Which general statement concerning the comparative development of the North and South prior to the Civil War is the MOST accurate?   	1	The South became increasingly unlike the North and increasingly sensitive to threats to its way of life.  	The North and the South were never terribly different, but this did not prevent the South from being sensitive to threats to what it perceived to be its distinct way of life. 	The North and the South grew increasingly similar, which made it increasingly unnecessary for the South to worry about threats to its way of life. 	The South became increasingly unlike the North, in fact, so unlike the North that southerners were unconcerned about what northerners thought of them. 	The North grew increasingly like the South, which gave southerners increasing confidence that their way of life was superior.  	
Within the pre-Civil War South, power    	4	shifted gradually from the lower South to the upper South.   	stayed primarily within the upper South.   	remained lodged within the lower South.   	shifted gradually from the upper South to the lower South.   	   	
Which statement about pre-Civil War tobacco cultivation is the MOST accurate?    	2	Tobacco was not terribly hard on the soil.   	The center of tobacco cultivation was gradually moving westward.   	The market for tobacco was quite stable.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Rice and sugar production in the South    	5	each required a long growing season.   	each was concentrated in a relatively small geographic area.   	each enjoyed a profitable market.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
Which crop most dramatically changed the economy of the South?    	5	tobacco   	long-staple cotton   	rice   	sugar   	short-staple cotton.   	
The "Cotton Kingdom" of the first half of the nineteenth century    	5	was located primarily in the upper South.   	benefited from an uninterrupted boom in the cotton market.   	saw wealthy planters outnumber small slaveholders.   	demanded large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa.   	none of the above   	
The nonfarm commercial sector of the South    	2	was virtually nonexistent.   	largely served the needs of the plantation economy.   	included a highly developed banking system.   	invested heavily in transportation.   	benefited more from rail than from water transportation.   	
James B. D. De Bow championed    	3	southern economic independence from the North.   	southern commercial and agricultural growth.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The pre-Civil War southern economy reflected    	2	the vision of James D. B. De Bow.   	the predominance of cotton production.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The South remained different from the North for all of the following reasons EXCEPT   	5	the climate.   	the profitability of cotton.   	the presence of slaves.   	the "cavalier" tradition.   	its willingness to follow the ideas of James De Bow.   	
The "cavalier" tradition    	3	was essentially consistent with northern ideas and values.   	presumed the importance of a sense of acquisitiveness.   	conformed most closely to the agrarian way of life.   	was at heart antislavery.   	could be associated with only one of the two major political parties.   	
Which statement about southern slaveholding is the MOST accurate?    	4	A majority of white males owned slaves.   	The planter class was so aristocratic as to be anticapitalistic.   	Those who owned slaves constituted a significant proportion of the slaveholding population.  	The planter class exercised power beyond their numbers.   	Each statement is accurate.   	
As late as the 1850s many of the great landholders of the lower South were    	1	first-generation settlers.   	owners of only a few slaves.   	not very willing to defend slavery.   	essentially anticapitalistic.   	people who lived quite modestly.   	
Wealthy southern whites    	2	rejected old notions of dueling.   	gravitated toward the military.   	avoided commerce and trade.   	spurned the notions of Sir Walter Scott.   	none of the above   	
Well-to-do southern white women    	1	lived lives centered in the home.   	were well-to-do because they were able to find income-producing work.   	frequently engaged in what might be called public activities.   	occupied roles quite different from those of their northern counterparts.   	were surprisingly and openly antislavery.   	
Who among the following was NOT a commentator on pre-Civil War southern life?    	4	George Fitzhugh   	James D. B. De Bow   	John C. Calhoun   	Walter Scott   	Each of the above was.   	
George Fitzhugh thought southern women had a right to    	3	own their own slaves.   	own their own property.   	be protected.   	live single lives if they wished.   	vote.   	
Southern white women    	3	had just as much access to education as northern white women.   	were more likely to play a productive role in the economy if they were higher up the economic ladder.  	generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world.   	had a lower birth rate than the nation as a whole.   	were quite likely to become abolitionists.   	
Most "plain folk" of the Old South    	2	owned slaves.   	were subsistence farmers.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The pre-Civil War nonslaveholding southern whites    	4	had access toĉand took advantage ofĉschooling at the high-school level, but seldom higher.  	were still part of the growing commercial economy of the South.   	openly opposed the planter elite.   	were dependent on the plantation economy.   	none of the above   	
Pre-Civil War lower- and upper-class southern whites were often linked by    	1	kinship networks.   	hatred of the North.   	suspicions of slavery.   	their dislike of Washington.   	their desire to expand slavery.   	
