1. In the nature versus nurture controversy, trait and temperament theories of personality maintain that    
A. the experiences an individual has had are the primary influences on personality.   
B. inner biological patterns are the primary influences on personality.   
C. although some personality traits are determined solely by biological factors, others are determined entirely by environmental factors.   
D. heredity and the environment both affect each other in the development of personality.   
Answer: D
2. Cattell defines personality as    
A. the enduring internal characteristics of an individual.   
B. the visible aspects of an individual.   
C. that which permits prediction of what an individual will do.   
D. the totality of an individual's psychic qualities.   
Answer: C
3. Cattell emphasizes the ability to do which of the following in regard to personality?    
A. Control   
B. Predict   
C. Explain   
D. Describe   
Answer: B
4. What distinguishes source traits from surface traits?    
A. Source traits refer to overt behaviors; surface traits are the underlying variables.   
B. Source traits are psychological; surface traits are physical.   
C. Source traits are much more numerous than surface traits.   
D. Source traits allow for prediction; surface traits are merely descriptive.   
Answer: D
5. Which of the following describes the person's source trait?    
A. Dawn changes boyfriends every week.   
B. Roger likes to shop for clothes.   
C. Ellen finds it hard to remember chemistry formulas.   
D. Ron has always been an independent person.     
Answer: D
6. Cattell's sixteen basic source traits are expressed as ________ dimensions.    
A. biological   
B. bipolar   
C. perceptual   
D. unitary   
Answer: B
7. According to Cattell, the study of source traits is important because    
A. source traits lead to the biological sources of behavior.   
B. source traits allow us to make behavioral predictions.   
C. we can use the findings to affect change for those traits.   
D. such research is the first step in controlling deviant behavior.   
Answer: B
8. The statistical procedure that Cattell used to find relationships among traits is    
A. trait analysis.   
B. criterion analysis.   
C. factor analysis.   
D. analysis of variance.   
Answer: C
9. A psychologist who heads a large drug-rehabilitation center wants to do a factor analytic study in order to find out if his adolescent patients have any personality traits in common.  First, he gives them a personality test.  Next,    
A. he analyzes the data to see how far above or below the mean the scores lie.   
B. he calculates the mean, median, and mode of the distribution of scores.   
C. he correlates the data to see how much items relate to each other.   
D. he gives the same test to a group of drug-free adolescents.   
Answer: C
10. Cattell's specification equation equates a person's response with the sum of his traits, with each trait weighted by    
A. a correlational index.   
B. its cofactor.   
C. its complementary trait.   
D. its situational relevance.   
Answer: D
11. The head of a taxi company is using Cattell's specification equation to predict the behavior of a new driver.  After giving the new driver a personality test, he finds that all the situational indices are either negative or zero.  What does that mean?    
A. The new employee will not be a good driver.   
B. The test is not measuring traits that are relevant to this joB.   
C. The man will make an excellent driver.   
D. There are many negative aspects and deficiencies in this man's personality.   
Answer: B
12. Syntality is Cattell's term for dimensions that permit us to assess the personality of     
A. individuals of ethnic background.   
B. infants and children.   
C. groups and institutions.   
D. lower species.   
Answer: C
13. A consensus has been emerging that personality questionnaires and self-report inventories typically isolate five    
A. primary factors   
B. secondary factors   
C. source traits   
D. surface traits   
Answer: A
14. What is the acronym for the Big Five?    
A. COAST   
B. OCEAN   
C. OUNCE   
D. COUNT   
Answer: B
15. What is Sir Francis Galton's "lexical hypothesis"?    
A. Language reflects the relative importance of various personality characteristics to a culture.   
B. The fewer the personality terms in a language, the more ethnocentric the population.   
C. The number of words in a culture's language reflects the intelligence of its members.   
D. The more words in a language to describe the personality, the more multi-cultural the population.   
Answer: A
16. Which of the following assessment tools was developed to measure the Big Five?    
A. Cattell 16PF   
B. Eysenck Personality Inventory   
C. NEO-PI-R   
D. Rogers' Q-sort Test   
Answer: C
17. The more ________ an attribute is, the better we are able to use it to predict a person's behavior in a given situation.    
