By the mid-nineteenth century    	4	the American West closely resembled its popular image.   	Anglo-American settlers had been able to make the West their own.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The most widespread Native American groups in the American West were    	2	the Indians of the Southwest.   	the Plains Indians.   	the Five Civilized Tribes.   	the Indians of the Northwest.   	   	
Which statement about the Plains Indians is NOT true?    	3	They subsisted largely through buffalo hunting.   	Their societies were based on extended family networks.   	Their religion was a combination of Christianity and a belief in the spiritual power of the natural world.  	They engaged in frequent warfare with rival tribes.   	The roles of women were largely domestic.   	
Which tribe should NOT be included among the Plains Indians?    	5	the Pawnee   	the Sioux   	the Arapaho   	the Cheyenne   	the Pueblo   	
The stories of Hispanic California and Texas    	1	were quite similar.   	saw the Hispanic aristocracy decline in Texas, but not in California.   	saw Mexican laborers increasingly impoverished in California, but not in Texas.  	both b and c   	   	
Chinese "coolies"    	2	describe nearly all Chinese immigrants.   	were indentured servants.   	arrived on the West Coast in high numbers even before the gold rush.   	both a and b   	none of the above   	
Which statement describing the white response to Chinese immigration is the MOST accurate?   	1	The Chinese were initially welcomed and gradually opposed.   	The Chinese were consistently welcomed.   	The Chinese were consistently opposed.   	The Chinese were initially opposed, but gradually welcomed.   	   	
Which statement about Chinese laborers in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century is NOT true?   	3	They engaged in strikes.   	They made up the vast majority of laborers on the western half of the transcontinental railroad.  	They shifted from railroad work to the mines.   	They tended to stay together as members of the same clan or community in China.  	They tended to be isolated from non-Chinese laborers.   	
"Tongs" were    	4	a means of punishment.   	prostitutes.   	Chinatown officials.   	secret societies.   	merchants.   	
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882    	2	constituted a permanent ban on Chinese immigration.   	prevented Chinese already in the United States from becoming naturalized American citizens.  	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement about western homesteading is the MOST accurate?    	2	Although 160 acres was quite small for grazing and grain farming, Congress refused to offer grants of land beyond the original homestead Act of 1862. 	More homestead claims were abandoned than not.   	If homesteaders improved their land, they did not have to pay the government anything for it.  	The government was careful to root out fraud in the administration of the Homestead Act.  	Each statement is generally accurate.   	
Utah was denied statehood until it abandoned    	3	slavery.   	claims to bordering states.   	polygamy.   	claims to federal land within its borders.   	suppression of Indians.   	
The western working class was    	2	virtually nonexistent.   	quite multiracial.   	protected by progressive legislation.   	not divided along racial lines.   	radical in its politics.   	
In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was the LEAST important western industry?   	2	mining   	fur trading   	ranching   	commercial farming   	   	
Which statement about western mining is the MOST accurate?    	1	The "bonanza kings" were more likely to come from poor backgrounds than the industrial tycoons of the East.  	The gold and silver discoveries were not only exciting, but proved of greater importance to the development of the West than any other mineral.  	Vigilante law was more myth than reality.   	In sexually imbalanced western mining towns there was always a ready need for marriage brokers.  	Those who flocked to mining towns and failed to get rich generally returned to the East.  	
During the late nineteenth century the railroad    	3	gave birth to the range-cattle industry by making markets more accessible.  	ended the range-cattle industry by bringing farmers to the area.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which of the following did NOT happen to the open range over time?    	4	It became increasingly overstocked.   	It became increasingly corporate.   	It eventually died out.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians as    	3	members of independent nations.   	wards of the president.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The Indian Peace Commission    	5	put in place the new reservation policy known as "concentration."   	was composed of members of Congress.   	declared open war on the Indian.   	created the Bureau of Indian Affairs.   	none of the above   	
The Bureau of Indian Affairs    	1	used political patronage in hiring agents.   	was highly competent.   	was a part of the War Department.   	helped preserve the buffalo.   	none of the above   	
During the Civil War, the eastern Sioux    	5	fought a war against whites in Minnesota.   	killed hundreds of whites.   	saw warriors executed for killing whites.   	were exiled to points west.   	all of the above   	
The Sand Creek Massacre    	4	was a slaughter of white soldiers.   	saw the death of Black Kettle.   	involved General Custer.   	took place in Colorado.   	   	
The Battle of Little Big Horn    	5	took place in Wyoming.   	was not a surprise to Custer.   	involved a fairly small contingent of Indians.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The Nez Percé were    	5	located in the Pacific Northwest.   	a small, peaceful tribe.   	cooperative with the federal government.   	anxious to reach Canada.   	all of the above   	
Who among the following died violently?    	1	Black Kettle   	Sitting Bull   	Chief Joseph   	Crazy Horse   	All of the above did.   	
Conflict between the federal government and which tribe marked the formal end of war between Washington and the Native American?   	5	the Sioux   	the Nez PercÈ   	the Arapaho   	the Pawnee   	the Apache   	
The "Ghost Dance"    	2	was a private affair.   	imagined the removal of whites.   	lamented the loss of the buffalo.   	led to an Indian-inspired war at Wounded Knee.   	created fear among Indians, but not among whites.   	
