By the mid-nineteenth century    	4	the American West closely resembled its popular image.   	Anglo-American settlers had been able to make the West their own.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The most widespread Native American groups in the American West were    	2	the Indians of the Southwest.   	the Plains Indians.   	the Five Civilized Tribes.   	the Indians of the Northwest.   	   	
Which statement about the Plains Indians is NOT true?    	3	They subsisted largely through buffalo hunting.   	Their societies were based on extended family networks.   	Their religion was a combination of Christianity and a belief in the spiritual power of the natural world.  	They engaged in frequent warfare with rival tribes.   	The roles of women were largely domestic.   	
Which tribe should NOT be included among the Plains Indians?    	5	the Pawnee   	the Sioux   	the Arapaho   	the Cheyenne   	the Pueblo   	
The stories of Hispanic California and Texas    	1	were quite similar.   	saw the Hispanic aristocracy decline in Texas, but not in California.   	saw Mexican laborers increasingly impoverished in California, but not in Texas.  	both b and c   	   	
Chinese "coolies"    	2	describe nearly all Chinese immigrants.   	were indentured servants.   	arrived on the West Coast in high numbers even before the gold rush.   	both a and b   	none of the above   	
Which statement describing the white response to Chinese immigration is the MOST accurate?   	1	The Chinese were initially welcomed and gradually opposed.   	The Chinese were consistently welcomed.   	The Chinese were consistently opposed.   	The Chinese were initially opposed, but gradually welcomed.   	   	
Which statement about Chinese laborers in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century is NOT true?   	3	They engaged in strikes.   	They made up the vast majority of laborers on the western half of the transcontinental railroad.  	They shifted from railroad work to the mines.   	They tended to stay together as members of the same clan or community in China.  	They tended to be isolated from non-Chinese laborers.   	
"Tongs" were    	4	a means of punishment.   	prostitutes.   	Chinatown officials.   	secret societies.   	merchants.   	
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882    	2	constituted a permanent ban on Chinese immigration.   	prevented Chinese already in the United States from becoming naturalized American citizens.  	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement about western homesteading is the MOST accurate?    	2	Although 160 acres was quite small for grazing and grain farming, Congress refused to offer grants of land beyond the original homestead Act of 1862. 	More homestead claims were abandoned than not.   	If homesteaders improved their land, they did not have to pay the government anything for it.  	The government was careful to root out fraud in the administration of the Homestead Act.  	Each statement is generally accurate.   	
Utah was denied statehood until it abandoned    	3	slavery.   	claims to bordering states.   	polygamy.   	claims to federal land within its borders.   	suppression of Indians.   	
The western working class was    	2	virtually nonexistent.   	quite multiracial.   	protected by progressive legislation.   	not divided along racial lines.   	radical in its politics.   	
In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was the LEAST important western industry?   	2	mining   	fur trading   	ranching   	commercial farming   	   	
Which statement about western mining is the MOST accurate?    	1	The "bonanza kings" were more likely to come from poor backgrounds than the industrial tycoons of the East.  	The gold and silver discoveries were not only exciting, but proved of greater importance to the development of the West than any other mineral.  	Vigilante law was more myth than reality.   	In sexually imbalanced western mining towns there was always a ready need for marriage brokers.  	Those who flocked to mining towns and failed to get rich generally returned to the East.  	
During the late nineteenth century the railroad    	3	gave birth to the range-cattle industry by making markets more accessible.  	ended the range-cattle industry by bringing farmers to the area.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which of the following did NOT happen to the open range over time?    	4	It became increasingly overstocked.   	It became increasingly corporate.   	It eventually died out.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians as    	3	members of independent nations.   	wards of the president.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The Indian Peace Commission    	5	put in place the new reservation policy known as "concentration."   	was composed of members of Congress.   	declared open war on the Indian.   	created the Bureau of Indian Affairs.   	none of the above   	
The Bureau of Indian Affairs    	1	used political patronage in hiring agents.   	was highly competent.   	was a part of the War Department.   	helped preserve the buffalo.   	none of the above   	
During the Civil War, the eastern Sioux    	5	fought a war against whites in Minnesota.   	killed hundreds of whites.   	saw warriors executed for killing whites.   	were exiled to points west.   	all of the above   	
The Sand Creek Massacre    	4	was a slaughter of white soldiers.   	saw the death of Black Kettle.   	involved General Custer.   	took place in Colorado.   	   	
The Battle of Little Big Horn    	5	took place in Wyoming.   	was not a surprise to Custer.   	involved a fairly small contingent of Indians.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The Nez Percé were    	5	located in the Pacific Northwest.   	a small, peaceful tribe.   	cooperative with the federal government.   	anxious to reach Canada.   	all of the above   	
Who among the following died violently?    	1	Black Kettle   	Sitting Bull   	Chief Joseph   	Crazy Horse   	All of the above did.   	