The political system of the white South was    	5	surprisingly democratic.   	one in which voting was more widespread than in the North.   	especially elitist when it came to officeholding.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
The single greatest unifying factor among all southern whites was their    	2	hatred of the North.   	preoccupation with matters racial.   	desire to migrate west.   	sense of themselves as aristocrats.   	commitment to cotton and commerce.   	
The "peculiar institution" refers to    	3	the whole of the South.   	southern industry.   	southern slavery.   	southern transportation.   	the cavalier tradition.   	
By the mid-nineteenth century, slavery continued to exist where?    	4	the United States   	Cuba   	Brazil   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Within the American South, the institution of slavery    	3	isolated blacks from whites.   	created a unique bond between masters and slaves.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The slave codes of the American South    	5	were rigidly enforced.   	permitted slave marriages, but not divorces.   	defined people as black only if their ancestry was half black or more.   	did not include the death penalty.   	none of the above   	
The slave codes of the American South were    	3	highly detailed.   	unevenly enforced.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The evidence suggests that slaves    	1	preferred to live on large plantations.   	preferred to live on small plantations.   	had no preference.   	   	   	
Which statement about slavery is the MOST accurate?    	3	The majority of slaveowners were small farmers.   	The majority of slaves lived on medium-sized to large plantations.   	Both statements are accurate.   	Neither statement is accurate.   	   	
The task system was most commonly used in the production of    	1	rice.   	tobacco.   	cotton.   	none of the above   	   	
The gang system was most commonly used in the production of    	3	tobacco and rice.   	sugar and cotton.   	tobacco and cotton.   	rice and sugar.   	sugar and tobacco.   	
As of the mid-nineteenth century, the material conditions of American slaves were probably better than for the average   	4	northern factory worker.   	European peasant.   	Caribbean slave.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
House slaves generally    	5	regarded their lack of privacy as an even trade-off for their greater material comforts.  	were the last to leave the plantation after the Civil War was over.   	were generally punished less often than were field hands.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Prior to the Civil War, urban slavery    	2	was of increasing economic importance.   	involved black women more than black men.   	was a scene of frequent, open slave revolts.   	did not demand enforced segregation.   	permitted few opportunities for black-white contact.   	
Free blacks in the slave South    	2	were concentrated in the Deep South.   	occasionally owned slaves themselves.   	most often wished to return to slavery.   	left the South as soon as possible.   	none of the above   	
To "manumit" means to    	3	purchase.   	despise.   	free.   	deny.   	punish.   	
As the Civil War drew nearer, the slave system grew increasingly    	3	strict as it was more and more concentrated in the upper South.   	lenient as it was more and more concentrated in the Deep South.   	strict as it was more and more concentrated in the Deep South.   	lenient as it was more and more concentrated in the upper South.   	   	
The dominant response of the slaves to the slave system was a combination of    	3	resistance and revolution.   	revolution and adaptation.   	adaptation and resistance.   	denial and adaptation.   	revolution and denial.   	
Actual open slave revolts were    	3	quite common.   	fairly common.   	quite rare.   	fairly rare.   	nonexistent.   	
Who among the following did NOT either plan or eventually lead a slave revolt?   	4	Gabriel Prosser   	Nat Turner   	Denmark Vesey   	George Fitzhugh   	   	
Nat Turner's revolt    	5	followed the abortive efforts of Denmark Vesey.   	actually led to the death of a number of white people.   	ended with more dead blacks than whites.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
The most important method of slave resistance was    	3	open revolution.   	running away.   	the ordinary slave's responses to everyday life.   	impromptu strikes.   	one-by-one executions.   	
Which statement about slave religion is the LEAST accurate?    	2	Most slaves were Christian.   	Masters generally permitted their slaves to worship as they pleased.   	Slave religion was more emotional than white religion.   	Slave religion stressed dreams of freedom.   	Slaves often became members of the same denomination as their master.   	
Religion was central to the revolutionary efforts of    	4	Gabriel Prosser.   	Nat Turner.   	Denmark Vesey.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Which statement about the black church is the LEAST accurate?    	3	In the cities of the South, African Americans tended to have their own churches.  	In the southern countryside, churches were generally segregated.   	In the cities of the South, free blacks worshiped separately from slaves.   	In the southern countryside, blacks often held secret religious services.   	Each statement is essentially inaccurate.   	
The slave family    	4	suffered from legal restrictions.   	generally followed the model of the nuclear family.   	saw no great contradiction between the nuclear and the extended family.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Slave families generally    	4	operated according to white customs.   	started with a marriage ceremony.   	did not condone premarital pregnancy.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
Slave families    	3	saw the nuclear family emerge as the dominant kinship model.   	developed extended kinship networks.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Which statement about slave life is the LEAST accurate?    	3	Slave marriages usually ended because of circumstances the marriage partners could not control.  	One of the most frequent causes of flight from slavery was a desire to reunite with a loved one.  	Slaves resented their loss of freedom and did not find it hard to be hostile to their owners.  	The slave system created a sense of mutual dependence between black and white.  	Each statement is quite accurate.   	
