The waning powers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries were those which failed to establish a central political authority had a dominant nobility which controlled the king were controlled by the interests of the cities, guilds and church * all of the above During the 17th and 18th centuries, how did the political life of the Netherlands differ from that of the rest of Europe? * Netherlands was formally a republic with a decentralized government Netherlands pursued a path toward strong centralized government the Dutch generally felt comfortable with monarchy while other European nations rejected monarchy both a and c Which best explains the decline of Dutch power? a weak and vain nobility and a financial crisis * provincial disunity and commercial decline an unproductive legislature and dictatorial chief minister both b and c The "Mississippi Bubble" * was a scheme to possess a monopoly on trading privileges in Louisiana was the official term for French mercantilism in North America was a fiasco promoted by the duke of St. Simon which brought disgrace on the government both a and c The regent of France after the death of Louis XIV was the duke of St. Simon Madame de Pompadour the parlement * the duke of Orleans The French parlements were similar to the English Parliament only local in nature local legislative bodies whose legality was recognized by the French king * local courts which had no power to legislate but traditionally had the power to recognize or not the legality of a law promulgated by the king both a and b Cardinal Fleury was determined to give France a policy of peace and improved France's economic situation was a realist in the tradition of Richelieu and Mazarin failed to prevent France from intervening in the war between Austria and Prussia * all of the above The reign of Louis XV can best be described as a wise and stable rule an equitable one for the people of France, but not for the nobility * scandalous and mediocre wise in his treatment of the nobility, but harsh for the people of France The Dutch artist, Rachel Ruysch, specialized in impressionistic portraits * depicting elaborate arrangements of flowers realistic landscapes paintings of impoverished urban dwellers Cardinal Fleury was successful in paying off all of the national debt * establishing new industries for France taxing both the church and the nobility sufficiently for the stable financing of the state training Louis XV to become an effective monarch After victory over Louis XIV, Britain was restive politically because of the challenge of the Stuart pretender, George * the political clash between parliamentary factions over the Treaty of Utrecht the transition to the new Hohenzollern dynasty both b and c When George I arrived in Britain, he favored which political faction? Conservatives Tories * Whigs Liberals Which best characterizes the political philosophy of Robert Walpole? "checks and balances" * "let sleeping dogs lie" "kabinett government" "pragmatic sanction" The main political groupings in Parliament were: Tories and Independents Conservatives and Liberals Whigs and Labor * Tories and Whigs The Tory party favored strong monarchy and low taxes the sovereignty of Parliament firm support of the Anglican church * both a and c The Whig party supported a monarchy limited by the final sovereignty of the Parliament urban commercial interests and prosperity of landowners religious toleration toward Protestant nonconformers * all of the above The chief difference between the Whigs and Tories was the Tories were more socially oriented, offering welfare programs to the people * one group had access to public office and royal patronage while the other did not the Whigs represented the views of the lower classes none of the above In 17th century Dutch religious life, Jews were actively persecuted * extensive toleration was the rule Catholics were excluded from social interaction with the Protestant community both a and c Which best characterizes the House of Commons in the 18th century? * an unrepresentative body dominated by property owners and wealthy men a national legislature split between two parties of very different philosophies a representative and democratic institution a judicial body used to challenge the monarchy Robert Walpole averted economic disaster when he * took measures to honor the national debt after the South Sea Company collapsed taxed the nobility taxed a portion of church lands formed a national profit venture called the South Sea Company A borough was a municipal corporation small village church parish * none of the above In comparison to political life on the Continent, the British system was unresponsive to popular political pressure homogeneous in voice with few dissenting opinions because of similar interests among the nobility * generally more free and responsive to public views both a and b In comparing the political and economic situations in Western Europe with that of Central and Eastern Europe during the 18th century, there were fewer cities and more serf-run estates in Eastern Europe the economy was more agrarian in Western Europe there was almost constant warfare in central and Eastern Europe * both a and c Prussia and Russia achieved considerable military power and influence with the decay or military defeat of Sweden, Poland and France England Sweden, Norway and the Ottoman Empire * none of the above The Great Northern War (1700-1721) was fought between Prussia and Russia Russia and Austria * Sweden and Russia Prussia and Sweden The Ottoman Empire made its greatest military impression on Europe in 1683 by * laying siege to Vienna conquering southern France invading Russia along the river routes seizing lands north of the Black Sea With regard to the Polish Diet, the phrase, liberum veto, refers to newly acquired free speech among Poles a restriction of personal liberty * the disbanding of the Diet by a single member the freeing of the serfs One of the major reasons for Polish instability and decline in the 18th century was * the lack of an effective central authority in the form of either a king or parliament a united nobility which prevented monarchical appointments disorganization and rebellion within the army both b and c The legislature of Poland was ineffective because the nobles had been weakened by court life unlike the West, there was no two-party system the monarchy permitted no real freedom of speech * every member had the right to order the body disbanded The Diet was the Polish supreme court a central legislative body in Sweden the body of elite Austrian soldiers * none of the above The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended control over Germany by the Holy Roman emperor permitted Protestantism within the Holy Roman Empire recognized the political autonomy of more than 300 corporate German political entities * both b and c The most difficult area to govern in all the Hapsburg lands was * Hungary because of the Magyar nobility Bohemia because of its aggressive king, Stephen Naples because of the Spanish presence Lombardy because of the restrictions of the Treaty of Utrecht Leopold I was important since he resisted the advances of the Turks and Louis XIV he extended Hapsburg holdings over modern Yugoslavia and Romania he reorganized the Magyar army * both a and b The Pragmatic Sanction was promulgated by Leopold I and stressed pragmatism in finding a solution to religious strife in Hapsburg lands * provided a legal basis for the inheritance of Maria Theresa to the Hapsburg throne was promulgated by Frederick II in support of his claim to the Hapsburg throne none of the above The ruling family in Prussia was called the Habsburgs Westphalians * Hohenzollerns Hanoverians The term "Prussian" is synonymous with corruption military discipline administrative vigor * both b and c The landowning nobility of Prussia was known as the boyars the Magyars * the Junkers the cabinet Frederick William the Great Elector succeeded in defending German lands from the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire * forging an army which enforced his will without the approval of the nobility establishing trade between German principalities and France all of the above Frederick William I was known for his aggressive and warlike policies acquisition of a royal title * fanatical military discipline acquisition of the throne for his daughter Frederick I was called the least "Prussian" of his family because he failed at maintaining military discipline he failed to conquer Pomerania * he patronized the arts he lost control of his nobility Following the reign of Ivan the Terrible, there was a period called the "Great Peace" the "Accommodation" * the "Time of Troubles" none of the above The streltsy were advisors to the tsars the descendants of Michael Romanov * guards of the Moscow garrison none of the above A boyar is a trusted advisor to the king of Prussia an elite force of Prussian military officers a "communal" form in Russia * none of the above Peter the Great built his new capital * on the Gulf of Finland on the Black Sea in Pomerania in the Ural mountains The goal of Peter the Great's internal reforms was to support a policy of warfare secure a warm water port oppose westernization * both a and b