1. Anna Freud's case studies of the effects of World War II bombings on British children showed that    
A. children are indifferent to their surroundings.   
B. the world of the child pivots on the mother.   
C. war has a devastating effect on young children.   
D. children's reactions in a war situation parallel those of the adults around them.   
Answer: B
2. Anna Freud's developmental line elaborated on her father's depiction of the psychosexual stages by describing    
A. how children become increasingly dependent on external controls as they mature.   
B. the increase in id impulses that accompanies the development of secondary sexual characteristics.   
C. the increase in ego-superego conflicts that occurs along with developmental growth.     
D. the growth in ego mastery as it coincides with psychosexual development.   
Answer: D
3. One of the defense mechanisms proposed by Anna Freud is    
A. isolation.   
B. displacement of the object of one's feelings.   
C. identification with an aggressor.   
D. reaction formation.   
Answer: C
4. Anna Freud said that adolescence was the "stepchild in psychoanalytic theory."  What did she mean by that statement?    
A. That her father's theory ignored the adolescent stage   
B. That adolescents are not considered good candidates for psychoanalysis   
C. That adolescence is a high risk period for developing mental disorders   
D. That adolescents who become stepchildren frequently end up in psychoanalysis   
Answer: A
5. How does Heinz Hartmann's conceptualization of the ego differ from Anna Freud's?    
A. Anna Freud's ego is bound to the id; Hartmann's ego is autonomous.   
B. Hartmann's ego is regulated by the superego; Anna Freud's ego is unregulateD.     
C. Hartmann's ego exists only to satisfy the id's impulses; Anna Freud's ego has outside functions.   
D. Anna Freud's ego is conflict-free; Hartmann's ego is always a mediator.    
Answer: A
6. Which of the following is one of the ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalysis?    
A. He posited another psychosexual stage following the genital stage.   
B. He researched the impact of fixations in later stages than Freud did.   
C. He elaborated on the negative functions of the ego.   
D. He added a social dimension that before was only implied in the psychosexual stages.   
Answer: D
7. In his discussion of the ego, Erikson    
A. was closer to Anna Freud than to Hartmann.   
B. emphasized its adaptive role.   
C. identified it with consciousness.   
D. elaborated on its dysfunctions.   
Answer: B
8. In discussing the psychosexual stages, Freud emphasized their ________ character, whereas Erikson emphasized their ________ dimension.    
A. biological; social   
B. social; biological   
C. biological; cognitive   
D. cognitive; biological   
Answer: A
9. Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages is organized around a(n) ________ that children encounter at certain critical periods.    
A. cognitive milestone   
B. developmental task   
C. emotional polarity   
D. erogenous zone   
Answer: C
10. Erikson's psychosocial stages are epigenetic in that they    
A. progress in a linear fashion.   
B. are sequential and imply a hierarchy.   
C. occur within a strict chronological framework.   
D. are strictly biological in nature.    
Answer: B
11. According to Erikson, the primary dilemma of infancy is    
A. trust versus mistrust.   
B. autonomy versus doubt.   
C. industry versus inferiority.   
D. initiative versus guilt.   
Answer: A
12. Two-year-old Emma was just toilet trained.  According to Erikson, if her parents were firm and reassuring, you would expect Emma to come out of this stage with a newly developed ego strength of     
A. care.   
B. purpose.   
C. will.   
D. hope.   
Answer: C
13. Which mode is the dominant social modality in the initiative versus guilt stage?     
A. Trust   
B. Competence   
C. Intrusive   
D. Privacy   
Answer: C
14. In Erikson's view, the Oedipus complex     
A. results in the child developing a moral sense.   
B. does not involve the same-sex parent.   
C. is guilt-free.   
D. occurs during the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage.   
Answer: A
15. Ms. Jones divides her first-graders into reading groups according to ability.  The "sparrows" know that they are the worst readers, whereas the "eagles" know that they are the best.  According to Erikson, at this age, she can expect the "sparrows" to develop feelings of ________ and the "eagles" to develop feelings of ________.    