The North, unlike the South, experienced great economic growth in the mid nineteenth century.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During the first half of the nineteenth century the South underwent a much less fundamental transformation than did the North.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
During the first half of the nineteenth century the center of economic power in the South shifted from the upper South to the lower South.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The South had an inadequate transportation system and only a rudimentary financial system as late as the middle of the nineteenth century.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
James De Bow argued that the South should pursue agricultural development, while relying on the North for industrial goods and capital.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Only a small minority of southern whites owned slaves.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the South the planter class exercised power far in excess of its numbers.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The southern planter class was quite similar to the landed aristocracies of Europe.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The southern planter class essentially conformed to the "cavalier" ideal.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Southern white women had less access to education than their northern counterparts.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Approximately three-fourths of all white families of the South owned no slaves at all.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
For white men, the South was an unusually democratic society.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the South, small farmers, even more than great planters, were committed to a patriarchal family structure.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the South the most significant opposition to the slave system came from the poorest of southern whites.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the mid-nineteenth century slavery in the Western world could be found only in the American South.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The slave system may have created separate spheres for blacks and whites, but each race was nonetheless dependent on the other.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The slave codes prevented slaves from owning property, but they encouraged slaves to marry.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Evidence suggests that slaves preferred to live on larger, rather than smaller, plantations.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The relationship between master and slave was much less intimate for the typical slave than for the typical slaveowner.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Within the slave family, women had special burdens, but also a special authority.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The material condition of slaves was quite a bit better than was the case for European peasants and industrial workers.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The United States was the only country where a slave population actually increased through natural reproduction.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
After the Civil War field hands (as opposed to house slaves) were generally the first to leave the plantations and their owners.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In southern cities the line between slavery and freedom became increasingly blurred as the Civil War approached.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
White southerners generally considered slavery to be inconsistent with city life.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
From the 1830s on, state laws governing slavery became gradually less rigid.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
It is clear that the vast majority of slaves were content with their lot in life.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most often, resistance to slavery took the form of open rebellion.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The odds of a successful escape from slavery in the Deep South were very high.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
For the most part, slaves rejected Christianity.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The nuclear family was the dominant kinship model among the slaves of the South.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the slave South the nuclear family was not regarded as inconsistent with extended kinship networks.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
American romanticism    	4	was consistent with traditional Calvinism.   	stressed the importance of order and control.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
All of the following were engaged in the effort to create a distinctly American literature EXCEPT   	4	Washington Irving.   	Herman Melville.   	James Fenimore Cooper.   	George Ripley.   	Nathaniel Hawthorne.   	
James Fenimore Cooper stressed the significance of    	5	the American West.   	the isolated individual.   	the natural goodness in man.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
Walt Whitman    	1	celebrated democracy.   	could be compared to Herman Melville in terms of style and content.   	was one of the American transcendentalists.   	was intolerant of unconventional sexuality.   	none of the above   	
Transcendentalists    	2	refused to borrow from European thinkers.   	regarded reason as the highest human faculty.   	argued that reason and emotion were opposites.   	came mainly from the Old Northwest.   	sought to minimize the importance of understanding.   	
Ralph Waldo Emerson    	5	was a Unitarian minister.   	wrote "Self-Reliance."   	befriended Henry David Thoreau.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
Henry David Thoreau    	1	was a more radical transcendentalist than Ralph Waldo Emerson.   	doubted the validity and utility of slavery, but could not be considered to be antislavery.  	preached, but did not necessarily practice, civil disobedience.   	set up a retreat at Walden Pond with a small community of loyal followers.  	   	
Who among the following was NOT involved in a communitarian experiment?    	2	Nathaniel Hawthorne   	Henry David Thoreau   	Robert Owen   	George Ripley   	John Humphrey Noyes   	
George Ripley    	3	is to be associated with Brook Farm.   	had a positive view of the role of leisure in one's life.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Brook Farm    	1	briefly attracted Nathaniel Hawthorne.   	had a long life as a communitarian experiment.   	was located in the South.   	was composed primarily of intellectuals.   	none of the above   	
Who among the following was NOT an American communitarian?    	2	Nathaniel Hawthorne   	Robert Owen   	George Ripley   	John Humphrey Noyes   	All of the above were.   	
One of the more enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was    	1	Oneida.   	New Harmony.   	Brook Farm.   	Walden.   	   	
