1. When we use the term personality in everyday speech, we are usually referring to



A.  unconscious forces.


B.  an unorganized pattern of perception of "I."


C.  that which determines an individual's behavior.


D.  an individual's public image or social role.


E. 


Answer: d
2. Which of the following personality theorists considered the concept of personality to be unnecessary?



A.  Gordon Allport


B.  Sigmund Freud


C.  Carl Rogers


D. B.F. Skinner


E. 


Answer: d
3. When it comes to defining personality, all the major theorists



A.  equate the term with one's social role.


B.  offer diverse definitions.


C.  view the term as superfluous.


D.  show striking unanimity.


E. 


Answer: b
4. A set of abstract concepts used to explain a group of facts or events is called



A.  an empirical statement.


B.  an epiphany.


C.  a theory.


D.  a philosophical assumption.


E. 


Answer: c
5. Why are theories of personality constructed?



A.  To help us understand human nature


B.  To zero in on the one true explanation 


C.  To sum up research


D.  Because they're necessitated by nature


E. 


Answer: a
6. ________ behaviors are those that we can observe directly, whereas ________ behaviors can be directly observed only by the individual who actually experiences them.



A.  Reactive; proactive


B.  Overt; covert


C.  Proactive; reactive


D.  Covert; overt


E. 


Answer: b
7. John Watson recommended that psychology emphasize the study of



A.  overt behaviors.


B.  mental processes.


C.  introspection.


D.  covert behaviors.


E. 


Answer: a
8. Freud's theory of personality was developed on the basis of



A.  rigorous scientific testing.


B.  laboratory experiments.


C.  studies of healthy, well-adjusted individuals.


D.  clinical observations.


E. 


Answer: d
9. What is the history of the study of personality?



A.  It became the primary emphasis of psychology in the 1970s.


B.  It is the heir of both academic psychology and psychoanalysis.


C.  It inherited the rigorous scientific methodology defined by Watson.


D.  It became a formal area of study in American psychology in the mid-1950s.


E. 


Answer: b
10. What do personality theorists do in the role of scientists?



A.  They deal with the study of ultimate reality.


B.  They apply their findings in order to foster better living.


C.  They explore what it means to be a person.


D.  They test hypotheses in order to explain human behavior.


E. 


Answer: d
11. The application of findings to the improvement of our way of life refers to the function of personality theories as



A.  aesthetics.


B.  philosophy.


C.  art.


D.  science.


E. 


Answer: c
12. The branch of philosophy that studies ultimate reality is



A.  metaphysics.


B.  aesthetics.


C.  logiC.


D.  ethics.


E. 


Answer: a
13. Because they refer to an extraordinary vision, philosophical statements are said to be



A.  global.


B.  comprehensive.


C.  relevant.


D.  epiphaniC.


E. 


Answer: d
14. Of the following philosophical assumptions, which one concerns a person's ability to control his own behavior and understand the motives behind it?



A.  Freedom versus determinism


B.  Heredity versus environment


C.  Uniqueness versus universality


D.  Optimism versus pessimism


E. 


Answer: a
15. Theories that suggest that significant changes in personality and behavior occur throughout the course of a lifetime are considered ________ rather than ________.



A.  pessimistic; optimistic


B.  optimistic; pessimistic


C.  reactive; proactive


D.  proactive; reactive


E. 


Answer: b
16. The question of whether a philosophical assumption treats a subject as profound or superficial involves the criterion of



A.  comprehensiveness.


B.  coherence.


C.  compellingness.


D.  relevance.


E. 


Answer: a
17. How are philosophical statements ultimately tested?



A.  By rigorous experimentation


B.  By perceptual observation


C.  By empirical means


D.  By their compellingness


E. 


Answer: d
18. Thomas Kuhn suggests that scientific activity is



A.  purely trial and error.


B.  based on private, intrinsically unique perception.


C.  secondary to philosophical knowledge.


D.  based on a prior paradigm.


E. 


