1. What do the theories of Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus have in common?    
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They all emphasize practical advantages over theoretical orientations.   
They all have a clearly articulated philosophy underlying them.   
They are more pessimistic than optimistic in nature.   
They all explain present behavior in terms of events in a person's childhood.   
   

  2. A modern precursor of Ellis's rational emotive therapy was    
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Sigmund FreuD.   
Carl Jung.   
Alfred Adler.   
B.F. Skinner.   
   

  3. In Ellis's theory, cognitions, emotions, and behavior    
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are entirely distinct and separate.   
are consistently interactional and transactional.   
have little effect on one another.   
are usually rational, appropriate, and constructive.   
   

  4. Ellis believes that when people do not immediately get what they want or what they think they need, they usually    
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wait patiently until things get better for them.   
maintain "mature" or realistic behavior.   
convince themselves that they never wanted or needed it.   
condemn themselves first, then others, and then the world.     
   

  5. The A-B-C theory of personality suggests that emotional consequences are largely created by    
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a significant precipitating event.   
rational disputations.   
one's belief system.   
noxious stimuli in one's environment.   
   

  6. Which of the following would be characterized as an irrational belief?    
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"I think dogs are awful so I have no intention of getting one as a pet."   
"All dogs are dangerous so I'm never going near one."   
"I don't like dogs.  I much prefer cats."   
"Some dogs are scary and I intend to stay far away from them."   
   

  7. The goal of Ellis's rational emotive therapy is to     
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understand the causes of pathological behavior.   
remove the symptoms of pathological behavior.   
free individuals to act according to their own belief systems.   
help individuals to live according to social and cultural norms.   
   

  8. Characteristically, a rational emotive therapist would be    
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an empathetic listener.   
indirect.   
subtle.   
highly active.   
   

9. The term in vivo desensitization refers to    
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the sudden confrontation of public situations.   
progressive exposure to a feared event.   
Ellis's "shame-attacking exercises."   
repeated imagined exposure to a noxious stimulus.   
   

 10. Ellis largely agrees with Freud that    
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the pleasure principle tends to run most people's lives.   
an unduly satisfied or thwarted libido leads to emotional disturbance.   
the Oedipus complex is a very important phenomenon.   
early childhood experiences need to be closely analyzed.   
   

 11. One characteristic of Beck's concept of schemas is that they    
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develop late in life.   
shape the personality.   
are always maladaptive.   
are less stable than cognitions.   
   

 12. Which of the following exemplifies a conditional assumption?    
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"If I don't get going right away, I'll probably miss the first act."   
"If I don't get invited to Jared's party, it means that no one likes me."   
"If I can't have chocolate ice cream, I'll take vanilla."   
"If I miss the last bus, I'll have to take the train home."   
   

 13. The ________ dimension is characterized by dependence on interpersonal relationships and needs for closeness and nurturing, whereas the ________ dimension is characterized by independence and is organized around goal-setting, self-determination and self-imposed obligations.    
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trustabatory; mustabatory   
mustabatory; trustabatory   
autonomous; sociotropic   
sociotropic; autonomous   
   

 14. Dana, who lives in New York, has a morbid fear of snakes.  When she hears that a snake in the desert in Arizona bit a man, she declares: "I'm not going to school today.  That snake is out there."  Which cognitive distortion is Dana committing?     
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Conditional assumption   
Minimization   
Personalization   
Selective abstraction   
   

 15. Drawing a conclusion without supporting evidence, even in the face of contradictory evidence, is an example of     
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arbitrary inference.   
minimization.   
personalization.   
selective abstraction.   
   

 16. According to Beck, the depressed individual has a negative view of himself, the world, and the future.  These three perceptions are known as the    
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sociotropic triad.     
negative triad.   
cognitive triad.   
mustabatory triad.   
   

17. Beck believes that change can only occur if the client experiences    
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catharsis.   
affective arousal.   
insight.   
medication.   
   