The Oneida Community    	1	experimented with changes in gender roles.   	was an experiment in "free love."   	was a communitarian experiment, but permitted children to be raised by their biological parents.  	sought to justify male lust.   	was quite similar to the Shakers.   	
Which of the following is NOT an example of a secular utopian society?    	4	Brook Farm   	New Harmony   	Oneida   	the Shakers   	transcendentalism   	
The Shakers    	5	was another name for Quakers.   	were committed to complete celibacy.   	made sure that men and women had equal political and economic power.   	endorsed the idea of sexual equality.   	both b and d   	
Mormonism    	4	began in the Midwest.   	emphasized sexual equality.   	was founded by Brigham Young.   	believed in human perfectibility.   	both c and d   	
Which statement about Mormonism is NOT accurate?    	2	Its founder was assassinated.   	It celebrated individual liberty.   	It was not a communitarian experiment.   	The first Mormons were economically marginal people.   	The exodus of Mormons from the Northeast took them southward along the Atlantic coast.  	
The philosophy of the reform movements of the pre-Civil War North was rooted in   	3	the vision of the transcendentalists.   	the Second Great Awakening.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The New Light evangelicals    	5	sought to revive Calvinism.   	worried more about the next world, as opposed to this one.   	were opposed by Charles Grandison Finney.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The pre-Civil War crusade against drunkenness    	1	involved a good number of female reformers.   	was united in its commitment to achieving its goals by legislation.   	secured a constitutional amendment.   	took over a major political party.   	was more powerful in the South than in the North.   	
Pre-Civil War public education    	5	was stronger in the North than in the South.   	achieved high rates of literacy in both the North and the South.   	was more concerned about educating Indians than blacks.   	was a matter for the states, but not for the national government.   	all of the above   	
Horace Mann believed that education should promote    	5	democracy.   	social order.   	racial equality.   	economic equality.   	both a and b   	
Pre-Civil War prison reform    	2	led to a national bureaucracy.   	included the idea of solitary confinement.   	focused on punishment, but not rehabilitation.   	began as an experiment in the West and spread to the East.   	stressed discipline, but not penitence.   	
The idea of placing Native Americans on reservations was designed to    	3	isolate Indians from white society.   	help "regenerate" the Indian.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
A major impetus for the pre-Civil War feminist movement was a world convention in London which dealt with   	3	woman suffrage.   	divorce reform.   	antislavery.   	temperance.   	prostitution.   	
The 1848 Seneca Falls convention on women's rights    	1	issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence.   	accepted the notion that men and women should occupy separate spheres.   	made many demands, but the right to vote was not among them.   	called for the immediate end of slavery.   	none of the above   	
Which religious denomination was MOST committed to the goals of pre-Civil War feminism?   	2	Catholicism   	the Quakers   	Presbyterianism   	Unitarianism   	the Baptists   	
The two most powerful leaders of the feminist movement at midcentury were    	4	Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Blackwell.   	Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mott.   	Blackwell and Susan B. Anthony.   	Stanton and Anthony.   	Mott and Anthony.   	
The American Colonization Society challenged    	1	slavery.   	property rights.   	southern sensibilities.   	none of the above   	all of the above   	
The American Colonization Society    	1	began in the South.   	proposed an immediate end to slavery.   	did not require compensation to the owners for their freed slaves.   	was generally favored by free blacks.   	was equivalent to an abolitionist society.   	
The American Colonization Society    	2	grew increasingly stronger.   	established the nation of Liberia.   	followed the creation of the American Antislavery Society.   	was created by free blacks.   	both b and d   	
The abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison thought that his movement should    	1	stress the damage that the slave system did to slaves rather than whites.   	call for the gradual elimination of slavery.   	favor freedom for slaves, but delay full citizenship to them.   	use violence to get rid of slavery.   	   	
Free blacks in the North tended to be    	1	strongly opposed to slavery, because they knew how precarious their own freedom was.  	indifferent to the plight of slaves, because they did not want to attract attention to themselves.  	fearful for the day that slavery would end, because of their potential loss of jobs and income.  	anxious to leave the United States entirely for Canada and/or England.   	favorably impressed by "back to Africa" movements.   	
Who was the leading black abolitionist?    	2	William Lloyd Garrison   	Frederick Douglass   	Elijah Lovejoy   	Benjamin Lundy   	Wendell Phillips   	
Frederick Douglass    	4	had been born into slavery.   	founded his own abolitionist newspaper.   	was a black expatriate who abandoned America.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
Abolitionists constituted    	3	the vast majority of Americans.   	at least a quarter of all Americans, black and white.   	only a small minority of Americans.   	a source of foreign influence within the United States.   	   	