A. broad   
B. specific   
C. typical   
D. uncommon   
Answer: B
18. One difference between the Big Five and the Five Factor Model is that    
A. only the Five Factor Model was derived through the use of factor analysis.   
B. the Big Five is based on experimental studies, whereas the Five Factor Model is based on language studies.   
C. the Big Five simply provides a description of the factors, whereas the Five Factor Model provides an interpretation of the factors.   
D. the Big Five theory suggests that factor differences are due to genetics and are stable over time; the Five Factor Model makes no such claims.   
Answer: C
19. One application of the Big Five has been in the area of    
A. ensuring compatibility in computerized dating.   
B. forecasting performance in medical school.   
C. predicting job satisfaction.   
D. marketing theory.   
Answer: C
20. One use of the NEO-PI-R has been to determine    
A. causal biological factors of personality.   
B. licensing criteria for psychologists.   
C. correctness of parole decisions.   
D. suitable psychotherapeutic procedures.   
Answer: D
21. Adler's "social interest," Horney's "moving toward," and Erikson's "basic trust" can all be seen as aspects of which factor?    
A. agreeableness   
B. conscientiousness   
C. openness   
D. neuroticism   
Answer: A
22. In their 1984 study, which investigated the Big Five in India, Shweder and Bourne found differences in the way Americans and Indians describe an acquaintance.  To convey the fact that a woman is shy, an American is more likely than an Indian to    
A. say, "She is shy."   
B. describe a very specific situation in which the woman acted shy.   
C. say, "She generally feels uncomfortable when talking to others."   
D. use gestures instead of words.   
Answer: A
23. Which of the following describes a genotype?    
A. Eleanor's strict Mormon upbringing precluded her from ever having an alcoholic beverage.   
B. Adam's father was an alcoholic.   
C. Jean's family always had wine with dinner.   
D. When Eric was a freshman, he became very ill from overdrinking; since then, he has not wanted to drink.   
Answer: B
24. One can conclude that the environment contributes more to a trait than heredity when    
A. a child whose birth mother was emotionally stable shares the mood swings of his adoptive mother.   
B. a father and son are both disorganized.   
C. fraternal twins share the same offbeat sense of humor.   
D. identical twins who were raised apart are both extraverted.   
Answer: A
25. How are fraternal twins different from identical twins?    
A. Fraternal twins develop from one egg; identical twins develop from two eggs.   
B. Fraternal twins are monozygotic; identical twins are dizygotic.   
C. Fraternal twins have all the same genes; identical twins do not have all the same genes.   
D. Differences between identical twins are due to the environment; differences between fraternal twins may be due to either environment or genes.   
Answer: D
26. A 1969 study by ________ created tremendous controversy because of its suggestion that IQ score differences between Blacks and Whites are due to genetics.    
A. Cattell   
B. Erlenmeyer and Jarvik   
C. Heston   
D. Jensen   
Answer: D
27. If George is a risk-taker and the heritability index of risk-taking behavior is 85 percent, that means that    
A. 85 percent of George's risk-taking behavior was inherited.   
B. in the general population, 85 percent of the behavior is due to heredity.   
C. most of George's risk-taking behavior must have been learned, not inherited.   
D. risk-taking is an unstable trait in 85 percent of the population.   
Answer: B
28. Thomas Bouchard has been in the forefront of research on    
A. beyondism.   
B. eugenics.   
C. syntality.   
D. twins.   
Answer: D
29. Heritability indices for the Big Five range from ________ to ________.    
A. 10; 31   
B. 40; 61   
C. 60; 81   
D. 70; 91   
Answer: B
30. The Big Five factor with the largest heritability index is     
A. agreeableness.   
B. openness.   
C. extraversion.   
D. neuroticism.   
Answer: B