1. Bandura's concept of determinism is significant in that it emphasizes the
A.  reciprocal nature of all factors.
B.  supremacy of behavioral factors.
C.  importance of internal cognitive factors.
D.  predominance of the environment.
E. 
Answer:  a  
  2. The behavior of buying a fuel-efficient car is dictated in part by one's thinking and in part by the availability of such cars.  Availability, in turn, is affected by the increasing demand for such vehicles.  Increased demand results in larger inventories, and those will necessitate advertising, which will affect thinking.  This interplay between behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is what Bandura referred to as
A.  internal dispositions.
B.  extrinsic reinforcement.
C.  reciprocal determinism.
D.  reward consequences.
E. 
Answer:  c 
  3. Bandura believes that most human behavior is learned through the process of
A.  operant conditioning.
B.  classical conditioning.
C.  reinforcement.
D.  observational learning.
E. 
Answer:  d 
  4. How does observational learning compare with imitation?
A.  They are synonymous.
B.  Observational learning builds on imitation but goes beyond it.
C.  Observational learning cannot account for new behaviors; imitation can.
D.  Rewards are important only in imitation.
E. 
Answer:  b 
  5. In Bandura's famous study involving a Bobo doll, young children observed an adult playing with the doll in an aggressive manner.  Later, when the frustrated children were placed in a room with the Bobo doll, their
A.  behavior was similar to that of a control group.
B.  play did not include the doll.
C.  behavior was more aggressive than that of a control group.
D.  play included the doll but was not aggressive.
E. 
Answer:  c 
  6. Which of the following attributes can influence an observer to imitate a model?
A.  Dependency
B.  High self-esteem
C.  Low level of motivation
D.  Self-efficacy
E. 
Answer:  a 
  7. People are more likely to imitate models who are
A.  behaving nonaggressively.
B.  performing a complex behavior.
C.  of the opposite sex.
D.  similar to themselves.
E. 
Answer:  d 
8. When Alana sees a woman using sign language on television, she is able to learn many of the signs.  The next day, when her mother introduces her to a deaf boy, even though she remembers the signs, she does not use them.  Which of the four processes that govern observational learning is Alana missing?
A.  Attentional processes
B.  Retention processes
C.  Motor reproduction processes
D.  Motivational processes
E. 
Answer:  d 
  9. Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
A.  Ben is praised by his teacher for getting a perfect score on a test.
B.  Jamal feels good about getting an A on a test.
C.  Sheila allows herself an extra half-hour of television watching as a treat for acing a test.
D.  Maria is studying harder because she wants to do as well as her brother did on a test.
E. 
Answer:  d 
 10. In Bandura's theory, the fact that people have self-reactive capacities that permit them to control their own thoughts, feelings, and actions is referred to as
A.  self-reinforcement.
B.  vicarious reinforcement.
C.  intrinsic reinforcement.
D.  extrinsic reinforcement.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 11. Bandura believes that frequent exposure to aggression and violence on television
A.  has no significant impact on a child's behavior.
B.  has a cathartic effect on young children.
C.  encourages children to behave aggressively.
D.  encourages children to develop respect for the police.
E. 
Answer:  c 
 12. Six-year-old Patty was just spanked by her mother for telling a lie.  According to Bandura, what might one likely consequence of the spanking be?
A.  Patty will still tell lies to her mother.
B.  Patty will love her mother even more than she did before.
C.  Patty will hit someone smaller than herself.
D.  Patty will become less aggressive than she was before.
E. 
Answer:  c 
 13. What does Bandura recommend as a way of reducing violence in our society? 
A.  A public broadcasting system free of commercial pressures
B.  The creation of a public violence-monitoring system
C.  The elimination of corporal punishment
D.  An appeal to government agencies to control the commercial marketing of violence
E. 
Answer:  c 
 14. What's the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?
A.  Self-efficacy entails judgments of self-worth; self-esteem entails judgments of ability.
B.  Self-esteem entails judgments of self-worth; self-efficacy entails judgments of ability.
C.  Self-esteem is a flexible concept; self-efficacy is a stable concept.
D.  Self-efficacy is a flexible concept; self-esteem is a stable concept.
E. 
Answer:  b 
 15. Bandura has added the systematic use of ________ to the techniques of behavior modification as an aid to changing behaviors.
A.  punishment
B.  hypnosis
C.  reinforcement
D.  modeling
E. 
Answer:  d 
16. Bandura's therapeutic strategies are designed to help patients improve their sense of 
A.  consciousness.
B.  self-efficacy.
C.  aggression.
D.  commitment.
E. 