Who among the following died for his abolitionist beliefs?    	4	William Lloyd Garrison   	Benjamin Lundy   	Frederick Douglass   	Elijah Lovejoy   	none of the above   	
Abolitionists were divided    	2	by William Lloyd Garrison's support for the Constitution.   	over whether or not to use violence.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
William Lloyd Garrison preached    	3	violence.   	monetary compensation to the slaveowner.   	the expulsion of slave states from the Union.   	both b and c   	both a and b   	
Garrisonian abolitionists preached    	3	immediate abolition gradually accomplished.   	gradual abolition gradually accomplished.   	immediate abolition immediately accomplished.   	gradual abolition with compensation to the slaveowner.   	   	
Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)    	2	compelled states to participate in the returning of fugitive slaves.   	led to the passage of "personal liberty laws."   	angered abolitionists.   	abolished slavery in the District of Columbia.   	prohibited the interstate slave trade.   	
William Lloyd Garrison    	3	moved from abolitionism to free soil.   	moved from free soil to abolitionism.   	remained solidly an abolitionist.   	remain solidly a free-soiler.   	   	
The Liberty Party    	5	was more antislavery than abolitionist.   	ran a candidate for president.   	promoted free soil.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
James Birney    	5	was a black abolitionist.   	wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.   	was an ally of John Brown.   	preached a version of abolitionism similar to that of William Lloyd Garrison.  	none of the above   	
Uncle Tom's Cabin    	3	led directly to southern secession.   	was initially ignored, but eventually became a best-seller.   	was reviled throughout the South.   	briefly helped to calm sectional tensions.   	was commissioned by William Lloyd Garrison.   	
James Fenimore Cooper thought it was important for Americans to become more like Europeans.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Herman Melville was less exuberant in his celebration of America than was Walt Whitman.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
American transcendentalists borrowed heavily from European thinkers.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Ralph Waldo Emerson was both a minister and a transcendentalist philosopher.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Henry David Thoreau favored the solitary life, but not civil disobedience.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both Brook Farm and New Harmony were essentially failures as communal experiments.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Oneida Community sought to redefine gender roles and engage in "free love."   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both the Oneida Community and the Shakers were committed to celibacy.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Like other mid-nineteenth-century experiments in social organization, Mormons believed in human perfectibility.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Like the Oneida Community, the Mormons were quite open about sexual practices.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Mormons celebrated polygamy and individual liberty.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The mid-nineteenth-century "age of reforms" was simultaneously attracted to ideas of personal liberty and social order.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Evangelical Protestantism was at odds with the reform spirit of the pre-Civil War period.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the 1850s the principle of tax-supported elementary schools had been established in every state.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the mid-nineteenth century the quality of public education in the United States was quite uniform across the country.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the beginning of the Civil War the United States had one of the highest literacy rates of any nation of the world.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Horace Mann believed that public education should promote both democracy and social order.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The reform impulse behind education was quite different from the reform impulse which motivated the building of asylums for criminals and the insane.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Reformers of the pre-Civil War period thought it was possible to reform criminals, but not the insane.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The idea of Indian reservations served white economic purposes and contained a reform agenda within it as well.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
By the 1840s Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had come to see themselves as abolitionists first and feminists second.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Seneca Falls "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" included a demand that women have the right to vote.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American Colonization Society came into being before the American Antislavery Society.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American Colonization Society called for the gradual freeing of slaves and for monetary compensation to their former owners.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The American Colonization Society called for the forcible end of slavery.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The abolitionist spirit and agenda was quite distinct from that of the larger world of pre-Civil War reform.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Even in the North, abolitionists were a small, dissenting minority of the total population.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
William Lloyd Garrison was assassinated for his advocacy of abolitionism.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
William Lloyd Garrison grew increasingly radical in his campaign to end slavery.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
William Lloyd Garrison could be called both a feminist and a pacifist.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The antislavery Liberty Party never campaigned for outright abolitionism.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Over time, William Lloyd Garrison gradually became a free-soiler (as opposed to an abolitionist).   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
John Brown and Harriet Beecher Stowe could both be labeled abolitionists.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Just prior to its admission to the Union, Texas was    	1	an independent republic.   	a part of Mexico.   	allied with Great Britain.   	a part of an existing slave state.   	both a and c   	
Most of the settlers who migrated to Texas before it joined the United States were   	2	white northerners.   	white southerners and their slaves.   	free blacks.   	Indians forced out of existing American states.   	European immigrants.   	
The Mexican government    	3	consistently opposed American immigration into Texas.   	consistently favored American immigration into Texas.   	moved from favoring such immigration to opposing it.   	moved from opposing such immigration to favoring it.   	   	
