In the first two decades of the 20th century, the lives of European women, A. contracted drastically * B. expanded considerably C. were limited socially because of Victorian values D. both a and c The Soviet utopian writer, Alexandra Kollontai, * A. wanted to replace exploitative family relationships with those based on love and comradeship B. was endorsed by the Soviet government C. advocated a reduction in sexual freedom and a focus on sex-specific tasks D. both b and c The reordering of Soviet society during the 1920s and 1930s saw a A. fall in the birthrate B. general tightening of policies regarding women C. rise in abortions and abandoned children * D. all of the above Fascist policy toward women in Italy and Germany emphasized A. sexual freedom and professional employment B. the legalization of contraception and abortion C. the limitation of the size of families * D. none of the above During the Holocaust, Jewish women A. assumed a protected status in concentration camps B. were designated for selective breeding * C. were particularly singled out for death to prevent them from bearing a new generation D. were sterilized, but generally not killed Which of the following were central to the experience of Stalinism? A. the collectivization of farming B. rapid industrialization C. political purges * D. all of the above Kulaks were A. Gypsy women marked for death by the Nazis * B. entrepreneurial farmers who were destroyed as a class C. generally the only village people to be persecuted during collectivization D. made up about 90% of the Russian peasant population Peasants on collective farms during the Soviet period * A. were permitted a cow and a private plot of land B. could not farm any private land C. found that their quality of life improved dramatically in the 1950s D. enjoyed a higher standard of living than people in the cities For urban dwellers in the Soviet Union, the most fundamental fact of everyday life was A. personal security and protection from crime B. political and economic equality among all strata of society * C. an ongoing shortage of housing and consumer goods D. all of the above The Jewish community of Poland A. was the largest in Europe before World War II B. was reduced by 90% during the war and Holocaust C. presented a united front in defying the Nazis * D. both a and b An independent Polish state was established by the A. Partition of Poland in the 18th century * B. Paris Peace Settlement of 1919 C. Congress of Vienna in 1815 D. Imperial Entente of 1870 Polish Jews were * A. more religiously observant than other Jewish communities B. concentrated in the southern section of the country C. a rural people in an urban nation D. none of the above The first machine genuinely recognizable as a modern digital computer was A. made by National Cash Register B. the Remington Rand calculator C. made by Xerox Corporation * D. ENIAC During the 1950s, electronics was revolutionized by the * A. transistor B. vacuum tube C. microchip D. all of the above Decolonization in the post-war period contributed to the * A. inward flow of European colonials from overseas B. exodus of European citizens to their former colonies C. the refugee problem in Europe D. move to state-controlled economies in Europe The major motivation for internal migration in Europe from the late 1950's on was A. the Cold War B. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe * C. economic opportunity D. both a and b The spread of welfare legislation was closely connected to the * A. Cold War and domestic political and economic policies B. rise in population following World War II C. process of decolonization D. decline of population in the cities following World War II Children born out of wedlock A. represents nearly 40% of births in Scandinavia B. has become the norm in Europe * C. has been made more acceptable and economically possible because of government-sponsored programs directed toward the care of children D. none of the above Married women entered the work force after World War II primarily because A. industry had discovered during the war what valuable and stable workers married women were B. there was a concerted effort by social activity to assert the role of women in industry * C. relatively few single women could be employed because of a low birth rate in the 1930's D. of their university experience By the middle of the 20th century, children A. were no longer expected to make substantial contributions to family income B. spent large amounts of time in compulsory schools C. were often raised with the help of day-care facilities * D. both a and b The book title, The God That Failed, refers to the decline A. in the belief of the efficacy of reason in the 20th century B. of Christianity in the 20th century C. of existentialism since 1960 * D. of belief in Communism after the 1930's Which of the following proved crucial to the disillusionment of the intellectuals in the 20th century? A. Soviet purge trials of 1936 and the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 B. the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 C. the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 * D. all of the above Existentialism A. has