The Protestant Reformation challenged which of the following aspects of the Renaissance? the study of original sources in ancient languages the tendency to glorify human nature loyalty to traditional religion * both b and c In terms of contemporary political history, the Protestant Reformation occurred at a time of sharpest conflict between * emerging nation-states and self-governing small towns the secular and regular clergy emerging nation-states and the church self-governing towns and semi-autonomous local lords The Reformation broke out first in the city-states of Italy small towns of France and Germany * free imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland small towns along the internal trade routes to the East Members of the printer's guild generally supported the Reformation because they had an economic stake in fanning religious conflict the membership was literate and sophisticated about the world they were often opposed to reigning governmental authority * all of the above Many peasants supported the Reformation because it appeared to promise financial gain independent ownership of land * political liberation and social betterment both b and c What factors contributed to lay criticism of the church? new postal systems and the growth of cities the printing press and a boom in universities new wealth and more traveling * all of the above The Modern Devotion was the most popular religious book of the period * an ascetic organization of lay people an organization designed to recruit monks and nuns both b and c The Imitation of Christ was a semi-mystical guide to the inner life by St. Thomas Aquinas a papal bull one of Luther's first works on salvation by faith alone * none of the above The benefice system of the medieval church tended to closely connect lay and clerical officials provided for a close connection between a priest and his parish * permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidder provided income for the local parish from Rome Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation * was a summary of economic grievances against the church was his formal break with Rome stressed that one could buy release from religious punishment in purgatory none of the above City governments undertook to improve local religious life by denying influence to unrepentant bishops endowing preacherships restricting the growth of ecclesiastical properties and clerical privileges * both b and c The popular lay movements that most directly assailed the late medieval church were the Donatists and Arians Albigensians and Beghards Waldensians and Beguines * Lollards and Hussites The doctrine of "justification by faith alone" was first proclaimed by John Huss Ulrich Zwingli * Martin Luther Desiderius Erasmus Luther's Ninety-Five Theses was designed to reconcile his ideas with those of Zwingli * challenged the practice of selling indulgences caused his immediate excommunication all of the above An indulgence was * a remission of sin an allowance of wrong action by the church given only for true self-sacrifice on a crusade both b and c Who was the famous indulgence preacher who inspired the Ninety-Five Theses? William of Ockham * John Tetzel John Eck Ignatius Loyola Which of the following sacraments were found proper by Martin Luther? Baptism Extreme Unction Eucharist * both a and c While hiding out in the secluded Wartburg Castle, Luther made arrangements for a self-imposed exile wrote the eloquent Freedom of a Christian * translated the New Testament into German formally excommunicated Charles V At the Diet of Worms, Luther engaged in a debate with John Tetzel Luther engaged in a debate with John Eck Luther was excommunicated * none of the above Charles V failed to stamp out Protestantism within the empire because he was distracted by foreign wars the Reformation was too entrenched to be ended by brute force he was an incompetent general and administrator * both a and b During the Peasants Revolt, Luther sided with the peasants * German nobility Catholic church Anabaptists Ulrich Zwingli's reform guideline was simple and effective: reformers must adhere to a strict moral code * whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believed nor practiced salvation is to be based on faith alone none of the above Zwingli's reformation was centered in which city? Mšnster * Zurich Bern Geneva The Marburg Colloquy resulted in the Augsburg Confession a new respect for Zwingli and Calvin * the splintering of the Protestant movement a resolution of the Eucharist question The point of dispute between Luther and Zwingli concerned the * nature of Christ's presence in the Eucharist condemnation of indulgences acceptance of Extreme Unction as a sacrament use of violence in resisting the Holy Roman Emperor The Anabaptists believed that people should be baptized only as adults were accepted by the Lutherans and their beliefs incorporated into Lutheranism were crushed by Protestant and Catholic armies in M†nster * both a and c The Spiritualists embraced local traditions and institutions believed that the only religious authority was God's spirit were led by Thomas Muntzer * both b and c The Antitrinitarians were the strongest supporters of John Calvin * defenders of religious toleration believers in original sin and predestination both a and c The Peace of Augsburg recognized which of the following as legal religions? * Lutheranism Calvinism Anabaptism both a and b The Schleitheim Confession of 1527 explained the difference between Zwingli and Luther became an important test of faith among the Calvinists * was a document explaining the tenets of Anabaptism was an apology to Charles V by the M†nster radicals John Calvin organized the Genevan church on the model of which city? Worms Milan York * Strasbourg Calvin was exiled from Geneva for alleged immorality * because his strong measures designed to govern Geneva's moral life created suspicion that he wanted to create a "new papacy" for his unusually close ties with the Catholic church for his disregard for the established laws of the city The concept of the "elect" was a part of which Protestant sect? Anti-Trinitarians Methodists * Calvinists Anglicans The Theatines, Capuchins, Somaschi, and Barnabites were all branded heretics by the church religious orders that lead a revival of piety within the church unauthorized hermetical orders of the church * political factions that developed in towns during the Reformation The Society of Jesus was founded by Desiderius Erasmus Jerome of Prague Pope Paul III * Ignatius Loyola Loyola advocated * religious and moral self-discipline and submission to the authority of the Catholic Church a sympathetic acceptance of Protestantism the Spanish Inquisition both b and c The Council of Trent was * strictly under the control of the pope instrumental in changing Catholic doctrine similar to the general councils of the 15th century both b and c As a result of the Council of Trent, steps were taken to curtail the selling of Church offices bishops were allowed to maintain their residence in Rome rather than in their parishes parish priests were required to be neatly dressed, better educated and active among his parishioners * both a and c England became a genuinely Protestant country during the reign of Henry VIII Mary * Edward VI Richard III Protestant reformers had most in common with * Humanists Mystics Scholasticists Donatists Philip Melanchthon was instrumental in restructuring the University of Wittenberg's curriculum urging scholars to study primary sources focusing university study on history, poetry and other humanist disciplines * all of the above Protestant reformers strongly supported monasticism * vigorously opposed celibacy accepted the medieval tendency to degrade women as temptresses and to exalt them as virgins both a and c During the Reformation, women * were expected to become pious housewives were not encouraged to become literate in the vernacular because this would lead to independence married earlier than they had in the Middle Ages all of the above The term "magisterial reformers" has been used to describe * the willingness of the primary reformers to use coercion to achieve their goals popular lay movements that defied the Catholic church Catholic reform efforts led by Loyola Spanish conversion efforts in the Americas The "Black Legend" was the story of Cortes' destruction of the Aztecs the story of the destruction of the Incas * a reference to the Spanish treatment of the Indians a book written by Bartolome de Las Casas