The Battle of San Jacinto    	2	was a victory for Santa Ana.   	led to an independent Texas.   	was a victory for Stephen Austin.   	saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops.   	none of the above   	
Which American president was MOST interested in bringing Texas into the Union?   	3	Andrew Jackson   	Martin Van Buren   	John Tyler   	William Henry Harrison   	none of the above   	
As of the mid-1840s, the Oregon country    	4	was jointly occupied by Great Britain and the United States.   	included parts of what is now the United States and Canada.   	contained many more Americans than English.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
Those Americans who migrated west of the Mississippi before the Civil War were generally   	4	white.   	relatively young.   	from the eastern seaboard.   	only a and b   	all of the first three   	
Most expeditions westward    	5	were collective enterprises.   	experienced Indian attacks.   	divided tasks along gender lines.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
The presidential election of 1844    	3	was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren.   	was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists.   	was won by the Democrats.   	saw a northerner win the presidency.   	had no incumbent in the race.   	
In the election of 1844    	3	the Democrats were consistently pro-expansion.   	the Whigs were consistently anti-expansion.   	the Whigs moved closer to the pro-expansionists.   	the Democrats moved away from the pro-expansionists.   	   	
In 1844 James K. Polk supported the acquisition of    	3	Oregon.   	Texas.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
James K. Polk was    	1	a Democrat.   	a Northerner.   	solidly antislavery.   	a two-term president.   	both c and d   	
Which of the following was acquired by a war?    	2	Texas   	California   	Oregon   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The immediate cause of war with Mexico was    	4	the issue of slavery.   	tariffs.   	Mexican debts.   	a border dispute.   	an insult to the American president.   	
In looking toward a possible war with Mexico, President Polk ordered the seizure of what in California?   	2	gold supplies   	ports   	forts   	trading posts   	missions   	
Which statement about the background to the Mexican War is the MOST accurate?    	1	Polk was planning to ask for a declaration of war even without a military provocation on the part of Mexico.  	The vote for war was quite close.   	Whigs were more pro-war than Democrats.   	Polk wanted to acquire Texas by fighting this war.   	Prior to any actual combat, American troops were kept on soil that was indisputably American.  	
Which statement about the Mexican War itself is the MOST accurate?    	1	The president plotted military strategy.   	Polk saw Zachary Taylor as his loyal ally in Mexico.   	Victory came as readily as Polk had anticipated.   	Actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico.   	The United States was victorious without occupying Mexico City.   	
By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States    	2	acquired what is now Texas, New Mexico, and California.   	agreed to pay money to Mexico.   	established free trade with Mexico.   	established an American protectorate over Mexico.   	both a and b   	
When President Polk received the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he    	3	embrace it enthusiastically.   	rejected it out of hand.   	had to contend with critics who wanted the United States to take all of Mexico.  	knew that the antislavery forces in the United States would be pleased.   	was ambivalent about it, but at least felt that his negotiator had followed his instructions.  	
As president, Polk gradually earned the enmity of which section(s) of the country?   	4	the North   	the West   	the South   	both a and b   	both a and c   	
The Wilmot Proviso    	4	banned slavery west of the Mississippi River.   	passed the Congress and was signed into law.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
When it came to the issue of slave expansion, President Polk favored    	1	the Missouri Compromise.   	popular sovereignty.   	free soil.   	abolitionism.   	   	
The Wilmot Proviso was favored by    	5	President Polk.   	southern militants.   	northern proslavery forces.   	all of the above   	none of the above   	
The presidential election of 1848 saw    	4	both parties take a strong stand on the issue of slave expansion.   	President Polk run for reelection.   	the Whigs lose.   	the emergence of the Free-Soil Party.   	none of the above   	
Chinese migrants contained significant numbers of    	3	free laborers.   	merchants.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
Zachary Taylor was    	5	a southerner.   	a slaveholder.   	a Whig.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
President Taylor favored admitting California    	1	as a free state.   	as a slave state.   	under popular sovereignty.   	none of the above   	   	
The two senators who were MOST instrumental in securing passage of the Compromise of 1850 were   	4	Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.   	Calhoun and Daniel Webster.   	Webster and Stephen Douglas.   	Douglas and Clay.   	Clay and Webster.   	
The Compromise of 1850    	5	was passed as a complete package.   	was signed into law by President Taylor.   	reaffirmed the Missouri Compromise.   	dealt with territory later governed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.   	none of the above   	
The Compromise of 1850 included    	4	the admission of California as a free state.   	popular sovereignty.   	the abolition of slavery in Washington, D.C.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
Who among the following was the MOST committed to the Compromise of 1850?    	1	Stephen Douglas   	William H. Seward   	Jefferson Davis   	John C. Calhoun   	John Brown   	
The Compromise of 1850    	3	was a product of a general agreement on national ideals.   	ushered in a period of political calm and economic growth.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
In the election of 1852    	2	neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.   	the Free-Soil Party was gaining strength.   	the Democrats selected a war hero for president.   	the Whigs were united.   	none of the above   	
To the white South, the most important part of the Compromise of 1850 was    	4	the admission of New Mexico as a slave state.   	the admission of California as a slave state.   	the guarantee of slavery in Washington, D.C.   	the strengthened Fugitive Slave Act.   	   	