The Dawes Act    	4	preceded the tragedy of Wounded Knee.   	gradually abolished the practice by which tribes owned land communally.   	allotted land to individual Indians, but did not provide American citizenship.  	only a and b   	all of the first three   	
In applying the Dawes Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs    	3	ignored the matter of assimilation.   	was lukewarm toward the matter of assimilation.   	was ruthless in trying to carry out assimilation.   	   	   	
The railroad companies    	1	actively promoted settlement by charging low fares.   	set high prices for their land, but provided liberal terms of credit.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement about western farming is the MOST accurate?    	2	Immigration projects could be readily handled by state governments.   	Most who moved into the region had previously been farmers.   	The price of wheat went steadily upward.   	Barbed wire was a European invention.   	None of the above is accurate.   	
In the late nineteenth century commercial agriculture    	2	was generally self-sufficient.   	specialized in cash crops.   	was quite independent of bankers.   	did not do as well economically as the rest of the nation.   	   	
The major grievances of the western farmers were directed at    	2	banks.   	railroads.   	state governments.   	middlemen.   	the federal government.   	
Hamlin Garland    	5	romanticized agrarian life.   	led farm protest movements.   	was a major inventor.   	owned railroads.   	none of the above   	
The real West of the mid-nineteenth century bore little resemblance to its popular image.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Despite the westerner's self-image of rugged individualism, this part of the country relied heavily on assistance from the federal government.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Permanent settlements were rare among the Plains Indians.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Plains Indians were formidable foes of white settlers, especially because they were usually able to present a united front against those white settlers.  	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Luckily, the Plains Indians were not terribly vulnerable to infectious diseases brought from the eastern United States.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the mid-nineteenth century Hispanic society in the Southwest grew, despite the increasing Anglo-American settlement in that area.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The power of the Navaho and Apache tribes in the Southwest was broken by Hispanic settlers before the arrival of the United States Army.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century the Hispanic presence in California was concentrated in the working class.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By 1880 Chinese immigrants and their descendants accounted for nearly 10 percent of the population of California.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White hostility to the Chinese immigrant was rooted in the perception that the Chinese were lazy.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
A number of Chinese immigrants worked in the mines of California before turning to the railroad for employment.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Workers on the West Coast were more likely than employers to protest against Chinese immigrants.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
A homestead unit of 160 acres was approximately the right size for grain farming on the Great Plains.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Timber Culture Act and the Desert Land Act were both designed to squeeze individual homesteaders out of the American West.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century the American West was firmly tied to the increasingly powerful industrial economy of the East.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The western working class was not just highly multiracial, but stratified along racial lines.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
When forced to choose sides, white laborers in the West generally supported white bosses over nonwhite fellow workers.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The most valuable ore in the great Comstock Lode was silver.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Although gold and silver generated the most popular excitement in the West, less glamorous natural resources proved more important to the long-run development of the West.  	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Those who flocked to mining towns only to fail to strike it rich most often returned to the East.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By ancestry, the western cattle industry was Mexican and Texan.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
"Texas fever" refers to the overwhelming desire to get into the cattle business.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During the latter half of the nineteenth century the structure of the cattle industry became increasingly corporate.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The post-1850 federal government reservation policy for Native Americans had great benefits for both whites and Indians.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Management of Indian affairs by the federal government was in the hands of the army.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Sand Creek Massacre was a rare story of Indians killing whites.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
At the end of the Civil War, whites stepped up their wars against the western Indians on several fronts.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Custer's defeat at Little Big Horn in 1876 was made possible in part by an unprecedentedly large army of tribal warriors.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The story of the Nez Percé Indians is the story of a peaceful tribe forced to turn terribly violent.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White agents who observed the Indian "Ghost Dance" often did so in bewilderment and fear.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Dawes Severalty Act provided for the gradual elimination of most tribal ownership of land.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Native Americans were generally willing to accept the terms of the Dawes Act.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most of the white people who moved into the West had previously been farmers in the Middle West, the East, or Europe.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Large-scale commercial farmers in the Midwest and West were forced to become self-sufficient.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Late-nineteenth-century American farmers increasingly sold their produce in competitive international markets and bought their supplies in a domestic market protected by tariffs.  	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Hamlin Garland wrote novels celebrating the hope and spirit of the American West.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Which of the following did NOT contribute significantly to the growth of American industry in the late nineteenth century?   	3	an abundant supply of raw materials   	a ready supply of both laborers and capitalists   	a federal government indifferent to the success or failure of private economic ventures  	an expanding domestic market   	a series of technological advances   	
Who among the following did not make contributions to technological improvements in communications?   	3	Cyrus Field   	Thomas Edison   	Alexander Graham Bell   	William Kelly   	All of the above did.   	
Who among the following is NOT to be associated with the development of electricity?   	3	Charles Brush   	Thomas Edison   	Henry Bessemer   	Each of the above was.   	   	
