The mid-18th century witnessed large-scale warfare which resulted in setbacks for Britain on a world scale the fall of Prussia from a position of continental leadership * a reconstruction of taxation policies for major governments both b and c What was chiefly responsible for European dominance over so much of the world from the 16th-19th centuries? innate cultural superiority * technological advantage increased emphasis on learning and universities advantageous diplomacy Which territories did the French control in order to promote economic profit for the home country? Nova Scotia, Jamaica and Barbados Mississippi River Valley, Cuba and Surinam Hispaniola, Martinique and Newfoundland * Saint Lawrence River Valley, Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and Martinique Because of the intense rivalries of mercantilist powers and the practical inefficiency of the system, the 18th century has been termed "the century of greed" * "the golden age of smugglers" "the era of competition and corruption" none of the above Which treaty established the boundaries for empire in the 18th century? Westphalia * Utrecht St. Germain Treaty of Universal Division The East India Company was developed by the Dutch French entrepreneurs in England East Indian businessmen * the English The trade of India and Asia figured only marginally in the economies of France and Britain because there was too much piracy in the East India produced little or nothing of interest for Europeans * Europe produced little or nothing of interest for the East India was regarded only as a springboard into the potential market of China European trading posts in India were called Magyars asiento * factories both b and c In the New World, audiencias were * judicial councils governors jails for smugglers religious audiences In the New World, corregidores were foot soldiers municipal councils * local officers judicial councils The responsibility of the Casa de Contratacion was to act as a consultative body for the Viceroy maintain control of the sea lanes act as a court of appeals in the New World * regulate trade with the New World The only Spanish port to be used for American trade was Madrid Barcelona * Cadiz Seville The flota system was a successful grouping of military vessels which patrolled Caribbean ports * was an imperfect convoy system which transferred gold and silver bullion from the New World to Europe resulted in a stable income for Spain both b and c The change of the Spanish throne from Hapsburg to Bourbon resulted in instability in Spanish foreign affairs a disruption of the Spanish domestic economy a disruption of the Spanish imperial trade monopoly * a revival of the Spanish role in European affairs The intendent was introduced by Philip V a provincial governor * a royal bureaucrat of the Spanish Empire patterned after British diplomats Creoles were people of mixed racial composition * those born in the New World whose ancestry was European slaves from Central America who were sold in Caribbean ports those whose status improved due to reforms by Charles III In order to maintain their own security and to expand their services, the English and French companies fought each other in the East * in effect, took over the government of some regions established trade quotas on luxury goods both a and c European slave traders were universally opposed by African societies * often acquired slaves from Africans selling other Africans existed in a commercial environment separate from the larger economic demands of Europe brought the slave trade to Africa The Plantation System was developed because * of a labor shortage in the New World the "West Indian Interest" demanded it the Portuguese decided to relinquish their economic interests in the New World to the Spanish none of the above An asiento is a Spanish slave * contract trading monopoly both b and c The incident of "Jenkins' Ear" was important because it provided an example of Spanish atrocities to British merchants in the West Indies it revealed Spanish intervention in British West Indian trade it was a factor in the outbreak of war between England and Spain in 1739 * all of the above Frederick II's invasion of Silesia in 1740 violated the Treaty of Utrecht upset the continental balance of power shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction * all of the above France's decision to help Prussia in 1740 was a mistake because it lessened her ability to help Spain it consolidated a powerful new state in Germany it drew England onto Austria's side * all of the above Maria Theresa's greatest achievement in the war of the Austrian Succession was reconquering Silesia * keeping her domain largely intact reconquering Saxony forging an alliance with France Maria Theresa reacted to the Prussian invasion of Silesia by * forging new loyalties and granting privileges to the nobility hiring mercenary armies granting Hapsburg lands to allies in return for support restricting the rebellious Magyars in Hungary French opposition to Austria in 1741 was not to the advantage of France in the long run because French aid to Prussia helped consolidate that state which later opposed France French intervention in Austrian affairs created a long-term foe in Spain the French move against Austria resulted in a continental war against Britain * both a and c Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz was * Maria Theresa's foreign minister Prussia's commander of her armies the German foreign minister none of the above The Convention of Westminster in 1756 was an offensive alliance between Austria and Great Britain * was a defensive alliance between Great Britain and Prussia was part of the "Diplomatic Revolution" and was an alliance between Great Britain and Austria both a and c The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) began when Maria Theresa invaded Silesia, hoping to recover areas lost to Prussians Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz broke off relations with Prussia * Frederick II invaded Saxony Sweden, Russia and some smaller German states cut off trade with Prussia Frederick II was aided in the Seven Years' War by French disorganization financial support from Britain the eventual neutrality of Russia * both b and c The architect of England's victory in the Seven Years' War was * William Pitt the Elder Robert Jenkins Lord North James Wolfe The major battle of the Seven Years' War in North America was won on the Plains of Abraham in 1759 by Louis Joseph Montcalm William Pitt * James Wolfe Robert Clive The Seven Years' War was ended by the * Treaty of Paris Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Convention of Westminster Battle of Rossbach Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River Valley and the eastern half of the Mississippi River Valley Britain surrendered the conquest of India France received Guadeloupe and Martinique * all of the above At the conclusion of the Seven Years' War, France emerged a great colonial power the Spanish empire was utterly defeated * Great Britain assumed a status not simply of a great European power, but also of a world power both b and c After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which of the following was of major concern to the British? the cost of empire and the rise of the national debt the organization of vast new territory in North America lack of authority over the American colonies * all of the above The Sugar Act of 1764 * was an attempt to restrict the amount of sugar going to the colonies was designed to be a lower tax but was rigorously collected came under the administration of William Pitt both b and c The Stamp Act put a tax on stamps put a tax on all legal documents demanded that tax monies be spent in England * both a and b The Townshend duties contributed to the long-term financial security of England * contributed to the Boston Massacre were all repealed by 1770 were administered by local British authorities Which of the following best characterizes the ideas of the Commonwealthmen? * government patronage and manipulation of Parliament were corrupt and tyrannical royal influence in Parliament should increase the home country should exercise a monopoly of trade on its colonies colonies and home countries should share their wealth between them George III's political aim was to establish a tyranny in North America establish tyranny in Britain * reassert the king's influence in government cooperate with the leading Whigs The political ideals and demands of the Americans had roots in the thoughts of John Locke and other English political theorists found precedent in the English Revolution of 1688 were set forth in Common Sense by Thomas Paine * all of the above After the Revolutionary War, trade between Britain and America * increased decreased remained the same increased, then decreased quickly The John Wilkes affair displayed the arbitrary power of the monarch displayed the corruption of the House of Commons resulted in the death of Wilkes * both a and b The Association Movement was a popular attempt to establish an extralegal institution to reform the government an attempt to promote unionism in Britain a failure because its members were not willing to appeal for broad popular support * both a and c