The "Young America" movement    	5	was associated primarily with the Democratic Party.   	supported the nationalist revolutions in Europe.   	favored westward expansion across the American continent.   	both b and c   	all of the first three   	
The Ostend Manifesto was directed at    	5	England.   	France.   	Mexico.   	Belgium.   	Spain.   	
The building of the transcontinental railroad    	5	was one issue that could be divorced from the slave expansion issue.   	helped divert Americans from concerns about slavery itself.   	made the Gadsden Purchase unnecessary.   	led to the selection of St. Louis as its eastern terminus.   	none of the above   	
The Gadsden Purchase    	3	accentuated the rivalry between North and South.   	was negotiated by a Democratic administration.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act    	4	was promoted by Stephen Douglas.   	contained the doctrine of "popular sovereignty."   	confirmed the Missouri Compromise.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act    	1	created two new territories.   	was supported by Whigs more than Democrats.   	received the endorsement of President Fillmore.   	created the free-soil movement.   	none of the above   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act    	3	divided the Whig Party.   	divided the northern Democrats.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The Republican Party came into being largely in response to which of the following?   	2	the Compromise of 1850   	the Kansas-Nebraska Act   	the Dred Scott decision   	the Ostend Manifesto   	John Brown's raid   	
The story of the struggle over Kansas saw    	5	President Pierce support the pro-slavery territorial legislature.   	pro-slavery forces carry out the Pottawatomie Massacre.   	the destruction of the pro-slavery headquarters in Lawrence.   	Charles Sumner speak out for slavery.   	none of the above   	
The caning of Charles Sumner    	4	was a response to his support for a free Kansas.   	resulted in his death.   	was carried out by a member of Congress.   	both a and c   	all of the first three   	
The free-soil ideology    	2	was another name for abolitionism.   	saw the southern way of life as being opposed to democracy.   	opposed slavery essentially because of the damage done to the slaves.   	both a and c   	both b and c   	
Free-soilers    	1	opposed the expansion of slavery.   	wanted to eliminate slavery everywhere and as soon as possible.   	favored the use of force to get rid of slavery.   	concentrated on the existing states and ignored the territories.   	favored the acquisition of Canada as a source of new free territory.   	
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the white South    	1	moved from seeing slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a "positive good."  	consistently defended slavery as a "positive good."   	moved from defending slavery as a "positive good" to seeing it as a necessary evil.  	could not get beyond seeing it as little more than a necessary evil.   	   	
Southern apologists for slavery    	2	ignored the state of life in the North.   	presumed the biological inferiority of African Americans.   	used political, but not religious arguments.   	included Thomas Dew, John C. Calhoun, and Charles Sumner.   	wanted to use slaves in factories.   	
The Republican Party first ran a candidate for president in    	3	1848.   	1852.   	1856.   	1860.   	   	
The election of 1856 saw    	1	the Republicans run a candidate with no previous political record.   	the Republicans have relatively equal success in the North and the South.   	the Democrats elect a forceful national leader.   	the Republicans reluctantly endorse the Kansas-Nebraska Act.   	no significant third party in the field.   	
The Dred Scott decision held that    	5	Scott could not bring suit in a federal court, because he was not a citizen.  	slaves were property.   	the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.   	both a and b   	all of the first three   	
The Dred Scott decision    	4	kept Dred Scott a slave.   	denied the right of states to prohibit slavery.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
James Buchanan    	3	reluctantly endorsed the Dred Scott decision.   	supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
The Lecompton constitution was    	5	pro-slavery.   	rejected by Kansas voters.   	opposed by Stephen Douglas.   	supported by President Buchanan.   	all of the above   	
The Illinois senate election of 1858    	3	pitted the Republican Douglas against the Democrat Lincoln.   	saw the incumbent defeated.   	had the Democrat defending popular sovereignty.   	saw the Republicans run the better-known candidate.   	had the Republican promote the idea of racial equality.   	
In the Lincoln-Douglas debates    	5	Douglas revealed that, while he was morally opposed to slavery, he was unwilling to have the federal government do anything about it.  	Lincoln endorsed abolitionism.   	Douglas was forced to conclude that slavery could be restored to the free states.  	Lincoln was forced to admit that he believed in the social equality of the races.  	none of the above   	
During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, it became clear that    	1	Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrong.   	Lincoln was an abolitionist.   	both a and b   	neither a nor b   	   	
In the Lincoln-Douglas debates    	1	Lincoln was for free soil, while Douglas endorsed popular sovereignty.   	both endorsed free soil.   	both endorsed popular sovereignty.   	Douglas was for free soil, while Lincoln endorsed popular sovereignty.   	   	