Who among the following is NOT to be associated with developments in the steel industry?   	4	Henry Bessemer   	William Kelly   	Abraham Hewitt   	Each of the above was.   	   	
The American steel industry first emerged in    	1	western Pennsylvania.   	New England.   	New York.   	Alabama.   	the Great Lakes region.   	
The oil industry first began to develop in the late nineteenth century in response to the needs of   	2	the automobile industry.   	the steel industry.   	a war economy.   	the railroad industry   	cities.   	
Who among the following is NOT to be associated with transportation?    	4	the Wright brothers   	Charles Duryea   	Henry Ford   	All of the above were.   	   	
Frederick Taylor    	4	opposed the machine age.   	believed in the importance of highly skilled workers.   	generally disagreed with the industrial ideas of Henry Ford.   	sought to enhance employers' control of the workplace.   	wanted workers to be able to perform many different, if generally simple, tasks.  	
The father of mass production in the United States was    	4	Charles Duryea.   	Henry Bessemer.   	Thomas Edison.   	George Pullman.   	Henry Ford.   	
The principal agent for industrial development in the late nineteenth century was   	2	the auto industry.   	the railroad.   	government.   	the military.   	the steel industry.   	
Vital to the expansion of the railroad were subsidies from    	4	state governments.   	local governments.   	the federal government.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Which statement about the history of the corporation during the nineteenth century is NOT true?   	2	The ability to sell stock directly to the public helped entrepreneurs gather significant sums of capital.  	Individual investors became increasingly liable for any debts the corporation might have.  	Incorporation was pioneered by the railroad industry.   	Direct government grants of money were not critical to corporate development.  	Each statement is essentially true.   	
Who among the following is NOT to be associated primarily with the steel industry?   	4	Henry Clay Frick   	Andrew Carnegie   	J. P. Morgan   	James J. Hill   	Each of the above was.   	
The story of Andrew Carnegie included all but    	3	the success of an immigrant.   	his financing of his undertakings out of profits and sale of stock.   	his creation of U.S. Steel in opposition to J. P. Morgan.   	his taking an interest in the making and selling of steel from mine to market.  	his concentrating of his industrial efforts in western Pennsylvania.   	
"Horizontal integration"    	4	was quite similar to "vertical integration."   	saw a number of firms engaged in different enterprises combine into a single corporation.  	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Carnegie Steel was a good example of    	1	vertical integration.   	horizontal integration.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Standard Oil was a good example of    	3	vertical integration.   	horizontal integration.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
John D. Rockefeller expanded horizontally by building his own    	4	barrel factories.   	terminal warehouses.   	pipelines.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
To Rockefeller, the greatest curse of the modern economy was    	2	government regulation.   	cutthroat competition.   	the income tax.   	the corporate tax.   	antitrust legislation.   	
With which of the following did Rockefeller experiment?    	5	trusts   	pools   	holding companies   	only a and b   	all of the first three   	
Which statement about Social Darwinism is NOT true?    	1	It was an ideology which aptly described the realities of the late nineteenth-century American economy.  	The first major proponent of this ideology was not an American, but an Englishman.  	The Gospel of Wealth touted a less harsh form of Social Darwinism.   	Ideas of Social Darwinism stemmed from Charles Darwin's study of the biological origin of the species.  	   	
The most important public advocate of the "gospel of wealth" was    	2	John D. Rockefeller.   	Andrew Carnegie.   	William Graham Sumner.   	J. P. Morgan.   	Herbert Spencer.   	
Who among the following did NOT promote the virtues of wealth?    	5	Andrew Carnegie   	Horatio Alger   	Russell Conwell   	Herbert Spencer   	All of the above did.   	
Horatio Alger    	1	like Russell Conwell, was a trained minister.   	was a novelist second and a speaker first.   	wrote The Gospel of Wealth.   	advanced the ideas of Lester Ward.   	advocated the single tax.   	
Lester Frank Ward    	1	was a Darwinist, but not a Social Darwinist.   	held out for the primacy of natural selection.   	essentially agreed with William Graham Sumner.   	saw himself primarily as a labor organizer.   	preached laissez-faire ideas.   	
The late-nineteenth-century advocate of the single tax was    	3	Edward Bellamy.   	Lester Ward.   	Henry George.   	Daniel De Leon.   	   	
Daniel De Leon    	2	believed in laissez-faire ideas.   	founded a radical political party.   	wrote a utopian novel.   	accepted the inevitability of monopoly.   	thought the interests of organized labor should be primary.   	
Henry George's "single tax" was to be a tax on    	3	land.   	profits.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Henry George argued that his single tax would    	5	destroy monopolies.   	distribute wealth more equitably.   	eliminate poverty.   	only a and b   	all of the first three.   	
Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward    	5	describes a violent revolution.   	posits the collapse of a perfect world.   	extols the virtues of competition.   	accepts the necessity of class divisions.   	none of the above   	
The growth of industrial capitalism made the American working class    	3	a beneficiary of its success.   	a victim of its excesses.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
During the 1870s and 1880s most of the immigrants to the United States came from   	2	Italy and the Slavic countries.   	England, Ireland, and northern Europe.   	Poland and Russia.   	Japan and China.   	Central America.   	
