1. Anna Freud's case studies of the effects of World War II bombings on British children showed that    
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children are indifferent to their surroundings.   
the world of the child pivots on the mother.   
war has a devastating effect on young children.   
children's reactions in a war situation parallel those of the adults around them.   
   

  2. Anna Freud's developmental line elaborated on her father's depiction of the psychosexual stages by describing    
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how children become increasingly dependent on external controls as they mature.   
the increase in id impulses that accompanies the development of secondary sexual characteristics.   
the increase in ego-superego conflicts that occurs along with developmental growth.     
the growth in ego mastery as it coincides with psychosexual development.   
   

3. One of the defense mechanisms proposed by Anna Freud is    
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isolation.   
displacement of the object of one's feelings.   
identification with an aggressor.   
reaction formation.   
   

  4. Anna Freud said that adolescence was the "stepchild in psychoanalytic theory."  What did she mean by that statement?    
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That her father's theory ignored the adolescent stage   
That adolescents are not considered good candidates for psychoanalysis   
That adolescence is a high risk period for developing mental disorders   
That adolescents who become stepchildren frequently end up in psychoanalysis   
   

5. How does Heinz Hartmann's conceptualization of the ego differ from Anna Freud's?    
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Anna Freud's ego is bound to the id; Hartmann's ego is autonomous.   
Hartmann's ego is regulated by the superego; Anna Freud's ego is unregulateD.     
Hartmann's ego exists only to satisfy the id's impulses; Anna Freud's ego has outside functions.   
Anna Freud's ego is conflict-free; Hartmann's ego is always a mediator.    
   

 6. Which of the following is one of the ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalysis?    
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He posited another psychosexual stage following the genital stage.   
He researched the impact of fixations in later stages than Freud did.   
He elaborated on the negative functions of the ego.   
He added a social dimension that before was only implied in the psychosexual stages.   
   

 7. In his discussion of the ego, Erikson    
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was closer to Anna Freud than to Hartmann.   
emphasized its adaptive role.   
identified it with consciousness.   
elaborated on its dysfunctions.   
   

  8. In discussing the psychosexual stages, Freud emphasized their ________ character, whereas Erikson emphasized their ________ dimension.    
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biological; social   
social; biological   
biological; cognitive   
cognitive; biological   
   

 9. Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages is organized around a(n) ________ that children encounter at certain critical periods.    
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cognitive milestone   
developmental task   
emotional polarity   
erogenous zone   
   

10. Erikson's psychosocial stages are epigenetic in that they    
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progress in a linear fashion.   
are sequential and imply a hierarchy.   
occur within a strict chronological framework.   
are strictly biological in nature.    
   

11. According to Erikson, the primary dilemma of infancy is    
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trust versus mistrust.   
autonomy versus doubt.   
industry versus inferiority.   
initiative versus guilt.   
   

 12. Two-year-old Emma was just toilet trained.  According to Erikson, if her parents were firm and reassuring, you would expect Emma to come out of this stage with a newly developed ego strength of     
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care.   
purpose.   
will.   
hope.   
   

13. Which mode is the dominant social modality in the initiative versus guilt stage?     
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Trust   
Competence   
Intrusive   
Privacy   
   

14. In Erikson's view, the Oedipus complex     
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results in the child developing a moral sense.   
does not involve the same-sex parent.   
is guilt-free.   
occurs during the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage.   
   

15. Ms. Jones divides her first-graders into reading groups according to ability.  The "sparrows" know that they are the worst readers, whereas the "eagles" know that they are the best.  According to Erikson, at this age, she can expect the "sparrows" to develop feelings of ________ and the "eagles" to develop feelings of ________.    
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mistrust; trust   
role confusion; ego identity   
guilt; initiative   
inferiority; industry   
    

 16. Fifteen-year-old Savita is constantly questioning her parents' values.  At the same time, she is not ready to accept her friends' values.  If you ask her what she wants to become, she will say, "I haven't a clue."  Her confusion implies that she is struggling with issues of    
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autonomy.   
identity.   
fidelity.   
integrity.   
   

17. A previously law-abiding teen joins a violent street gang.  In Erikson's terms, he is    
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adopting a negative identity.   
looking for fidelity.   
undergoing an identity crisis.   
assuming an inappropriate sexual role.   
   