Answer: d
19. A model or concept of the world that is shared by the members of the community and that governs their activities is called a(n)



A.  paradigm.


B.  operational definition.


C.  philosophical assumption.


D.  scientific statement.


E. 


Answer: a
20. How do philosophical assumptions differ from empirical statements?



A.  Philosophical assumptions are based on observations; empirical statements are based on intuitive perceptions.


B.  Only empirical statements must be subject to falsification.  


C.  Philosophical assumptions are backed by laboratory research; empirical statements are backed by informal clinical observations.


D.  Only philosophical assumptions involve imaginary concepts.


E. 


Answer: b
21. Subjective data differ from objective data in that



A.  subjective data are not based on empirical datA.


B.  subjective data are more difficult to validate consensually.


C.  psychologists are not concerned with subjective datA.


D.  subjective data refer to things outside the self.


E. 


Answer: b
22. What is an operational definition?



A.  An inferred conclusion based on coinciding observations


B.  A specification of the behaviors included in a concept


C.  An imaginary, or hypothetical, construct


D.  A statement based on deductive reasoning and knowledge


E. 


Answer: b
23. Imaginary, or hypothetical, concepts that are invoked by scientists are called



A.  empirical statements.


B.  objective datA.


C.  operational definitions.


D.  scientific constructs.


E. 


Answer: d
24. Which of the following describes a trait?



A.  Debbie is very outgoing.


B.  Milly was born on the Fourth of July.


C.  Pat has a house on the lake.


D.  Stuart is tall and has dark brown hair.


E. 


Answer: a
25. One requirement of scientific statements is that they be



A.  based on extrasensory perception.


B.  open to falsification.


C.  based on an epiphanic act of knowing.


D.  evaluated by their compellingness.


E. 


Answer: b
26. Philosophical statements are based on ________ evidence, whereas scientific statements are based on ________ evidence.



A.  compelling; validating


B.  validating; compelling


C.  direct; indirect


D.  empirical; epiphanic


E. 


Answer: a
27. The compatibility of a hypothesis refers to its



A.  simplicity of statements.


B.  compelling epiphanic character.


C.  agreement with previously established information.


D.  ability to generate confirmatory findings.


E. 


Answer: c
28. If other things are equal, rival hypotheses are usually evaluated on the basis of their



A.  compellingness.


B.  predictive power.


C.  relevance.


D.  simplicity.


E. 


Answer: d
29. The consistency of test scores over time is referred to as the criterion of



A.  reliability.


B.  standardization.


C.  objectivity.


D.  validity.


E. 


Answer: a
30. A psychometrist constructs a new personality test.  He finds that the test scores do not vary from one administration of the test to the next.  He also finds that the test does not adequately measure the global concept of personality.  We can categorize the test as being ________ in reliability and ________ in validity.



A.  high; low


B.  high; high


C.  low; high


D.  low; low


E. 


Answer: a
31. The psychometric test that is made up of over 500 self-report items to which the participant answers "true," "false," or "cannot say" is the



A.  TAT (Thematic Apperception Test).


B.  MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory).


C.  Rorschach.


D.  Stanford-Binet IQ Test.


E. 


Answer: b
32. The statistical tool that indicates the extent to which changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in a second factor is called the



A.  variance.


B.  correlation.


C.  mean.


D.  dependent variable.


E. 


Answer: b
33. The experiment is a research method in which the researcher



A.  systematically varies one factor to see if it has any effect on another factor.


B.  assumes that changes in the dependent variable create changes in the independent variable.


C.  systematically varies two or more factors at the same time and records the results.


D.  is able to make predictions in everyday life with the same precision as in the laboratory.


E. 


Answer: a
34. The ________ motive of therapy is to eliminate troublesome symptoms and substitute more suitable behavior.



A.  primary


B.  curative


C.  ethical


D.  scholarly


E. 


Answer: b
35. The ethical motive of therapy is most consistent with



A.  Eastern theories of personality.


B.  Carl Rogers's understanding of personality.


C.  the popular view of psychotherapy.


D.  Sigmund Freud's understanding of psychoanalysis.


E. 


Answer: b