The Labor Contract Law    	4	discouraged immigration.   	was enacted just as the sources of immigration began to shift from northern to southern Europe.  	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement concerning women and late-nineteenth-century factory work is NOT accurate?   	3	As the need for skilled workers decreased, the number of women working in factories increased.  	The textile industry remained the largest single industrial employer of women.  	The most common female occupation was teaching.   	Women worked for wages well below wages paid to men for similar work.   	Each statement is essentially accurate.   	
Which statement about late-nineteenth-century child labor and child labor laws is the MOST accurate?   	3	Child labor laws were reserved to the federal government.   	Most child workers were employed in mines.   	Children who worked in agriculture were exempt from child labor laws.   	Congress succeeded in passing a child labor law by the 1890s.   	   	
The Molly Maguires constituted a militant    	3	woman suffrage organization.   	antiprostitution organization.   	labor union.   	anarchist society.   	environmentalist group.   	
The great railroad strike of 1877    	5	was launched in response to a wage cut.   	led to the calling out of federal troops.   	began in the East and spread west.   	none of the above   	all of the above   	
The country's first major national labor conflict involved what industry?    	1	railroads   	steel   	automobiles   	textiles   	oil   	
The Knights of Labor    	4	was primarily a trade union.   	permitted women to join.   	was not terribly well organized.   	both b and c   	none of the above   	
The Knights of Labor    	3	was led by Samuel Gompers.   	believed in the "wage system."   	excluded lawyers and gamblers.   	did not peak until after the decline of the American Federation of Labor.   	none of the above   	
The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor were divided by their positions on   	4	the use of the strike.   	separate craft unions versus one big union.   	modern capitalism.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The Haymarket Square riot of 1886    	5	led to the deaths of policemen and civilians.   	resulted in the convictions, but not executions, of anarchists.   	took place in New York City.   	left anarchists vulnerable to the charge that they were really trade unionists.  	both a and b   	
The story of the Homestead strike of 1892    	1	began with a wage cut.   	involved John D. Rockefeller.   	concerned the meatpacking industry.   	involved angry farmers who wanted their own land.   	saw the workers stage a surprising win.   	
Which story of labor strife did NOT involve state or federal troops?    	1	the Haymarket Square riot   	the Homestead strike   	the great railroad strike   	the Pullman strike   	   	
The Pullman strike of 1894    	2	was occasioned by the shutting down of the Pullman Company towns.   	involved Eugene Debs and the American Railway Union.   	was successful.   	saw the governor of Illinois request federal troops.   	saw the president portray himself as a friend of labor.   	
The eventual leader of American socialism, Eugene Debs, played a leading role in what strike?   	2	Homestead   	Pullman   	the great railroad strike   	none of the above   	   	
Late-nineteenth-century American workers failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT   	3	ethnic divisions within the work force.   	the shifting, temporary nature of many immigrant workers.   	the tendency of native workers to remain in one place.   	the power of corporate capitalism.   	the fact that the American Federation of Labor represented only skilled workers.  	
America's rise to industrial supremacy was not as sudden as has been suggested.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American oil industry emerged in the late nineteenth century largely in response to the needs of the steel industry.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Henry Ford built the first gasoline-driven motor vehicle in America.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
"Scientific management" was seen to be a way to increase the employees' control of the workplace.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Carnegie Steel was a good example of vertical integration.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was an example of a combination of horizontal and vertical integration.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The history of American business organization saw the "pool" replace the "trust."   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The new rationale for capitalism in the late nineteenth century rested on an older ideology of individualism.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most of the late-nineteenth-century business tycoons began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner could both be called Social Darwinists.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Social Darwinism was an ideology that had its critics, but it did have a lot to do with the realities of the late-nineteenth-century corporate economy.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Social Darwinism was designed to eliminate competition in the marketplace.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth was a harsher form of Social Darwinism.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Lester Frank Ward was a Darwinist who rejected the application of Darwinian laws to human society.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Lester Frank Ward and Daniel De Leon were both attracted to laissez-faire ideas.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Henry George sought to do away with social ills by levying a "single tax" on corporate profits.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward discovered a utopian world in eighteenth century America.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Neither Henry George nor Edward Bellamy was an advocate of revolution.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American working class was both a victim and a beneficiary of the growth of industrial capitalism.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
As of the 1870s and 1880s most immigrants to the United States came from England, Ireland, and northern Europe.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
At the end of the nineteenth century the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort.  	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the turn of the century, factory work in the United States was requiring ever-increasing levels of skill.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The great railroad strike of 1877 was put down by both state militias and federal troops.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Knights of Labor accepted both the eight-hour day and the wage system.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Knights of Labor was replaced by the American Federation of Labor as the most significant national labor union.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor favored the concept of one big union.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American Federation of Labor was more willing than the Knights of Labor to engage in strikes.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Homestead strike of 1892 was a rare example of a successful strike against an employer.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the Homestead strike of 1892 the Pinkertons were brought in on the side of labor.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Federal troops were deployed in the Pullman strike, but not in the Homestead strike.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
John Peter Altgeld and Grover Cleveland found themselves on the same side in the Pullman strike.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Congress's decision in 1885 to abolish the Contract Labor Law was a victory for labor.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Mark Twain referred to the two decades following Reconstruction as the    	2	Age of Excess.   	Gilded Age.   	new Civil War.   	Age of Disequilibrium.   	Great Barbeque.   	
The most striking feature of the late-nineteenth-century two-party system was its   	1	remarkable stability.   	general responsiveness.   	freedom from corruption.   	utter irrelevance.   	ideological divide.   	
Which statement about late-nineteenth-century competition between the two major parties is the MOST accurate?   	1	The Republicans generally captured the presidency.   	Most states fluctuated between the two major parties.   	While elections were generally quite close, the Democrats usually captured Congress.  	Each statement is essentially accurate.   	None of the above is accurate.   	
Which statement about voter turnout in the late nineteenth century is MOST accurate?   	3	It was quite high for presidential elections, but dropped off dramatically in nonpresidential election years.  	It was generally low for both.   	It was generally high for both.   	It was fairly low for presidential elections, but rose significantly for nonpresidential election years.  	   	
In the late nineteenth century the Republican Party dominated    	1	presidential elections.   	congressional elections.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The high degree of party loyalty in the late nineteenth century is explained primarily by   	3	the distinct position each party took on the major issues.   	one's occupation.   	one's regional identity.   	one's religious and/or ethnic background.   	one's income.   	
In the late nineteenth century the Democrats tended to attract great numbers of   	5	Catholics.   	recent immigrants.   	poorer workers.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
Late-nineteenth-century Republican voters tended to favor    	3	immigration restriction.   	temperance legislation.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The post-Civil War military pension system    	2	led to the creation of a general old-age pension system.   	was linked to party patronage and corruption.   	was introduced by believers in "good government."   	paid both Union and Confederate soldiers.   	excluded women.   	
The political battles between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds constituted battles    	1	within the Republican Party.   	between Democrats and Republicans.   	outside the two-party system entirely.   	within the Democratic Party.   	within third and fourth parties.   	
"Lemonade Lucy" is to be associated with    	4	James A. Garfield.   	Roscoe Conkling.   	James G. Blaine.   	Rutherford B. Hayes.   	Samuel Tilden.   	
James A. Garfield was    	5	a Half-Breed.   	a Republican.   	assassinated.   	only b and c   	all of the first three   	
Chester A. Arthur    	3	was a Stalwart and a believer in the "spoils system."   	signed the Pendleton Act, which created a national civil service.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
"Mugwumps" were    	3	"liberal Republicans."   	people sympathetic to James G. Blaine.   	people who left the Republican Party to vote for Grover Cleveland.   	assimilated Native Americans.   	whites sympathetic to Native Americans.   	
Grover Cleveland    	4	accused his enemies of advocating "rum, Romanism, and rebellion."   	was reluctant to use the veto.   	saw the necessity of high tariffs.   	served nonconsecutive presidential terms.   	flaunted his suspicions of reformers.   	
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890    	5	passed without significant opposition.   	was regarded as a largely symbolic piece of legislation.   	was steadily weakened by the courts.   	was used against labor unions.   	all of the above   	
The Republican Party of the late nineteenth century was interested primarily in   	3	refighting the Civil War.   	racial harmony.   	the tariff issue.   	the plight of the ex-slave.   	the prohibition of alcohol.   	
The Sherman Antitrust Act was used against    	3	business.   	labor.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The McKinley Act of 1890 dealt with    	3	pensions.   	recreation.   	the tariff.   	civil service reform.   	states' rights.   	
As president, Grover Cleveland    	5	supported tariff reductions.   	lost a battle for reelection.   	permitted an income tax proposal to become law.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
Which of the following was the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion"?    	4	the Republicans   	the Greenbackers   	the Populists   	the Democrats   	none of the above   	
The so-called Granger Laws were designed to    	2	link West and East.   	regulate railroads.   	regulate banks.   	root out corruption.   	provide loans to farmers.   	
In dealing with late-nineteenth-century economic problems, the federal government lacked   	3	the will to effect significant reform.   	the institutional capacity to bring about significant change.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which group of Americans watched the performance of the federal government in the 1880s with the MOST dismay?   	1	farmers   	bankers   	women   	immigrants   	owners of railroads   	
Which of the following is the correct chronological order?    	3	The Farmers' Alliances were created first, followed by the Grange movement and then the People's Party.  	The People's Party was created first, followed by the Farmers' Alliances and then the Grange movement.  	The Grange movement was created first, followed by the Farmers' Alliances and the People's Party.  	The Farmers' Alliances were created first, followed by the People's Party and then the Grange movement.  	The Grange movement was created first, followed by the People's Party and then the Farmers' Alliance system.  	