Answer:  b 
 17. Which of the following does Bandura believe is most effective for an individual who is trying to change a negative behavior?
A.  Punishment
B.  External rewards
C.  Self-control
D.  Outside pressure
E. 
Answer:  c 
 18. For inappropriate behaviors that are rewarding in the short run, like smoking, overeating, or substance abuse, Bandura teaches
A.  delay of gratification.
B.  behavior desensitization.
C.  relaxation training.
D.  exposure therapy.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 19. Bandura's theory places its greatest emphasis in the areas of
A.  science and philosophy.
B.  science and art.
C.  philosophy and art.
D.  philosophy and education.
E. 
Answer:  b 
 20. Julian Rotter's theory of personality integrates which two major trends in personality research?
A.  Trait theory and learning theory
B.  Learning theory and cognitive theory
C.  Cognitive theory and psychoanalysis
D.  Learning theory and psychoanalysis
E. 
Answer:  b 
 21. Rotter's I-E scale seeks to measure
A.  an individual's perception of the locus of control.
B.  innate versus environmental influences on behavior.
C.  an individual's degree of introversion versus extraversion.
D.  an individual's propensity for inhibition or exhibition.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 22. A person with an internal locus of control would agree with which of the following statements?
A.  "Marriage is a gamble."
B.  "I am the master of my fate."
C.  "I can't figure out why people behave the way they do."
D.  "People who succeed are just plain lucky."
E. 
Answer:  b 
 23. One of the discoveries made by research with the I-E scale is that
A.  internals tend to be more vulnerable to stress.
B.  externality increases with age.
C.  externals are more resistant to influences from other people.
D.  females are more likely to be externals.
E. 
Answer:  d 
24. Mike insulted John.  Whether or not John will insult him in return depends on many external and internal factors.  Rotter called that likelihood the
A.  expectancy.
B.  behavior potential.
C.  psychological situation.
D.  reinforcement value.
E. 
Answer:  b 
 25. In Rotter's theory, the individual's subjective evaluation about the outcome of his or her behavior is known as the
A.  expectancy.
B.  reinforcement value.
C.  behavior potential.
D.  psychological situation.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 26. Rob will only drink beer when in the company of his friends.  For him, beer only has a social ________.
A.  freedom of movement
B.  expectancy
C.  reinforcement value
D.  behavior potential
E. 
Answer:  c 
 27. The degree of expectation a person has that a particular set of responses will lead to a desired reinforcement is known as 
A.  freedom of movement.
B.  minimum goal level.
C.  need potential.
D.  need value.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 28. In general, Rotter suggests that maladjusted people are characterized by ________ freedom of movement and ________ need value.
A.  high; low
B.  low; high
C.  low; low
D.  high; high
E. 
Answer:  b 
 29. Rotter's description of the maladjusted person and Adler's description of the neurotic person are parallel in that both persons
A.  tend to set unrealistic goals for themselves.
B.  refuse to acknowledge their needs.
C.  possess an internal locus of control.
D.  set inconsistent reinforcement values.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 30. Rotter frequently advocates the use of ________ in order to affect personality change.
A.  environmental change
B.  role-playing
C.  self-analysis
D.  unconditional positive regard
E. 
Answer:  a 
 31. Rotter's theory has been criticized for its
A.  emphasis on unconscious forces.
B.  lack of precision and accuracy.
C.  lack of depth.
D.  emphasis on cognition.
E. 
Answer:  c 
32. Behavioral specificity is a key concept that has been emphasized in the theories of
A.  B.F. Skinner.
B.  Walter Mischel.
C.  Julian Rotter.
D.  Albert Bandura.
E. 
Answer:  b 
 33. Mischel's initial position of behavioral specificity was tempered and he now allows for
A.  trait stability.
B.  the importance of consequences.
C.  situational variables.
D.  discriminative stimuli.
E. 
Answer:  a 
 34. According to Mischel, in order to understand the personality we need to look at individuals'
A.  trait differences.
B.  predisposing behaviors.
C.  trait levels and patterns of behavioral variation.
D.  distinctive organization of cognitions and feelings.
E. 
Answer:  c 
 35. Cognitive theories of personality differ from earlier theories in that they
A.  focus on general rather than specific cognitive processes.
B.  emphasize stability and constancy in personality.
C.  make use of global assessment tools as opposed to introspection or self-reports.
D.  integrate behavior and learning theories with social cognitive thinking about the self.
E. 
Answer:  d