 18. Which of the following cognitive techniques tests automatic thoughts and assumptions by using reality testing in the present situation of therapy?    
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Retribution   
Decatastrophizing   
Decentering   
Imagery   
   

 19. Which of the following behavioral techniques is used by Beck?    
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Free association   
Amplification   
Token economy   
Graduated task assignments   
   

 20. A therapist who is using the technique of decatastrophizing might ask which of the following questions?    
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"Can you get in touch with that sad feeling?"   
"What's the worst thing that can possibly happen?"   
"Who's the most successful person you ever met?"   
"Why do you feel that you have to do everything perfectly?"   
   

 21. Aaron Beck developed what is considered the finest psychometric instrument for use in assessing     
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conversion disorders.   
depression.   
obsessive-compulsive disorders.   
schizophrenia.   
   

 22. Ellis's rational-emotive therapy differs from Beck's cognitive therapy in that only Ellis    
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assigns clients to read books and pamphlets.   
recognizes that self-talk provokes emotions.   
sees the usefulness of penalties in behavioral work.   
believes that irrational thoughts stem from "shoulds" and "musts."   
   

 23. Lazarus's set of clinical strategies has come to be known as    
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rational emotive therapy.   
cognitive therapy.   
cognitive psychoanalysis.   
multimodal behavioral therapy.   
   

 24. In addition to being an acronym, the D in Lazarus's BASIC-ID has come to stand for    
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all aspects of physical well-being.   
intuition, ideology, concepts, and judgments.   
our entire emotional repertoire.   
the entire realm of the senses.   
   

25. When he hears the radio say that "traffic is all jammed up on Route 30," Tal visualizes the scene.  The BASIC-ID modality that he favors is    
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affect.   
cognition.   
imagery.   
sensation.   
   

 26. The power of paradox draws its energy from    
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decentering.   
reality testing.   
decatastrophizing.   
metacommunication.   
   

 27. A client says that he is afraid that people will laugh if he happens to make a mistake when he gives a speech.  His multimodal therapist answers, "They'll not only laugh, they'll go out and tell everyone they meet.  Or maybe it'll be on the evening news, and, from now on, everyone will point at you and say: 'There's the person who made a mistake.'" The therapist's answer is an example of the technique of     
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amplification.   
exposure.   
imagery.   
paradox.   
   

 28. Lazarus believes that adaptive living in various cultures and societies calls for    
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different behavioral repertoires.   
adaptation of new values.   
the wider application of Western standards.   
universal behavioral standards.   
   

 29. Multimodal therapy was built on the theoretical base of     
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existentialism.   
humanism.   
object relations theory.   
social learning theory.   
   

 30. Multimodal therapy methods are considered to be performance-based due to what assumption?    
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Everyone can benefit from the same advice.   
One can only progress forward in therapy by acknowledging his past.   
The role you play is the one you come to believe in.   
Without new experiences, there can be no change.   
   

 31. Bridging is a multimodal technique that involves    
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initially working in terms of a client's preferred modality.   
paying attention to the "firing order" of the different modalities.   
making a specific list of problems and proposed treatments across a client's BASIC-ID.   
assessing the relative involvement of each of the elements of the BASIC-ID.   
   

 32. The question, "Are you active, a doer, always busy?" might be used in the BASIC-ID to assess a client's     
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behavior.   
affect.   
sensation.   
cognition.   
   

33. Lazarus advocates using technical eclecticism.  What does that imply?    
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Applying his knowledge to improve other theorists' techniques   
Borrowing from many theories without necessarily agreeing with them   
Employing the latest technological innovations in therapy   
Only using techniques from theories that he finds compelling   
   

 34. One criticism applied to Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus is that    
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much of the work that they do can be done in group therapy.   
their therapies are among the most time-consuming and costly.   
they are too practical, down-to-earth, directive, and eclectic to be taken seriously.   
they are too simple, incomplete, and narrow to qualify as philosophies of human nature.   
   

 35. The main contribution of the theories of Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus' theories has been in the area of    
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art.   
philosophy.   
sociology.   
science.