The Farmers' Alliance system    	1	was more widespread than the Grange movement.   	was limited to the Midwest.   	concentrated on politics, rather than economics.   	made a third-party movement unnecessary.   	none of the above   	
The election of 1892 saw the    	5	debut of the People's Party at the game of presidential politics.   	People's Party win electoral votes.   	Democrats win the presidency.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
The People's Party appealed to    	1	small farmers.   	old Knights of Labor workers.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The People's Party tended to appeal to farmers who    	3	relied on one crop.   	had little access to credit.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
In 1892 the People's Party called for    	4	a system of "subtreasuries."   	an end to capitalism.   	the abolition of national banks.   	both a and c   	both b and c   	
Which of the following did the People's Party NOT call for?    	2	direct election of senators   	a higher tariff   	a graduated income tax   	an end to absentee landownership   	inflation of the currency   	
The dominant force behind the Populist movement of the 1890s was    	2	racial and ethnic bigotry.   	a rejection of laissez-faire ideas.   	women's rights.   	reform of the Democratic Party.   	an alliance with labor.   	
The Panic of 1893    	4	hit while Grover Cleveland was president.   	triggered the most severe depression that had hit the United States to that point in its history.  	put Coxey's Army out of business.   	both a and b   	both a and c   	
Jacob Coxey    	5	led the Pullman strike.   	stressed government ownership of the railroads.   	was President Cleveland's chief economic adviser.   	helped organize the People's Party.   	none of the above   	
Jacob Coxey was    	5	a businessman.   	a Populist.   	an advocate of inflation.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
The "Crime of '73"    	3	officially discontinued the coinage of silver.   	reflected economic reality at the time it occurred.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which group of Americans was MOST determined to undo the "Crime of '73?"    	3	bankers   	government officials   	silver-mine owners   	eastern businessmen   	criminals   	
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act called for the federal government to    	1	purchase silver.   	coin silver.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
President Cleveland faced the severe economic problem of    	2	too much money in circulation.   	declining gold reserves.   	bankers demanding the "free coinage of silver."   	farmers worried about excessive inflation.   	banks failing at an alarming rate.   	
The election of 1896 was a contest between    	4	William McKinley and Grover Cleveland.   	Grover Cleveland and James Weaver.   	James Weaver and William Jennings Bryan.   	William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley.   	Grover Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan.   	
In the election of 1896 the Republicans    	3	endorsed a high tariff.   	opposed the free coinage of silver.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
In the election of 1896 the Democrats    	1	rejected the philosophy of an incumbent president.   	nominated a candidate committed to the gold standard.   	ran a southerner for president for the first time since the Civil War.   	spurned the People's Party.   	none of the above   	
Which section of the country remained the MOST loyal to Grover Cleveland?    	2	the South   	the East   	the Far West   	the Midwest   	none of the above   	
In 1896 the majority of the Democrats called for    	5	an income tax.   	more control over the trusts.   	free silver.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
In 1896 the Populists    	3	supported the free-silver cause with greater passion than William Jennings Bryan did.  	were pleased that the Democrats joined with them on a variety of issues.   	fused with the Democrats for the campaign against the Republicans.   	were philosophically closer to Grover Cleveland than to William Jennings Bryan.  	accepted both the Democratic presidential and vice presidential candidates.  	
In the election of 1896 William Jennings Bryan became the first presidential candidate to   	1	take his case directly to the American people.   	fail to carry a single state.   	ask for a recount.   	raise his own money fro his campaign.   	lose the electoral college vote, but win the popular vote.   	
William Jennings Bryan's campaign style attracted    	1	old-stock Protestant voters.   	urban ethnic voters.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The election of 1896 resulted in    	3	a resurgence for the Populist movement.   	the reelection of an incumbent president.   	a victory for higher tariffs.   	abandonment of the gold standard.   	the defeat of a conservative.   	
Which of the following benefited American agriculture during the 1890s?    	4	foreign crop failures   	new discoveries of gold   	the triumph of the Populist platform   	both a and b   	both b and c   	
Party loyalty in the late nineteenth century was grounded in issues of public policy.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The two-party system of the late nineteenth century was remarkably stable.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Democratic Party was clearly the dominant party of the late nineteenth century.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Voter turnout for presidential elections in the late nineteenth century was much higher in terms of percentages than is the case today.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White southerners in the late nineteenth century were generally Democratic.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Party identification in the late nineteenth century was usually a reflection more of cultural identity than of economic calculation.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Republican Party of the late nineteenth century appealed primarily to Protestants, north and south.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Cleveland generally questioned the wisdom of protective tariffs.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The presidential campaign of 1888 was the first since the Civil War to deal with a clear economic difference between the two major parties.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Benjamin Harrison was the first president since John Quincy Adams to be directly related to a previous president.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was largely a symbolic measure.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Republican Party was generally the party of high tariffs in the late nineteenth century.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Democratic President Grover Cleveland was fairly consistent in his belief in and commitment to minimal government.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Grange movement was not just social in nature; it engaged in politics as well.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Like the Granges, the Farmers' Alliances formed cooperatives and other marketing mechanisms.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The new People's Party sought to bring together farmers and urban workers.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During its short life, Populism was able to attract significant labor support.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Unfortunately, bigotry was the dominant force behind the Populist movement.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Populist movement offered a critique of and challenge to industrialization, capitalism, and laissez-faire orthodoxies.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The repercussions of the Panic of 1893 could still be felt during the presidential campaign of 1896.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The economic collapse of the 1890s was the worst to that point in American history.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Until the 1870s the United States coined both gold and silver.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Cleveland damaged himself politically when he moved to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In 1896 the Democratic Party sought to appeal primarily to voters in the West and South.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In 1896 the Populists refused to join with the Democrats.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
William Jennings Bryan's campaign appealed to old-stock Protestants even as it disturbed Catholic voters.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Once he was safely in office, President McKinley abandoned the gold standard.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During the late nineteenth century the supply of money did not keep pace with economic progress.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The 1920 census revealed that    	3	the frontier had closed.   	the American population was beginning to age.   	a majority of Americans now lived in "urban" areas.   	the rate of immigration was declining.   	women now outnumbered men.   	