Conflict between the federal government and which tribe marked the formal end of war between Washington and the Native American?   	5	the Sioux   	the Nez PercÈ   	the Arapaho   	the Pawnee   	the Apache   	
The "Ghost Dance"    	2	was a private affair.   	imagined the removal of whites.   	lamented the loss of the buffalo.   	led to an Indian-inspired war at Wounded Knee.   	created fear among Indians, but not among whites.   	
The Dawes Act    	4	preceded the tragedy of Wounded Knee.   	gradually abolished the practice by which tribes owned land communally.   	allotted land to individual Indians, but did not provide American citizenship.  	only a and b   	all of the first three   	
In applying the Dawes Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs    	3	ignored the matter of assimilation.   	was lukewarm toward the matter of assimilation.   	was ruthless in trying to carry out assimilation.   	   	   	
The railroad companies    	1	actively promoted settlement by charging low fares.   	set high prices for their land, but provided liberal terms of credit.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement about western farming is the MOST accurate?    	2	Immigration projects could be readily handled by state governments.   	Most who moved into the region had previously been farmers.   	The price of wheat went steadily upward.   	Barbed wire was a European invention.   	None of the above is accurate.   	
In the late nineteenth century commercial agriculture    	2	was generally self-sufficient.   	specialized in cash crops.   	was quite independent of bankers.   	did not do as well economically as the rest of the nation.   	   	
The major grievances of the western farmers were directed at    	2	banks.   	railroads.   	state governments.   	middlemen.   	the federal government.   	
Hamlin Garland    	5	romanticized agrarian life.   	led farm protest movements.   	was a major inventor.   	owned railroads.   	none of the above   	
The real West of the mid-nineteenth century bore little resemblance to its popular image.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Despite the westerner's self-image of rugged individualism, this part of the country relied heavily on assistance from the federal government.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Permanent settlements were rare among the Plains Indians.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Plains Indians were formidable foes of white settlers, especially because they were usually able to present a united front against those white settlers.  	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Luckily, the Plains Indians were not terribly vulnerable to infectious diseases brought from the eastern United States.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the mid-nineteenth century Hispanic society in the Southwest grew, despite the increasing Anglo-American settlement in that area.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The power of the Navaho and Apache tribes in the Southwest was broken by Hispanic settlers before the arrival of the United States Army.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century the Hispanic presence in California was concentrated in the working class.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By 1880 Chinese immigrants and their descendants accounted for nearly 10 percent of the population of California.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White hostility to the Chinese immigrant was rooted in the perception that the Chinese were lazy.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
A number of Chinese immigrants worked in the mines of California before turning to the railroad for employment.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Workers on the West Coast were more likely than employers to protest against Chinese immigrants.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
A homestead unit of 160 acres was approximately the right size for grain farming on the Great Plains.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Timber Culture Act and the Desert Land Act were both designed to squeeze individual homesteaders out of the American West.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century the American West was firmly tied to the increasingly powerful industrial economy of the East.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The western working class was not just highly multiracial, but stratified along racial lines.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
When forced to choose sides, white laborers in the West generally supported white bosses over nonwhite fellow workers.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The most valuable ore in the great Comstock Lode was silver.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Although gold and silver generated the most popular excitement in the West, less glamorous natural resources proved more important to the long-run development of the West.  	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Those who flocked to mining towns only to fail to strike it rich most often returned to the East.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By ancestry, the western cattle industry was Mexican and Texan.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
"Texas fever" refers to the overwhelming desire to get into the cattle business.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During the latter half of the nineteenth century the structure of the cattle industry became increasingly corporate.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The post-1850 federal government reservation policy for Native Americans had great benefits for both whites and Indians.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Management of Indian affairs by the federal government was in the hands of the army.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Sand Creek Massacre was a rare story of Indians killing whites.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
At the end of the Civil War, whites stepped up their wars against the western Indians on several fronts.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Custer's defeat at Little Big Horn in 1876 was made possible in part by an unprecedentedly large army of tribal warriors.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The story of the Nez Percé Indians is the story of a peaceful tribe forced to turn terribly violent.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White agents who observed the Indian "Ghost Dance" often did so in bewilderment and fear.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Dawes Severalty Act provided for the gradual elimination of most tribal ownership of land.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Native Americans were generally willing to accept the terms of the Dawes Act.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most of the white people who moved into the West had previously been farmers in the Middle West, the East, or Europe.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Large-scale commercial farmers in the Midwest and West were forced to become self-sufficient.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Late-nineteenth-century American farmers increasingly sold their produce in competitive international markets and bought their supplies in a domestic market protected by tariffs.  	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Hamlin Garland wrote novels celebrating the hope and spirit of the American West.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE