1. Object relations theorists emphasize the ________ experience of relationships with others, whereas the relational/cultural theorists emphasize the ________ experience of relationships.    
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intrapsychic; interpsychic   
role of nature in the; role of nurture in the   
external; internal   
abnormal; normal   
   

  2. One of Melanie Klein's major contributions to personality theory was the observation that    
1
children are slow to realize the difference between fantasy and reality.   
children entertain sexual thoughts much earlier than Freud suggested.   
children's perception of reality is not much different from that of adults.   
not all children engage in fantasy.   
   

  3. In the early period after birth, the young infant cannot differentiate between the tension-reducing functions of his or her body, such as urination, and his or her mother's role in reducing his or her hunger pangs.  In Mahler's theory, the infant is in the narcissistic phase of     
3
abnormal autism.   
abnormal symbiosis.   
normal autism.   
normal symbiosis.   
   

  4. The process of separation-individuation optimally begins at    
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birth.   
four months.   
two years.   
puberty.   
   

  5. The four stages of the separation-individuation process include    
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inception, rapprochement, inquiry, and termination.   
differentiation, practice, reconnaissance, and consolidation.   
inception, reconnaissance, inquiry, and termination.   
differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and consolidation.   
   

  6. Separation anxiety, when an infant becomes increasingly sensitive to his mother's absence, occurs at which stage of separation-individuation?    
3
Differentiation   
Practicing   
Rapprochement   
Consolidation   
   

  7. Which disorders develop when an individual fails to achieve an independent sense of self?    
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Narcissistic   
Neurotic   
Psychotic   
Borderline   
   

  8. According to Kohut, narcissistic individuals are looking for a(n)    
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idealized parent substitute that can never be found.   
mirror-image of themselves.   
person who shares their overinflated opinion of themselves.   
way to resolve their original Oedipal feelings.   
   

9. Kohut believes that it is important for children to have parents who are    
4
authoritarian.   
permissive.   
cultured and well-educated.   
nurturing and affectionate.   
   

 10. Kohut believes that when children develop normally, the Oedipus complex    
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will probably produce conflict and anxiety.   
may be a positive experience.   
may fail to materialize.   
will most likely be associated with negative emotions.   
   

 11. Kohut suggests that a recent increase in narcissistic disorders among young people can be blamed on the    
3
disintegration of the nuclear family.   
failure of their parents to provide firm discipline.   
lack of stable beliefs in this generation.   
sexual revolution.   
   

 12. ________ believes that narcissistic personality disorders are the result of empathic failures, whereas ________ believes that personality disorders are the result of unneutralized drives.    
1
Kohut; Kernberg   
Kernberg; Kohut   
Mahler; Chodorow   
Chodorow; Mahler   
   

 13. Though Kernberg applied his theory to the full range of personality disorders, he focused on     
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borderline personality disorders.   
obsessive-compulsive disorders.   
narcissistic personality disorders.   
psychotic personality disorders.   
   

 14. Which of the following manifests the borderline characteristic of "splitting"?    
4
Lenore, who idolizes people without seeing their faults   
Erin, who cannot stay in serious relationships for long without getting bored   
Ed, whose personality swings between being very extraverted and being very introverted   
Perry, who thinks that the way people feel about him totally changes from day to day   
   

 15. Which of the following is a feature of Kernberg's expressive psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy?    
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Allowing a complete transference neurosis to develop   
Resolving the transference solely through the interpretation process   
Having the therapist point out and discuss the patient's distortions of reality   
First examining past behavior, then shifting the emphasis to the present   
   

 16. Chodorow states that "women's mothering reproduces itself cyclically."  What does she mean by that?    
4
Every year, new technologies improve the ability of women to have children.   
Every time that a woman has a baby, her maternal instincts renew themselves.   
Women imbue both sons and daughters with a nurturing capacity.   
Women train their daughters to be good mothers.   
   

17. According to Chodorow, women who stay at home rather than find constructive work outside the home risk    
4
alienating their husbands.   
developing symptoms of hysteria.   
losing their identity.   
overinvesting in their children.     
   

