1. In Hippocrates' and Galen's classifications of the personality types, a person with an overabundance of blood had a(n) ________ personality.    
A. apathetic   
B. cheerful   
C. depressed   
D. violent   
Answer: B
2. Immanuel Kant organized the four temperaments according to ________ and ________.    
A. body fluids; mood   
B. body types; emotionality   
C. feelings; activity   
D. physiques; temperament   
Answer: C
3. Trait theories differ from type theories in that trait theories involve    
A. continuous dimensions.   
B. observable entities.   
C. discrete categories.   
D. personality processes.   
Answer: A
4. William Sheldon described individuals in terms of ________ and ________.    
A. body fluids; mood   
B. dominant senses; reactivity   
C. feelings; sociability   
D. physiques; temperament   
Answer: D
5. Eysenck believes that psychology should become more    
A. literary.   
B. philosophical.   
C. scientific.   
D. pragmatic.   
Answer: C
6. Eysenck would be most likely to approve of the approach used by which of the following to formulate his theory of personality?    
A. Freud   
B. Fromm   
C. Rogers   
D. Rotter   
Answer: D
7. Eysenck's theory focuses on the interaction of     
A. biology and philosophy.   
B. individual differences and general human characteristics.   
C. personality factors and physiological characteristics.   
D. scientific experimentation and introspective studies.   
Answer: B
8. When one of his predictions proves to be false, Eysenck    
A. abandons the entire theory.   
B. looks for an anomaly.   
C. repeats the experiment.   
D. rethinks the theory.   
Answer: D
9. In constructing and revising his theory, Eysenck first hypothesizes a relationship between personality traits, then he    
A. conducts factor analytic studies to identify such trait clusters.   
B. constructs a biological theory to explain the hypothesized relationship.   
C. rethinks the theory in view of the predicted correlations.   
D. sets up naturalistic experiments to test his hypotheses.   
Answer: A
10. Eysenck's use of factor analysis differs from Cattell's in that Eysenck    
A. begins with a hypothesis regarding underlying variables and proceeds to test it with factor analysis.   
B. draws conclusions based on the clusters that appear as a result of the process of factor analysis.   
C. regards factor analysis as the last step in constructing his model of personality.   
D. uses a more inductive approach.   
Answer: A
11. Beginning at the bottom, which is the correct order of Eysenck's hierarchy of personality?    
A. Basic types, generalized traits, habitual responses, specific responses   
B. Specific responses, habitual responses, generalized traits, basic types   
C. Basic types, habitual responses, generalized traits, specific responses   
D. Specific responses, generalized traits, habitual responses, basic types   
Answer: B
12. Whenever Khalid is alone with a girl, he stutters.  In Eysenck's hierarchy, this behavior would be classified as a     
A. basic type.   
B. generalized response.   
C. habitual response.   
D. specific response.   
Answer: C
13. How is the superfactor psychoticism different from the other two superfactors?    
A. It is only found among Western cultures.   
B. It has no opposing dimension.   
C. It indicates that a person is suffering from a mental disorder.   
D. It appears later in life.   
Answer: B
14. Eysenck believes that extraversion is genetically determined.  Accordingly, if 12-year-old Harry scored high on extraversion, it means that    
A. both of his parents are extraverts.   
B. he also has the potential of growing up introverted.   
C. he can expect to be extraverted for the rest of his life.   
D. his brothers and sisters must also be extraverts.   
Answer: C
15. One difference between the theories of Eysenck and Cattell is that Eysenck    
A. deals with factors that are correlated, whereas Cattell deals with independent factors.   
B. emphasizes traits, whereas Cattell emphasizes supertraits.   
C. deals with specific dimensions in assessing personality, whereas Cattell considers the scope of personality to be broader.   