A. mistrust; trust   
B. role confusion; ego identity   
C. guilt; initiative   
D. inferiority; industry   
Answer: D
16. Fifteen-year-old Savita is constantly questioning her parents' values.  At the same time, she is not ready to accept her friends' values.  If you ask her what she wants to become, she will say, "I haven't a clue."  Her confusion implies that she is struggling with issues of    
A. autonomy.   
B. identity.   
C. fidelity.   
D. integrity.   
Answer: B
17. A previously law-abiding teen joins a violent street gang.  In Erikson's terms, he is    
A. adopting a negative identity.   
B. looking for fidelity.   
C. undergoing an identity crisis.   
D. assuming an inappropriate sexual role.   
Answer: A
18. Freud's dictum that a healthy person needs "to love and to work" sums up the developmental tasks of which psychosocial stage?    
A. Generativity versus stagnation   
B. Intimacy versus isolation   
C. Ego integrity versus despair   
D. Industry versus inferiority    
Answer: B
19. According to Erikson, an older adult who is able to sit back and reflect on his or her life with satisfaction will have acquired the virtue of    
A. fidelity.   
B. care.   
C. love.   
D. wisdom.   
Answer: D
20. To what time of life does Erikson's emotional duality of generativity versus stagnation refer?    
A. The years of maturity   
B. The middle years of life   
C. Young adulthood   
D. The teen years   
Answer: B
21. What did Erikson demonstrate in his study of two Native American tribes?    
A. That society shapes basic character structures   
B. That the Yurok tribe had a superior way of life   
C. That society does not exert much of an influence on one's character development   
D. That oral and anal characters are not found in all cultures   
Answer: A
22. The significant historical figures studied by Erikson included    
A. Malcolm X.   
B. Martin Luther.   
C. Sigmund Freud.   
D. Napoleon Bonaparte.   
Answer: B
23. In his investigation of sex differences, Erikson observed that, in their play, girls emphasize ________ space, whereas boys emphasize ________ space.    
A. low; high   
B. outer; inner   
C. high; low   
D. inner; outer   
Answer: D
24. Erikson concluded from his study on sex differences that the development of women is influenced by their    
A. acceptance of male superiority.   
B. awareness of their reproductive capacity.   
C. relationships with their children.   
D. superior verbal abilities.   
Answer: B
25. In theorizing about females, both Erikson and Freud    
A. believed that women could find their identity in work.   
B. believed that women could not contribute significantly outside of the home.   
C. believed that girls' awareness of their sexual role focused on a missing penis.   
D. employed male paradigms.   
Answer: D
26. Erikson saw a parallel between the use of evidence by a psychoanalyst and a(n) ________, because both try to reconstruct events.    
A. literary critic   
B. biologist   
C. forensics expert   
D. historian   
Answer: D
27. What is one of the findings of the research on Marcia's identity statuses?    
A. Identity crises occur earlier than Erikson proposed.   
B. Only a small percent of adolescents actually experience an identity crisis.   
C. Parenting styles appear to affect an adolescent's ability to form a stable identity.   
D. Females do not tend to go through the same sort of identity crisis that males go through.   
Answer: C
28. Research related to the intimacy tasks of young adults has shown that    
A. women who marry are more likely to experience depression.   
B. men's sense of identity has little effect on their ability to achieve intimacy.   
C. women are more likely to sever relationships.   
D. some women forgo their independence when committing to a relationship.   
Answer: D
29. According to McAdams, in the elementary school years, our life stories revolve around two themes: ________ and ________.    
A. initiative; guilt   
B. nuclear episodes; thematic lines   
C. agency; communion   
D. school; home   
Answer: C
30. In a departure from Erikson's theory, McAdams suggests that generativity    
A. is not a specific stage of adulthood but a cultural demand.   
B. does not result in the virtue of care but in pride.   
C. is an emotion exclusive to women due to their role in raising children.   
D. is evident a decade earlier than Erikson proposed.   
Answer: A