In 27 B.C.E., Augustus established a government for Rome that was a republic democracy * constitutional monarchy dictatorship The basis of Augustus' power was the aristocracy * the army the people of Rome his great wealth After 31 B.C.E., Egypt was under the control of the Senate * pharaoh princeps emperor's son The word princeps means * first citizen prince military leader none of the above Augustus pursued a military policy of retreat from established borders * finding defensible borders aggression and unrestrained imperialism none of the above In 9 C.E., a disaster occurred in the Teutoburg forest. What happened? the Germans attacked the Romans and destroyed three legions * the Germans attacked the Gauls and destroyed three tribes three Roman legions revolted and began a march on Rome the Roman general Arminius was killed with three legions lost Augustus' social reforms included which of the following? laws curbing adultery and divorce a program aimed at preserving the traditional Roman values restoration of the dignity of formal Roman religion * all of the above Cicero wrote philosophical treatises orations letters * all of the above The jus gentium was a law code involving disputes between Roman citizens * "law of peoples" reflecting Roman experience with her provincial subjects harsh law which prohibited genocide none of the above Vergil wrote which of the following? Odyssey Golden Ass * Aeneid none of the above The poet Ovid wrote love elegies and was a favorite of Augustus * love elegies and was banished by Augustus epic poetry and achieved great fame satire and became the court poet of Tiberius The emperor to emerge victorious from the civil war of 68 C.E. was Domitian Titus Nerva * none of the above In which of the following years did four emperors assume power? 14 C.E. 41 C.E. * 69 C.E. 96 C.E. By the second century C.E. members of the upper classes were reluctant to accept municipal office because * they were personally responsible for taxes due they considered the jobs degrading the army offered better opportunities they wanted to serve in the emperor's court Imperator was a title which * indicated the military power on which control of the principate was based meant "first citizen" designated an imperial governor was given to appointed successors of the emperor The Roman imperial policy toward the Christians in the first and second centuries can best be described as brutal * moderate and ambivalent tolerant disinterested Paul's major contribution to Christianity was his insistence that one did not have to be a Jew to believe in Christ the spreading of the gospel the sacrament of communion * both a and b Who of the following was one of the so-called Good Emperors? Septimius Severus Commodus * Marcus Aurelius Constantine the Great The main contribution of the Romans to architecture was the development of the arch was the development of concrete as building material lay in the great size of structures they could build * all of the above The most aggressive of the German tribes in the third century were * Goths who moved into the region of southern Russia Sassanids who lived in Persia Franks who settled in modern France Huns who invaded from the far East Part of Rome's defensive problems were due to an army composed mostly of romanized provincials conscripted at times from slaves, gladiators, barbarians and brigands which had no mobile reserve unit which could meet a crisis * all of the above Septimius Severus was one of the five "good emperors" * drew recruits for the army increasingly from the peasantry implemented needed economic reforms a and c Honestiores were commanders of the legions in this period trusted advisors of the emperor * senators, equestrians, municipal aristocracy and soldiers none of the above The period from 235-285 C.E. might best be described as a period * of indescribable political chaos of political chaos but economic vitality of military strength and firm leadership which saw the acceptance of Christianity Diocletian instituted the system called the * tetrarchy principate divine-right monarchy none of the above The tetrarchy was a rule of four emperors * two Augusti and two Caesars one emperor and three Caesars two army commanders and two efficient advisors to the emperor Diocletian's wage and price controls were attempts at regulating the economy restricting the social rise of the lower classes controlling government expenditures and inflation * both a and c Under Diocletian, the empire was divided into * prefectures, dioceses and provinces provinces, territories and states prefectures, provinces and territories none of the above Coloni were country estates Italians who had left Italy municipal judges * tenant farmers The Roman emperor after Diocletian was addressed as * dominus princeps imperator none of the above Why was the capital moved to Constantinople by Constantine? it could easily protect the western and Danubian frontiers it could control trade into the Caspian Sea * it was easily defensible all of the above The Edict of Maximum Prices was successful at controlling inflation primarily designed to reduce the price of bread * a failure implemented by Constantine The chief formulator of Neoplatonism was Plato * Plotinus Pontifex none of the above Manichaeism originated in Egypt was popular among the aristocracy * involved a struggle between good and evil both a and b The Council of Nicea in 325 C.E. rejected the views of Athenasius * Arius James Matthew The Arians argued that Jesus was not eternal Jesus was a created being unlike God Jesus was of the same substance as God * both a and b The Byzantine Empire was established in Constantinople lasted until the fifteenth century succeeded to the Roman power in the east * all of the above Julian the Apostate was famous for his rejection of the Council of Nicea attempt at the introduction of a new form of pagan worship advocacy of Manichaeism * censorship of Christian writers One of Saint Augustine's most influential works was * The City of God Ecclesiastical History his idealized biography of Constantine Neoplatonic Rationality