MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A collection of related statements that are intended to organize and explain a set of observations is called a(n) A. fact. B. hypothesis. C. model. D. theory. 2. A statement on which many people would agree is called a(n) A. fact. B. hypothesis. C. model. D. theory. 3. Which of the following is NOT true about theories of development? A. They help guide research. B. They help organize facts. C. They help make predictions. D. They all focus on similar aspects of development. 4. The most important quality of a theory is A. its ability to explain the data. B. its complexity. C. its simplicity. D. its comprehensiveness. 5. According to Darwin A. only physical behavior is the result of natural selection. B. only social behavior is the result of natural selection. C. most behavior is the result of natural selection. D. only cognitive behavior is the result of natural selection. 6. __________ theories of development focus on how behaviors promote survival of the species. A. Evolutionary B. Information processing C. Social learning D. Dynamic systems 7. Ethologists study the A. adaptive purposes of behavior. B. role of erogenous zones. C. ways in which creativity develops. D. importance of socialization. 8. Why infants prefer to look at human faces would be a question that would be asked by __________ theorists. A. ecological B. ethological C. social learning D. dynamic systems 9. Attachment theory is based on the principles from which theory? A. ecological B. ethological C. social learning D. dynamic systems 10. Which of the following individuals is associated with attachment theory? A. Bowlby B. Skinner C. Pavlov D. Vygotsky 11. Explanation of development based on the relationships between the brain and behavior is referred to as A. ethological theory. B. ecological theory. C. neurodevelopmental theory. D. social learning theory. 12. Sexual energy in Freud's theory is called A. the ego. B. the libido. C. the id. D. the superego. 13. The id can best be described as A. a relentless moral conscience. B. a fixation point. C. a defense mechanism that allows one to banish threatening impulses. D. the source of the libidinal energy. 14. On a radio talk show, an expert on child development, Dr. Casio, says that she thinks adolescents engage in risky behaviors because of unconscious motivations. Dr. Casio is most likely a(n) A. learning theorist. B. ethnologist. C. cognitive developmental theorist. D. psychoanalytic theorist. 15. The source of reason in Freud's theory is the A. ego. B. id. C. libido. D. superego. 16. According to Freud, the ego operates according to the A. libido. B. reality principle. C. erogenous principle. D. unconscious principle. 17. In order, the stages of psychosexual development are A. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic. B. anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic. C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. D. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic. 18. The portion of the psyche containing moral and ethical values in Freud's theory is the A. ego. B. id. C. libido. D. superego. 19. By the end of which stage is the psyche completely developed? A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. genital 20. Fifteen-year-old Bob was just about to steal a pair of sunglasses but stopped short when he realized that he would probably be humiliated if he got caught. This illustrates a conflict between the __________ and the __________ in Freud's theory. A. ego; id B. ego; superego C. id; superego D. libido; id 21. Which statement is most consistent with Erikson's theory of development? A. Learning requires adaptation to conflict. B. Development occurs from birth to adolescence. C. Development is based on learning that is reinforced. D. Specific developmental conflicts are critical at certain points in the life cycle. 22. Unlike Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on A. the role of parents. B. cognitive processes. C. maturational processes. D. social and cultural factors. 23. Brittany has difficulty doing things for herself. According to Erikson, this difficulty is the result of which psychosocial crisis? A. trust versus mistrust B. autonomy versus shame C. industry versus inferiority D. intimacy versus isolation 24. Which of the following is not a stage theorist? A. Freud B. Piaget C. Erikson D. Pavlov 25. What kind of theory best describes how a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for a response? A. classical conditioning B. ethology C. operant conditioning D. dynamic systems 26. Classical conditioning involves A. changing the frequency with which a behavior occurs. B. ceasing to respond to meaningless stimuli. C. developing a new behavior to a meaningful stimulus. D. the way in which a neutral stimulus comes to acquire meaning. 27. According to classical conditioning, a child's fear of snakes is the result of A. unconscious desires. B. shaping. C. the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. D. reinforcement. 28. John Watson's method of deconditioning a child's fear is called A. shaping. B. systematic desensitization. C. reinforcement. D. habituation. 29. Changes in behavior that are the result of its consequences reflects A. classical conditioning. B. habituation. C. operant conditioning. D. modeling. 30. Peter avoids being scolded and yelled at by coming home on time. Peter's behavior has been shaped by A. negative reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. extinction. D. punishment. 