18. Freud's dictum that a healthy person needs "to love and to work" sums up the developmental tasks of which psychosocial stage?    
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Generativity versus stagnation   
Intimacy versus isolation   
Ego integrity versus despair   
Industry versus inferiority    
   

19. According to Erikson, an older adult who is able to sit back and reflect on his or her life with satisfaction will have acquired the virtue of    
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fidelity.   
care.   
love.   
wisdom.   
   

20. To what time of life does Erikson's emotional duality of generativity versus stagnation refer?    
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The years of maturity   
The middle years of life   
Young adulthood   
The teen years   
    

21. What did Erikson demonstrate in his study of two Native American tribes?    
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That society shapes basic character structures   
That the Yurok tribe had a superior way of life   
That society does not exert much of an influence on one's character development   
That oral and anal characters are not found in all cultures   
   

22. The significant historical figures studied by Erikson included    
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Malcolm X.   
Martin Luther.   
Sigmund Freud.   
Napoleon Bonaparte.   
   

23. In his investigation of sex differences, Erikson observed that, in their play, girls emphasize ________ space, whereas boys emphasize ________ space.    
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low; high   
outer; inner   
high; low   
inner; outer   
    

 24. Erikson concluded from his study on sex differences that the development of women is influenced by their    
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acceptance of male superiority.   
awareness of their reproductive capacity.   
relationships with their children.   
superior verbal abilities.   
   

25. In theorizing about females, both Erikson and Freud    
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believed that women could find their identity in work.   
believed that women could not contribute significantly outside of the home.   
believed that girls' awareness of their sexual role focused on a missing penis.   
employed male paradigms.   
   

26. Erikson saw a parallel between the use of evidence by a psychoanalyst and a(n) ________, because both try to reconstruct events.    
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literary critic   
biologist   
forensics expert   
historian   
   

27. What is one of the findings of the research on Marcia's identity statuses?    
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Identity crises occur earlier than Erikson proposed.   
Only a small percent of adolescents actually experience an identity crisis.   
Parenting styles appear to affect an adolescent's ability to form a stable identity.   
Females do not tend to go through the same sort of identity crisis that males go through.   
   

28. Research related to the intimacy tasks of young adults has shown that    
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women who marry are more likely to experience depression.   
men's sense of identity has little effect on their ability to achieve intimacy.   
women are more likely to sever relationships.   
some women forgo their independence when committing to a relationship.   
    

29. According to McAdams, in the elementary school years, our life stories revolve around two themes: ________ and ________.    
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initiative; guilt   
nuclear episodes; thematic lines   
agency; communion   
school; home   
   

30. In a departure from Erikson's theory, McAdams suggests that generativity    
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is not a specific stage of adulthood but a cultural demand.   
does not result in the virtue of care but in pride.   
is an emotion exclusive to women due to their role in raising children.   
is evident a decade earlier than Erikson proposed.   
   

31. What is one difference between McAdams's imagoes and Jung's persona?    
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The persona is an archetype; the imagoes are not archetypal.   
The persona represents the roles assigned by society; the imagoes are unaffected by the demands of society.   
The persona represents our real self; the imagoes are idealized self-forms.   
The persona is an outward mask; the imagoes are internalized self-concepts.     
   

 32. In his study of generative and non generative adults, McAdams found that generative adults were    
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able to turn negative experiences into positives.   
more likely to give shorter versions of their life stories.   
less likely to make use of Biblical, folklore, or mythological themes in their stories.   
more likely to have felt privileged early in their lives.   
   

33. The ________ that Erikson outlined may be seen as critical values toward which the human race can strive.    
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developmental tasks   
ego strengths   
identity statuses   
values of the Yurok tribe   
   

34. Why did Erikson's theory fail to generate much research until recently?    
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The theory was not considered compelling by most researchers.   
The theory was seen as too narrow in its scope.   
The concepts were deemed too difficult to define operationally.   
The theory was thought to lack heuristic value.   
   

35. Erikson's work has had a large impact in many areas of psychology.  One such area is    
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cognitive psychology.   
industrial psychology.   
psychometrics.   
psychophysics.