 18. Boys experience the fact that women are the fundamental caregivers differently than girls in that they    
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begin to dominate at an early age.   
develop in an optimistic and positive way.   
experience a feeling of threat.   
feel connected to their mothers emotionally.   
   

 19. The Stone Center Group formed in order to    
1
promote a better understanding of the psychology of women.   
resurrect Karen Horney's feminine psychology.   
reaffirm the relevancy of the male paradigm to the psychology of women.   
provide a female paradigm for Freudian theory.   
   

 20. What was the theme of Jean Baker Miller's book, Toward a New Psychology of Women?     
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That rather than place their faith in others, women should have faith in their own individual abilities   
That it is time for women to become the dominant gender and men the subordinate one   
That we stretch our definition of strength to include affiliation and relational abilities   
That women train their daughters to be independently powerful, achievement-oriented, and self-sufficient   
   

 21. In contrast to the male paradigm, the Stone Center Group asserts that women's self-esteem and growth potential depend on their ability to    
1
engage in relationships.   
make it on their own.   
take a subordinate role.   
reproduce.   
   

 22. Research at the Stone Center has been influenced by the observations of ________ that object relations theory did not reflect the different boundaries between mothers and daughters and mothers and sons.    
3
Carol Gilligan   
Melanie Klein   
Nancy Chodorow   
Otto Kernberg   
   

 23. In their personality theory, the Stone Center Group has replaced "self" with     
1
connection.   
object.   
psyche.   
the feminine ego.   
   

 24. How is the adolescent experience viewed in the relational/cultural model?    
3
As a period of progressively increasing stages of self-sufficiency   
As a time when one loses awareness of others   
As a time of change in the parent-child relationship to allow for growth   
As a time of separation from one's previous connections   
   

25. In a situation where someone is ill and in need, Jean Baker Miller describes women as ________ and men as ________.    
4
acting independently; acting collectively   
avoiding the situation; dealing with the situation   
being hesitant; acting decisively   
taking empathic action; giving advice   
   

 26. According to the relational/cultural model, a key element of healthy, growth-fostering relationships is    
3
compromise.   
equality.   
mutuality.   
sameness.   
   

 27. Disconnections are a major source of psychological problems because they lead to    
4
broken marriages.   
dissatisfactions.   
new connections.   
psychological isolation.   
   

 28. Minor disconnections are different from major ones in that they    
2
are more likely to be problematic.   
can lead to growth.   
are more difficult to resolve.   
occur infrequently.   
   

 29. Disconnected families are characterized by    
3
divorce, remarriage, and stepchildren.   
conservatism, old-fashioned values, and a strict moral code.   
secrecy, unavailable parents, and children who assume adult roles.   
smothering, pampering, and idealization of the children.   
   

 30. Which of the following exemplifies the basic relational paradox?    
4
Alex, who cannot figure out why the last two women he dated broke up with him   
Debbie, who was able to go from a major disconnection into an empathic, supportive new relationship   
Jose, who finds it hard to choose between two women whom he is dating   
Lara, who after escaping an abusive marriage, is finding it hard to move into a new relationship   
   

 31. Compared to classical Freudian analysts, the Stone Center Group therapists are more    
1
disclosing.   
likely to interpret.   
prone to remain neutral.   
inclined to cultivate transference.   
   

 32. The relational model has redefined many of our everyday concepts.  One such example would be in defining ________ as ________.    
4
anger; an emotion that needs to be repressed   
courage; a solitary accomplishment   
self-esteem; mastery or self-efficacy   
shame; a deep yearning for connection   
   

33. One example of the way the relational/cultural theorists reconceived everyday concepts is their placing sexual desire in the context of    
3
achievement and performance.   
conquest and defeat.   
empathic communication.   
exploitation.   
   

 34. Lesbian relationships are viewed by the relational/cultural theorists as    
3
an abnormal form of empathic communication.   
a distortion of the natural way of doing things.   
a way for women to express relational strength.   
pathological.   
   

 35. An important revision in philosophical assumptions proposed by the Stone Center Group is the    
2
doctrine of I-centeredness.   
paradigm shift.   
power of individualism.   
male paradigm.