31. Christy is a 6-month-old infant. When her mother comes into her room, Christy smiles and vocalizes. Her mother responds by vocalizing and smiling back at Christy. This exchange occurs several times each day. This exchange illustrates which of the following principles? A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. negative reinforcement D. habituation 32. Denise initially praises her son Christopher for trying to make his bed. Later, she only praises him when he does a good job of it. In this example, Denise is using which operant conditioning principle? A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. extinction D. shaping 33. __________ is the application of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood a behavior will occur again. A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment C. Extinction D. Shaping 34. Punishment A. is the most effective way to change children's behavior. B. can have unwanted and negative side effects. C. is more effective than positive reinforcement. D. is the same as negative reinforcement. 35. Removing all positive consequences is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. extinction. D. shaping. 36. Jeremy watches as his friend Michael begins to play with a kitchen set at school. Several children standing nearby begin to tease Michael. The next day, Jeremy sees the kitchen set and wants to play with it but remembers what happened to Michael, so he decides to play with blocks instead. This is an example of A. accommodation. B. vicarious reinforcement. C. assimilation. D. imprinting. 37. Learning that occurs by watching others differs from other forms of learning because A. it is possible at any age. B. only negative behaviors are acquired this way. C. it eliminates the need for punishment. D. the child need not be directly reinforced to learn the behavior. 38. Four-year-old Andy mimics the actions of the superhero he watched in a cartoon on television. Andy's behavior is best explained by which of the following theories? A. Operant conditioning theory B. Social learning theory C. Classical conditioning theory D. Evolutionary theory 39. Which of the following is NOT a process involved in modeling? A. attention B. reinforcement C. retention D. unconscious drives 40. Which of the following is the best example of social learning theory? A. a child acting out what he or she saw on television B. a child crying when getting a vaccination C. a child learning to count to 10 D. a child learning to ignore the sounds outside his or her room 41. Cognition-based theorists are most interested in A. stimulus-response behavior. B. unconscious drives and desires. C. the way people think about the world. D. the effects of society and culture. 42. Which theorist exemplifies the belief that the child is actively involved in determining his or her own development? A. Piaget B. Freud C. Skinner D. Watson 43. Which theorist exemplifies the belief that children use different kinds of thought processes than adults? A. Piaget B. Freud C. Skinner D. Watson 44. Piaget's stages of cognitive development in order are A. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete, formal. B. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal, concrete. C. sensorimotor, concrete, preoperational, formal. D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal. 45. Assimilation A. is the tendency to change one's schema to fit new events. B. is the process of ignoring information that does not fit one's schema. C. is a process that allows the child to move to new stages of thinking. D. is the tendency to interpret new events in terms of existing knowledge. 46. An organized guide for processing information about the world is known as A. a stage. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. a scheme. 47. According to Piaget, children develop problem-solving abilities through A. the use of current cognitive structures. B. the alteration of existing cognitive structures. C. the complementary use of assimilation and accommodation. D. sensorimotor actions. 48. Four-month-old Katrina takes her mother's keys, looks at them, and then puts them in her mouth and sucks on them. Katrina's use of the keys as a pacifier is an example of which Piagetian concept? A. preoperational thinking B. assimilation C. acclimation D. scheme 49. Four-month-old Scott is given a new rattle. At first, he puts it in his mouth but then realizes that it makes sounds and begins to use it as a rattle. In this example, Scott's use of the rattle is an example of which Piagetian concept? A. preoperational thinking B. assimilation C. accommodation D. scheme 50. Which of the following is the Russian psychologist who proposed a theory of development based on the idea that children use psychological tools to develop higher levels of thinking? A. Vygotsky B. Piaget C. Freud D. Bronfenbrenner 51. The "zone of proximal development" refers to A. a child's IQ. B. the distance between what a child can do alone and what he or she needs help to do. C. sensorimotor thinking. D. how hard a child works to understand something. 52. The "zone of proximal development" is associated with which theorist? A. Freud B. Piaget C. Bronfenbrenner D. Vygotsky 53. Which of the following is NOT a part of the human information processing model? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. scheme D. sensory register 54. When 8-year-old Jeff gets home from school, he tells his mother about what he did earlier that day. Jeff's ability to tell his mother about what happened reflects which part of the model of human information processing? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. scheme D. sensory register 55. Which component of the information processing model holds information long enough for evaluation and action on the input? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. scheme D. sensory register 56. Which component of the information processing model has an unlimited capacity for storing information? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. scheme D. sensory register 57. Bronfenbrenner's model of development is referred to as the A. ecological model. B. ethological model. C. dynamic model. D. schematic model. 58. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the toys a child plays with is considered to be part of the A. microsystem. B. exosystem. C. macrosystem. D. mesosystem. 59. Which of the following encompasses the microsystem of Bronfenbrenner's model? A. a child's toys B. neighbors C. cultural values D. television 60. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the customs and values of a culture that influence the child are considered to be the A. microsystem. B. exosystem. C. macrosystem. D. mesosystem. 61. One of the newest theories in the study of development is A. dynamic systems theory. B. psychosexual theory. C. ethological theory. D. psychosocial theory. 62. The theory that is based on the idea that complex systems form from simple conditions is A. dynamic systems theory. B. psychosexual theory. C. ethological theory. D. psychosocial theory. 63. The idea that a new behavior, such as walking, emerges out of several different behaviors that eventually work together to produce this new ability best fits which theory of child development? A. scheme theory B. psychosexual theory C. evolutionary theory D. dynamic systems theory 64. Individual parts of a system are called A. dynamic organizers. B. rate-limiting components. C. control parameters. D. schemes. 65. According to dynamic systems theory, when the __________ develops, a new form evolves. A. dynamic organizer B. rate-limiting component C. control parameter D. scheme 66. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps involved in the use of the scientific method? A. formulating a hypothesis B. finding money to fund the study C. designing a study D. collecting data 67. Formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting evidence, and interpreting the evidence are all part of A. the ethical principles of a researcher. B. the scientific method. C. projective techniques. D. theory development. 68. One of the greatest advantages of the scientific method is that A. it encourages scientists to test their ideas and base their conclusions on evidence. B. its use prevents scientists from engaging in ethical abuses. C. its use allows developmentalists to be as scientific as physicists or chemists. D. it prevents scientists from dealing in fruitless debates over philosophical questions. 69. To be certain that the results of their study are attributable to the variables they studied, researchers use A. schemes. B. the scientific method. C. theories. D. hypotheses. 70. Research designed to answer fundamental questions is referred to as A. basic research. B. applied research. C. scientific research. D. experimental research. 71. Studying the best way to treat children with autism is an example of A. basic research. B. applied research. C. scientific research. D. experimental research. 72. Which of the following is true about applied and basic research? A. They are both necessary for understanding child development. B. Applied research is more important because it focuses on real issues. C. Basic research is more important because it is more scientifically valid. D. They both have serious problems that limit their usefulness in understanding child development. 73. Maria keeps a written journal of her son's early development. Maria's journal is an example of a(n) A. clinical interview study. B. case study. C. experimental study. D. survey study. 74. Itard's study of Victor, the Wild Boy of Averyon, is an example of a(n) A. clinical interview study. B. case study. C. experimental study. D. survey study. 75. Age differences in language development are most likely to affect the usefulness of data collected in A. case studies. B. experimental studies. C. naturalistic studies. D. clinical interview studies. 76. The U.S. census is an example of which type of research? A. case study B. experimental study C. survey study D. clinical interview study 77. When researchers look at people in their normal habitats without intervening in any way, they are using __________ methods. A. clinical B. naturalistic C. experimental D. longitudinal 78. In a study of adolescents' spending habits, a researcher observes the purchases that adolescents make at the local mall. This observation is an example of which type of research? A. case study B. experimental study C. survey study D. naturalistic study 79. The main limitation of naturalistic studies is A. the ability to determine cause and effect. B. the ability to study important questions. C. the ethical issues involved. D. the ability to study people in their usual settings. 80. A correlation coefficient ranges from A. -1 to +1 B. 0 to 100 C. 0 to 1 D. -100 to +100 81. The relation between a child's height and age is an example of A. positive correlation. B. negative correlation. C. independent variable. D. dependent variable. 82. Dr. Johnston collects information on children's vitamin C status and their sleeping patterns. She then looks at the relation between them. Dr. Johnston's research is an example of A. correlational research. B. experimental research C. ethological research. D. survey research. 