Humanistic theories can be characterized as being which of the following in nature?        
 Mechanistic      
 Negative      
 * Optimistic      
 Psychometric      
    

In relation to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, Maslow offered his view as        
 a more contemporary alternative.      
 * a complementary position.      
 an attempt to integrate the best ideas of both.      
 the only logical theory.      
    

It is largely because of the efforts of Carl Rogers that which of the following has re-emerged as a useful construct for understanding personality?        
 * Self      
 Unconscious      
 Dream      
 Psyche      
    

According to Rogers, the best way to understand an individual is through        
 * his or her inner subjective experiences.      
 the use of psychometric tests.      
 the study of overt behavior.      
 the study of his or her environment.      
    

The needs associated with metamotivation are called        
 M-needs, or meta-needs.      
 D-needs, or deficiency needs.      
 G-needs, or growth needs.      
 * B-needs, or being needs.      
    

An example of a B-need would be        
 the need for self-esteem.      
 the need for love.      
 the need for safety.      
 * the need to use one's talents.      
    

A boy scout is packing to go on a camping trip.  If he follows Maslow's hierarchy in filling his pack, which item(s) would he pack last?        
 * A photo of his girlfriend      
 A compass and sunscreen lotion      
 Crackers and juice cans      
 A warm jacket      
    

In Maslow's hierarchy, the need for safety appears after which of the following have been met?        
 Belonging and love needs      
 B-needs      
 * Physiological needs      
 Self-esteem needs      
    

In addition to his original hierarchy, Maslow proposed a smaller, independent hierarchy consisting of needs related to        
 * curiosity.      
 dominance.      
 leadership.      
 ownership.      
    

Maslow defined a self-actualized person as an individual who        
 is satisfied with his or her life.      
 has left a mark on history.      
 * is self-fulfilled and doing the best he or she can.      
 is one of the most well-adjusted 1 percent of the population.      
    

Maslow's definition of the self-actualized person was criticized for being         
 all-encompassing.      
 strictly scientific.      
 * subjective.      
 too broad.      
    

The fact that self-actualizers demonstrate a more efficient perception of reality indicates the dimension of        
 trust.      
 freedom.      
 honesty.      
 * awareness.      
    

The dimension of freedom is reflected in which of the following characteristics of self-actualizers?        
 A problem-centered approach      
 * Detachment and need for privacy      
 Selectivity in friendships      
 Peak experiences      
    

What is the nature of the philosophical sense of humor?        
 It expresses rebellion against society and its values.      
 It is humor at other people's expense.      
 It is planned rather than spontaneous.      
 * It pokes fun at people's shared human pretensions.      
    

A peak experience entails a        
 religious awakening.      
 * loss or transcendence of self.      
 heightening of ego awareness.      
 high degree of judgment.      
    

Socially speaking, self-actualizers tend to have        
 * some close friends.      
 little or no social interest.      
 superficial interpersonal relationships.      
 hardly any time to spend with others.      
    

According to Maslow, in order to have peak experiences one needs to be        
 a believer.      
 practical and efficient.      
 self-actualized.      
 * open to them.      
    

According to Maslow, the number of self-actualized individuals in the population is        
 * probably less than 1 percent.      
 about 5 percent.      
 about 10 percent.      
 over 50 percent of adults.      
    

Maslow suggested that in order to study self-actualized individuals, our concept of science should be        
 devoid of philosophical judgments.      
 * broadened.      
 divorced from the everyday problems of humanity.      
 value-free.      
    

In Japan and in China it is believed that personality is best rooted in        
 a strong sense of independence.      
 an appreciation of one's uniqueness.      
 * being able to define oneself in terms of the group.      
 positive self-esteem based on personal achievements.      
    

In Rogers's theory, the ________ refers to the person as a whole, whereas the ________ refers to the person as he or she is perceived.        
 organism; phenomenal field      
 self; phenomenal field      
 self; organism      
 * organism; self      
    

Rogers suggested that an organism is involved in a process of moving forward, known as        
 phenomenalism.      
 * self-actualization.      
 striving for superiority.      
 propriate striving.      
    

According to Rogers, the tendency to self-actualize is        
 effortless.      
 automatic.      
 * innate.      
 learned.      
    

In the process of self-actualization, Rogers suggested that emotions usually        
 have negative effects.      
 undergo repression.      
 are gradually replaced by rational thought.      
 * accompany and facilitate the process.      
    

Rogers differed from Freud in his belief that human emotions        
 represent our animal side.      
 must often be denied to allow for growth.      
 * need to be experienced.      
 need to be tamed and civilized.      
    

Four-year-old Alan liked playing with his mother's costume jewelry.  One day, his older brother called him a "sissy," and, from then on, Alan never played with the jewelry again.  The experience of playing with jewelry has been        
 * denied.      
 accepted.      
 ignored.      
 symbolized.      
    

Rogers contended that people use the defenses of ________ and ________ when their experiences appear to be inconsistent with their self-structure.        
 reaction formation; rationalization      
 sublimation; substitution      
 repression; resistance      
 * denial; perceptual distortion      
    

A state of congruence exists when        
 * the self-concept and the organism largely coincide.      
 an individual denies his or her experiences.      
 instincts have been successfully repressed.      
 anxiety is absent in the organism.      
    

According to Rogers, neurosis and maladjustment are a function of         
 * incongruence.      
 homeostasis.      
 compensation.      
 existential living.      
    

Which of the following would convey unconditional positive regard to a misbehaving child?        
 "Good girls don't spill their milk on purpose."      
 * "That was wasting milk.  Let's clean it up."      
 "Why did you do that? That was mean of you."      
 "You shouldn't have spilled it.  From now on, be a good girl."