been termed "the philosophy of Europe in the 20th century" B. as a movement has been united in purpose and thought C. was born of the intellectual and ethical crises of the World Wars * D. both a and c Soren Kierkegaard A. was one of the first existentialists B. believed that the truth of Christianity was contained only in extreme human experience C. criticized Hegelian philosophy * D. all of the above Kierkegaard's major criticism of Hegel's philosophy was that it A. was too rational B. was not practical and too intellectualized C. attempted to contain all human experience within abstract categories * D. both a and c Although the major existential philosophers often disagreed on particular points, they all agreed that A. humankind was in a state of decline * B. reason and scientific understanding were not the primary means of coming to grips with the human situation C. separation of human experience into its component parts was the proper path to understanding D. all of the above Existentialists tend to dwell on A. the continuity of civilization B. the perfection of mankind * C. the extreme of human experience D. absolute truth Which of the following accounts for the continuing popularity of Marxism while intellectuals were disassociating themselves with the Soviet Union? * A. emphasis shifted to non-Soviet modes of Communism B. a redefinition of the basic message of Marx himself C. the translation of the Communist Manifesto into different languages D. both a and b Which of the following is an existential work? A. The Critique of Pure Reason * B. Being and Nothingness C. The Screwtape Letters D. Courage, Emma The existentialists saw human beings as A. compelled to formulate their own ethical values B. morally corrupt C. unable to depend on traditional religion or social customs * D. both a and c Existentialism was a philosophy A. of the intellectuals after World War II * B. of the political and social crisis of Europe in the first half of the 20th century C. which gained in popularity with the relative prosperity of the 1950's D. both b and c Which statement would Jean-Paul Sartre be most likely to accept? A. God does not exist, therefore man is doomed to despair B. God exists, and man depends on his grace * C. whether God exists or not is irrelevant, for man must make himself D. God does not exist and man should rely on reason alone "Student experience" refers to * A. leaving home and settling for several years in a community composed of late adolescents B. removing oneself from society at large C. security and insolation from the "real world" D. none of the above Which best characterizes the role of universities in 20th-century intellectual life? A. the new media of radio and television have rendered them unimportant B. they have lost their central position to political parties * C. they have exerted more influence than at any other time since the Reformation D. both a and b Why has the Americanization of Europe occurred since 1945? A. the Marshall Plan rebuilt the Western European economies B. the United States was leader of the NATO alliance C. thousands of U.S. military personnel have been stationed in Europe * D. all of the above The emerging common language of business and even some academic fields in Europe is A. French B. German * C. English D. Spanish What has emerged as one of the most important characteristics of the European economy that differentiates it from eastern Europe? * A. consumer orientation B. capital investment and military production C. central economic planning by the government D. movement toward a Marxist economic focus The German Green movement A. held business responsible for pollution B. accepted violence as a part of their political agenda C. assumed a strong anti-nuclear stance * D. both a and c Which statement would Karl Barth have been most likely to accept? A. religion is more a human than divine phenomenon * B. humankind is transcended by God and depends on his grace C. man must lay down values for himself D. reason alone can improve humanity's condition Neo-orthodoxy is the name of the theology of A. Paul Tillich B. John XXIII * C. Karl Barth D. Soren Kierkegaard Karl Barth portrays God as A. closely connected spiritually to mankind * B. wholly other than and different from mankind C. a wrathful God D. both b and c Paul Tillich is best known for his * A. liberal theology B. conservative theology C. "spiritual sameness" theory D. "emancipation of mankind" theory Which of the following was not a decision of Vatican II? A. a prohibition on contraception B. the celebration of the mass in Latin * C. the establishment of free relations with other Christian denominations D. the reduction of power given to bishops Which of the following is a part of Pope John Paul II's policies? A. reassertion of a traditional policy in regard to priesthood and the nature of family life B. stress upon the authority of church councils in doctrinal matters C. expansion of the church in the non-Western world * D. both a and c John Paul II has A. reversed Paul VI's stand on contraception B. reversed Paul VI's stand on priestly celibacy C. called for sweeping changes in the conduct of the mass * D. none of the above