D. thinks that Cattell underestimates the importance and value of factor analysis.   
Answer: C
16. What in Eysenck's view was problematic in the personality inventories that preceded criterion analysis?    
A. They began with a hypothesis about a possible underlying variable.   
B. They were scored by comparing the participant's answers with those of pre-tested groups.   
C. They were scored by trying to interpret the answers to each question.   
D. Their scores were regarded objectively as just marks on paper.   
Answer: C
17. When doing criterion analysis, which items are retained for use in a personality test?    
A. The ones that discriminate between two opposite groups   
B. The questions that get the most negative answers   
C. The questions that get the most "yes" answers   
D. The ones that two opposing groups agree on the most   
Answer: A
18. Eysenck suggests that differences in the ratio of introversion to extraversion may be caused by    
A. arousal thresholds in the ascending reticular activating system.   
B. varying amounts of pituitary gland secretions.   
C. sensitivity levels of the limbic system and the hypothalamus.   
D. visceral brain activity.   
Answer: A
19. Eysenck suggests that there is a causal relationship between the basic personality dimensions and which functions of the brain?    
A. Biological   
B. Cognitive   
C. Hemispherically specialized   
D. Unconscious    
Answer: A
20. According to Eysenck's theory of arousal, all other things being equal, which one of the following should outperform the others on a very difficult task?    
A. Eric, a neurotic extravert   
B. Nagib, an emotionally stable extravert   
C. Helen, a neurotic introvert   
D. Margaret, an emotionally stable introvert   
Answer: B
21. In contrasting the personalities of extraverts and introverts, Eysenck suggests that ________ are more easily ________.    
A. extraverts; anxious   
B. extraverts; intelligent   
C. introverts; psychopathic   
D. introverts; civilized   
Answer: D
22. The phenotype refers to    
A. different habitual levels of arousal.   
B. inherited anatomical structures.   
C. an individual's observable appearance.   
D. one's underlying genetic makeup.   
Answer: C
23. According to Eysenck, if we were reduced to describing a person in just three dimensions, we could do so using his or her intelligence, extraversion and     
A. agreeableness.   
B. conscientiousness.   
C. neuroticism.   
D. perseverance.   
Answer: C
24. Eysenck believes that differences in IQs can be explained on the basis of differences in    
A. arousal.   
B. cultural backgrounds.   
C. evoked potentials.   
D. parental IQs.   
Answer: C
25. What was the conclusion of the studies on discovery learning that took into consideration the students' personalities?    
A. Extraverted students do better with discovery learning.   
B. Introverted students do better with discovery learning.   
C. There is no relationship between personality and preferred mode of learning.   
D. Both extraverts and introverts need equal amounts of discovery and reception learning for maximal learning.   
Answer: A
26. What is the relationship between originality and creative achievement?    
A. Both are normally distributed in the population.   
B. Creative achievement does not always presuppose originality.   
C. Originality is a necessary but not sufficient condition for creative achievement.   
D. The two are highly correlated; level of originality predicts level of creative achievement.   
Answer: C
27. Eysenck believes that psychotics and creative achievers manifest the same cognitive style.  On a word association test, both would    
A. generate automatic associations to the test words.   
B. give a greater number of more divergent responses.   
C. rely on past memories for the answers.   
D. respond with a small number of carefully thought-out words.   
Answer: B
28. Since World War II, psychology's emphasis has been shifted toward a position that stressed ________ and minimized ________.    
A. environmental factors; biological factors   
B. biological factors; environmental factors   
C. optimism; pessimism   
D. pessimism; optimism   
Answer: A
29. Eysenck feels that psychology should shift its emphasis back to    
A. biology.   
B. the environment.   
C. the positive aspects of human nature.   
D. the negative aspects of human nature.   
Answer: A
30. Why does Eysenck think that it is unrealistic to believe that we will soon discover the genes that are responsible for specific behaviors?    
A. Because he feels that the environment is a much more determining factor   
B. Because he believes that many genes interact to make up each personality trait   
C. Because mounting opposition to genetic research has put a stop to most of the studies in this area   
D. Because we do not as yet have the ability to analyze genetic material   
Answer: B