83. Dr. Johnston collects information on children's vitamin C consumption and their sleeping patterns. She then looks at the relation between them and finds that the more vitamin C children consume the less they sleep. Dr. Johnston's findings reflect A. a positive correlation. B. a negative correlation. C. no correlation. D. a dependent correlation. 84. When two variables are systematically related, they are said to be A. controlled. B. correlated. C. random. D. dependent. 85. A researcher, Dr. Arrowhead, finds that children who play Power Rangers are more active. Dr. Arrowhead concludes that playing Power Rangers causes an increased activity level in children. So he suggests that children will be less active if not allowed to play Power Rangers. On the basis of this research, what can we conclude? A. Dr. Arrowhead is not a great scientist: Correlation does not indicate causation. B. Dr. Arrowhead is not a great scientist: He has not carefully defined activity level. C. Dr. Arrowhead is probably correct. D. Dr. Arrowhead is unethical and should not be making children become more active. 86. A major advantage of using an experimental setting is that A. it is not artificial or contrived. B. people can be assured of behaving normally. C. one can better determine the cause of behavior. D. one can distinguish between independent and dependent variables. 87. The most difficult ethical principle in carrying out research with infants and young children is A. confidentiality of results. B. providing benefits to the participant. C. informed consent. D. protecting the right to privacy. 88. To minimize the effects of factors that cannot be controlled, an experimenter uses A. independent variables. B. dependent variables. C. control groups. D. random sampling and random assignment. 89. Which of the following types of research involves control of an independent variable? A. correlational B. clinical C. experimental D. naturalistic 90. In experimental settings, the observer can systematically change __________ and observe the resulting behavior. A. the dependent variable B. the experimental design C. the independent variable D. his or her hypothesis 91. In an experiment designed to determine whether middle-class sixth grade girls and boys perform better in math after eating breakfast compared to middle-class sixth grade girls and boys who did not eat breakfast, the dependent variable is A. whether or not the children ate breakfast. B. performance on the math test. C. sex of the child. D. social class of the child. 92. In an experiment designed to determine whether middle-class sixth grade girls and boys perform better in math after eating breakfast compared to middle-class sixth grade girls and boys who did not eat breakfast, the independent variable is A. whether or not the children ate breakfast. B. performance on the math test. C. the sex of the child. D. the social class of the child. 93. Meta-analysis refers to A. objectively analyzing existing findings. B. subjectively reviewing existing findings. C. duplicating existing findings. D. disproving existing findings. 94. Researchers often use control groups in studies because A. they need to know how the variable studied affects two very different groups. B. they may lose control over the original group studied. C. doing so helps to ensure that a difference in outcome is attributable to the variable studied. D. it provides a second chance to study the effects of the variable should an error occur with the original group. 95. Suppose a researcher randomly assigns 60 ninth-grade students to one of two groups. Group 1 receives physical fitness training before taking the memory test, whereas Group 2 does not. Group 2 in this experiment is classified as a(n) A. control group. B. dependent group. C. experimental group. D. correlational group. 96. A study that involves comparing separate groups of children of different ages at one point in time defines A. a cross-sectional study. B. an experimental study. C. naturalistic observation. D. a longitudinal study. 97. A study that compares the reading habits of first-grade, third-grade, and fifth-grade students is an example of A. longitudinal research. B. sequential research. C. cross-sectional research. D. survey research. 98. Which type of research assesses change over time? A. longitudinal research B. sequential research C. cross-sectional research D. survey research 99. A longitudinal design measures A. different people on a particular characteristic. B. the same people more than once. C. human development through intellectual changes. D. human development through personality changes. 100. A cohort refers to A. randomized assignment of individuals in an experiment. B. the control group. C. a unique birth group. D. correlated findings. 101. Which type of design combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal research strategies? A. cohort-sequential B. correlational C. naturalistic D. clinical interview 102. Which type of measure yields the most subjective data? A. behavioral B. self-report C. projective D. physiological 103. Which of the following types of measure is the easiest to gather? A. behavioral B. self-report C. projective D. physiological MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. D 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. B 37. D 38. B 39. D 40. A 41. C 42. A 43. A 44. D 45. D 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. C 50. A 51. B 52. D 53. C 54. B 55. A 56. B 57. A 58. A 59. A 60. C 61. A 62. A 63. D 64. C 65. B 66. B 67. B 68. A 69. B 70. A 71. B 72. A 73. B 74. B 75. D 76. C 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. A 81. A 82. A 83. B 84. B 85. A 86. C 87. C 88. D 89. C 90. C 91. B 92. A 93. A 94. C 95. A 96. A 97. C 98. A 99. B 100. C 101. A 102. C 103. B