The most important source of urban population growth in the late nineteenth century was supplied by   	2	southern blacks.   	European immigrants.   	a rise in the domestic birth rate.   	Asian immigrants.   	rural whites.   	
The new immigrants of the late nineteenth century had    	4	sufficient capital to buy farmland.   	enough education to begin establishing themselves in professions rather quickly.  	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The immigrant population in late-nineteenth-century American cities    	2	was confined to a few European countries.   	comprised a decided majority of a number of major cities.   	had generally emigrated from European cities.   	dispersed and Americanized quite rapidly.   	none of the above   	
Which immigrant group advanced economically the LEAST rapidly?    	1	the Irish   	the Germans   	the Jews   	   	   	
Most immigrants were    	5	adapting from a rural past to an urban present.   	fairly young.   	desired to assimilate.   	only b and c   	all of the first three   	
Which generation of immigrants was the MOST likely to break ties with its European past?   	2	the first   	the second   	the third   	   	   	
Assimilation of immigrants was encouraged by    	5	native-born Americans.   	public schools.   	church leaders.   	capitalism.   	all of the above   	
The American Protective Association directed its animosities primarily at    	4	Jews.   	blacks.   	Asians.   	Catholics.   	Slavs.   	
The Immigration Restriction League    	2	fought to ban all immigration.   	proposed screening immigrants through literacy tests.   	wanted to ban Asian, but not European, immigration.   	sought to place a tax on arriving immigrants.   	none of the above   	
The first group of immigrants to be excluded from the United States on the basis of their nationality were the   	1	Chinese.   	Japanese.   	Filipinos.   	Koreans.   	East Indians.   	
The first suburbs surrounding American cities were populated largely by    	3	poor people.   	the working class.   	the moderately well-to-do.   	people of great wealth.   	   	
In the late nineteenth century the population density of Manhattan was    	1	greater than that of the most crowded cities of Europe.   	about the same as that of the most crowded cities of Europe.   	significantly less than that of the most crowded cities of Europe.   	   	   	
Jacob Riis    	1	was himself an immigrant.   	comforted middle-class Americans.   	chronicled the lives of the wealthy.   	praised tenements as at least an improvement over conditions in urban Europe.  	none of the above   	
The tenements of urban America    	2	originally referred to slum dwellings.   	predated the Civil War.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which mode of urban mass transportation was NOT available as of World War I?    	5	horsecars   	elevated railroads   	subways   	electric trolley lines   	All of the above were.   	
In late-nineteenth-century American cities the murder rate was    	1	rising (even as it was declining in European cities).   	declining (even as it was rising in European cities).   	rising (as it was rising in European cities).   	declining (as it was declining in European cities).   	holding steady (as was the case in European cities).   	
Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie dealt with the urban plight of    	2	immigrant families.   	single women.   	rural American families.   	those falling down the economic ladder.   	radicals.   	
Most of the early urban immigrant political bosses were    	4	German.   	Italian.   	Jewish.   	Irish.   	Scandinavian.   	
Urban political bosses    	4	gave out patronage.   	found work for the unemployed.   	provided poor relief.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
"Honest graft"    	2	was just another term for covert graft.   	depended on advance information.   	referred to kickbacks from contractors.   	was opposed by Tammany Hall.   	was not really graft at all.   	
Rule by political bosses was made possible by    	4	immigrant voters.   	wealthy citizens.   	reformist outrage.   	only a and b   	all of the first three   	
America's buying habits were transformed by    	5	mail-order catalogs.   	department stores.   	"chain stores."   	only a and c   	all of the first three   	
The National Consumers League    	2	was founded by a man.   	dealt primarily with women's issues.   	concentrated mainly on improving people's buying habits.   	ignored work-related issues.   	none of the above   	
Florence Kelley sought to    	3	mobilize the power of women as consumers.   	improve women's wages and working conditions.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The nineteenth-century game of "rounders" became the modern sport of    	2	basketball.   	baseball.   	golf.   	football.   	   	
