tenants of servile manors were
 slaves
 * more vulnerable to the whims of their landlords
 also known as coloni
 none of the above

Tenants of free manors
 had originally been freemen
 were originally known as coloni
 had limited tenancy obligations and their rights were more carefully defined
 * all of the above

Banalities were
 * particular exactions of a lord over his serfs
 petty disputes between nobles
 monastic buildings
 none of the above

One of the main changes in the evolution of the manor from the Early Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages was
 the translation of feudal dues into money payments
 the growing dependence of the lord upon military aid from the king
 the fragmentation of the manor
 * both a and c

Generally speaking, towns tended to ally themselves with
 kings against the middle class
 * kings against the feudal lords
 feudal lords against the kings
 the church against the feudal lords

"Town air brings freedom" refers to
 * the fact that town residents were treated as freemen
 laws banning prisons from towns
 the new economic freedom and vitality engendered by the growth of cities
 none of the above

When artisan guilds achieved representation on local city councils, gradually
 guild regulations were tightened
 poorer artisans were allowed to join the guilds thus expanding the economy
 trade was narrowed and the economy depressed
 * both a and c

Towns became a major transition from feudal societies to national governments because towns
 * provided kings with the resources they needed to curb factious noblemen
 provided a consistent production of goods
 housed centers of learning and provided learned administrators
 catered to the creativity and energy of the middle-class merchants

Which of the following was a factor in the unprecedented surge in anti-Jewish sentiment between the 12th and early 14th centuries?
 kings wanted to confiscate Jewish wealth and property
 kings saw Jews as economic competitors with the monarchy
 the Christian Church feared the loss of its political power and was determined to maintain its spiritual hegemony
 * all of the above

A renaissance of ancient knowledge
 was important in the rise of universities
 was dependent upon Greek and Muslim traditions and heritage
 did not occur until the 15th century
 * both a and b

The "university" at first was
 a combination of colleges
 a youth hostel
 * a corporation of students and masters who joined together for mutual protection from Episcopal authority
 both a and c

The university of Paris became the model for the study of
 law
 theology
 science
 * dialectic

The university of Bologna was distinguished as the center for the study of
 * Roman law
 medicine
 rhetoric
 both a and c

The curriculum of the university was based upon
 grammar
 rhetoric
 geometry and astronomy
 * all of the above

University members were
 integrated closely into the life of the town
 * often viewed by townspeople as foreigners without civil rights
 characterized by a desire to remain independent
 both a and c

The study and dissemination of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 12th century was directed by
 Gratian
 * Irnerius
 Justinian
 Porphyry

The standard legal summary of church law was called
 Corpus Juris
 Corpus Contractium
 * Concordance of Discordant Canons
 Decree of Holy Law

The trivium consisted of the following with the exception of
 grammar
 * geometry
 rhetoric
 logic

Originally colleges were
 * hospices providing room and board for students
 exclusive schools for the nobility
 schools for the clergy
 a protection guild for students

Scholasticism can best be defined as
 a program of study limited to established scholars
 * a method of study involving dispute by elaborate argument with modest conclusions
 a process of learning with emphasis on church doctrine and obedience
 a radical learning program based on humanism

The Scholastic program of study was based upon
 history and theology
 philosophy and music
 * dialectic and logic
 both a and c

Scholastic thinkers quarreled over two basic problems:
 the relationship between God and man and God and happiness
 * the proper relation of philosophy and theology and whether universal concepts existed apart from the human mind
 logic and dialectic
 both b and c

Whose works became the primary focus of scholastic study?
 Priscian
 Donatus
 * Aristotle
 Saint Augustine

Peter Abelard's work, Sic et Non, illustrates
 the Scholastic concern for one interpretation of Truth
 * the Scholastic love of contradictory views
 the legitimate criticism that Scholastic thinkers were indecisive
 both b and c

William of Ockham
 was considered a foe of Scholasticism
 was considered a supporter of Scholasticism
 denied that theological matters could be empirically addressed
 * both a and c

Saint Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica
 departed from conservative theological thought
 * was a summary of the whole of theological knowledge
 criticized the Humanist view of the creation of the world
 all of the above

Christian theologians depicted women as
 physically, mentally and morally weaker than men
 spiritually equal to men
 the cause of most male disputes
 * both a and b

There is evidence that high infant and child mortality in the Middle Ages
 distanced parents from children
 * made parents look on children as all the more precious
 resulted in parental alienation from the church
 was the result of widespread infanticide