John Brown's 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry    	1	was not the first time that he tried to kill advocates of slavery.   	was directed at seizing a large slave plantation.   	saw him captured by Confederate troops led by Robert E. Lee.   	led to a guilty verdict and life imprisonment.   	was financed by the Republican Party.   	
The election of 1860 saw which party divide?    	3	the Republican Party   	the Whig Party   	the Democratic Party   	the Constitutional Union Party   	   	
In the election of 1860    	2	southern Democrats reorganized as the Constitutional Union Party.   	the northern Democrats ran Stephen Douglas for president.   	there were three major candidates in the field.   	the Republicans ran on an abolitionist platform.   	the incumbent was defeated for reelection.   	
In the election of 1860    	3	the Republicans opposed a higher tariff and federally financed internal improvements.  	Lincoln won a majority of the popular vote.   	Lincoln was perceived to be the moderate candidate within his own party.   	the Republicans won a majority in Congress.   	both c and d   	
President Andrew Jackson did not favor the annexation of Texas.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Texas was an independent republic at the time that it came into the Union.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The death rate for travelers going west was higher than the rate for the American population in general.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Indians were generally more helpful than dangerous to the white migrants as they traveled west.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
On the trails westward almost everyone, male and female, walked the great majority of the time.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Most travelers going west found the experience both exhilarating and solitary.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The election of 1844 was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In 1844 the Democratic Party was more pro-expansionist than was the Whig Party.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Polk was willing to compromise with Spain rather than go to war over Oregon.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The immediate cause of war between the United States and Mexico was a border dispute.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The United States went to war with Mexico in 1846 without a formal declaration of war.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Polk used the American victory over Mexico to secure his reelection.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Wilmot Proviso passed Congress but was vetoed by President Polk.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Wilmot Proviso called for prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico as a result of war with Mexico.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Free-Soil Party first appeared in 1848.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Only a tiny fraction of the so-called forty-niners ever discovered gold.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Zachary Taylor was both a southerner and a slaveowner.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Taylor favored admitting California to the Union as a free state.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Compromise of 1850 passed Congress as a total package.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Taylor approved of the Compromise of 1850.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Compromise of 1850 essentially restored the Missouri Compromise.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Compromise of 1850 was the product of broad agreement on common national ideals.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Both major parties endorsed the Compromise of 1850.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Compromise of 1850 included a Fugitive Slave Act.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President Franklin Pierce supported the "Young America" movement.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Ostend Manifesto angered many antislavery northerners.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Gadsden Purchase served to accentuate the sectional rivalry.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Stephen Douglas was a strong opponent of the transcontinental railroad.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act included an explicit repeal of the Missouri Compromise.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act had the unanimous support of southern congressmen.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Missouri Compromise and the doctrine of popular sovereignty were one and the same thing.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act played a major role in the death of the Whig Party.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Kansas-Nebraska Act helped create the Republican Party.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
James Buchanan and Charles Sumner were on opposite sides in the battle over "bleeding Kansas."   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Abolitionism and free soil were essentially the same thing.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Free-soilers opposed slavery, but did not see the South as antidemocratic.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The author of Uncle Tom's Cabin was a pro-slavery woman.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The southern defense of slavery rested on a defense of the southern way of life, but not on arguments of biological inferiority.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Republican Party first ran a candidate for president in 1860.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In 1856 the Republican Party deliberately selected a candidate directly connected to the issue of "bleeding Kansas."   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
John C. Frémont won a majority of the popular vote in the North in 1856.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Dred Scott decision represented a stunning defeat for the antislavery movement.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled with the majority in the Dred Scott case.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Dred Scott decision went no further than ruling that blacks were not citizens of the United States.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
President James Buchanan endorsed the Dred Scott decision.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Lecompton constitution was a pro-slavery document.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
In the end, Kansas voters rejected the Lecompton constitution.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Lincoln and the Republicans advocated the social equality of the races.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was wrong, but he was not an abolitionist.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was supported by the Republican Party.    	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
The Democrats ran two candidates in the election of 1860.    	1	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
To broaden its appeal in 1860, the Republicans endorsed a number of traditionally Democratic Party ideas.   	2	TRUE   	FALSE   	   	   	   	
Lincoln was elected in 1860 with a majority of the electoral college vote, but with less than a majority of the popular vote.   	1	TRUE   	FALSE