Which of the following was the first professional baseball league?    	1	the National League   	the American Association   	the American League   	the Federal League   	   	
Alexander Cartwright and James Naismith are to be associated with which sport(s)?   	4	basketball and baseball, respectively   	football and basketball, respectively   	baseball and football, respectively   	baseball and basketball, respectively   	basketball and football, respectively   	
Which statement about nineteenth-century American football is the LEAST accurate?   	3	Early football was close to the sport of rugby.   	Early football appealed to upper-class American males.   	The sources of the appeal of football were similar to those of baseball.   	College football rose to prominence before professional football did.   	Each statement is generally accurate.   	
James Naismith set down the first set of rules for the sport of    	4	baseball.   	football.   	rugby.   	basketball.   	boxing.   	
In which sport(s) did women of the late nineteenth century participate?    	5	tennis   	golf   	basketball   	only a and b   	all of the above   	
Vaudeville was    	3	initially inexpensive to produce.   	open to black performers.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
D. W. Griffith is to be associated with    	2	vaudeville.   	racist plots.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Popular entertainment of the late nineteenth century generally    	2	had a private, rather than a public, quality to it.   	did not bridge class or racial differences.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Who among the following is NOT to be associated with pioneering in mass communications?   	4	William Randolph Hearst   	Joseph Pulitzer   	Edward Bok   	Henry Adams   	D. W. Griffith   	
The high culture of the late nineteenth century was    	4	shaped by the growth of the city.   	largely new to the industrial elite.   	something attractive to both the elite and the masses.   	both a and b   	none of the above   	
Which writer could LEAST be associated with the trend toward realism in American literature?   	1	Mark Twain   	Upton Sinclair   	Frank Norris   	Theodore Dreiser   	Stephen Crane   	
A major realistic novel written by a woman was    	2	The Jungle.   	The Awakening.   	Portrait of a Lady.   	Maggie: A Girl of the Streets.   	Sister Carrie.   	
Which author produced a very important autobiography?    	3	Theodore Dreiser   	Upton Sinclair   	Henry Adams   	Stephen Crane   	Frank Norris   	
Who among the following was NOT a painter?    	4	John Sloan   	George Bellows   	Edward Hopper   	Henry Adams   	John Singer Sargent   	
The artistic movement known as modernism    	3	praised the achievements of the elites.   	was another name for the genteel tradition.   	portrayed the ordinary, even the coarse.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Biological Darwinism helped spawn    	5	Social Darwinism.   	an organized Protestant fundamentalism.   	pragmatism.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by    	4	moral principles.   	inherited ideals.   	leaders.   	scientific inquiry.   	tradition.   	
Which thinker is to be LEAST associated with scientific methods?    	5	Charles Darwin   	William Graham Sumner   	Edward A. Ross   	John Dewey   	Henry James   	
Which statement about higher education in the late nineteenth century is the LEAST accurate?   	3	Major philanthropists founded new universities.   	It benefited from the Morrill Act.   	Unlike primary and secondary education, serious efforts were made to provide equal access to minorities.  	This was a time of rapid expansion.   	Land-grant colleges began to admit women.   	
Female college graduates    	3	married later than those women who did not attend or finish college.   	generally did marry.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The great movement of people from the country to the city was not unique to the United States.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Without immigration, American cities would have grown relatively slowly.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The phenomenon of migration from country to city was confined largely to white Americans; black migration of any consequence did not take place until after World War I.  	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The new immigrants of the late nineteenth century generally lacked the capital to buy farmland.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Among the new immigrant arrivals to late-nineteenth-century America, no single national group could be said to have dominated the scene.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most of the new immigrants of the late nineteenth century were rural people.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Prejudice against immigrants was so strong that it mattered very little whether or not a new immigrant arrived in the United States with an important skill.  	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The assimilation process of the late nineteenth century was aided by the public schools.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Efforts to restrict the numbers of immigrants coming into the United States had met with little success by the end of the nineteenth century.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In late-nineteenth-century cities it was not uncommon for the very wealthy to live in the heart of the city.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
At the end of the nineteenth century the population density of Manhattan was higher than that of the most crowded cities of Europe.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Electric trolleys were in use in American cities before World War I.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Reform organizations of the late nineteenth century proved to be more permanent than the urban political machines.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The new consumerism of the late nineteenth century included the buying of food, but not the purchase of clothing.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The new consumer economy appealed to women as consumers and hired women as salesclerks.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In professional baseball the American League was created before the National League.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both baseball and football appealed primarily to working-class males.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the turn of the century, professional baseball and professional football were both important spectator sports.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century, women were playing tennis and golf, but women's colleges had yet to introduce sport to their students.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Much of the popular entertainment at the turn of the century had a public dimension to it.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Mass entertainment of the late nineteenth century was a place where people from different classes could easily gather together.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both Mark Twain and Stephen Crane found a market by writing novels which explained the city to their readers.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Modernism in art was a phenomenon still confined to Europe at the turn of the century.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In art, modernists sought to reinforce the "genteel tradition."    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
It can be said that Darwinism helped spawn the philosophy of pragmatism.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Pragmatic philosopher John Dewey promoted a democratic approach to education.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the turn of the century, primary and secondary education were nearly universal in the United States.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the end of the nineteenth century most public high schools readily accepted women.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
For almost all late-nineteenth-century American women, higher education was simply a prelude to marriage.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE